Did the teacher tell you which direction to write the paper? Be sure to write an outline before writing a paper, and let the teacher determine the framework to avoid big changes in the process of revising the paper in the future! !
Pay attention to the format requirements and writing specifications of the school, otherwise it is likely to be returned for revision. If you still don't understand or know nothing, you can ask me. I hope you can graduate smoothly and move towards a new life.
First, the abstract definition
Generally, the purpose, experimental methods, results and final conclusions of the research work should be explained, with emphasis on the results and conclusions. Generally speaking, Chinese abstracts do not exceed 300 words, and foreign abstracts do not exceed 250 substantive words. Figures, tables, chemical structures, symbols and terms that are not widely known and commonly used are not used in the abstract unless absolutely necessary. You can start a new page before the title page (this page has no text), and the abstract of an academic paper is generally placed after the title and author and before the text of the paper.
Abstracts of papers are also called abstracts and executive summaries. It is a short article, which concisely and accurately describes the important contents of the literature, without comments or supplementary explanations. Its basic elements include research objectives, methods, results and conclusions. Specifically, it is the main object and scope of research work, the means and methods adopted, the achievements and important conclusions obtained, and sometimes other important information with intelligence value. It should be self-evident and have the same amount of information as the literature, that is, you can get the necessary information without reading the full text. Needless to say, it needs to be scrutinized word by word. The content must be complete, specific and obvious. Although the English abstract is based on the Chinese abstract, it should consider the needs of readers who can't read Chinese, and the substantive content can't be omitted.
Secondly, the classification of abstracts.
According to different contents, abstracts can be divided into the following three categories: reportorial abstracts, indicative abstracts and reportorial-indicative abstracts.
(1) report summary: Also known as informative summary or informative summary, it is characterized by a comprehensive and concise summary of the purpose, methods, main data and conclusions of the paper. Usually, this abstract can partially replace reading the full text.
(2) Indicative abstract: also often called explanatory abstract, descriptive abstract or argumentative abstract. Generally, only two or three sentences are used to summarize the theme of the paper, and arguments and conclusions are not involved. Mostly used for summary, meeting report, etc. This abstract can be used to help potential readers decide whether they need to read the full text.
(3) Report-indicative summary: the part of the document with high information value is expressed in the form of report summary, and the rest is expressed in the form of indicative summary.
Third, the writing of abstract.
At present, most papers published in China journals use reportable abstracts. That includes the purpose, methods, results and conclusions of the paper. However, the abstract of graduation thesis is mostly an indicative abstract, which summarizes the theme and main content of the article. In the process of writing an indicative abstract, the author should first briefly introduce the writing background of the paper, then briefly introduce the main content of the article, mainly the outline of the article, and finally introduce the research significance of the article.
Four. Matters needing attention in writing abstract of paper
(1) What has become common knowledge in this field should be excluded from the abstract; Never write what should appear in the introduction into the abstract; Generally don't interpret and comment on the content of the paper (especially self-evaluation).
(2) Don't simply repeat the existing information in the topic. For example, if the title of an article is "Study on Rhizome Formation in Vitro Culture of Several Orchids from China", then don't write at the beginning of the abstract: "For.
(3) Rigorous structure, concise expression and exact semantics. What to write first, then what to write, should be arranged in logical order. Sentences should be coherent and echo each other. Use long sentences with caution and keep them as simple as possible. Every sentence should be clear, and there should be no vague, general or vague words, but the abstract is a complete essay after all, and telegraph writing is not enough. The abstract is not segmented.
(4) Use the third person. It is suggested that the description methods such as "research …", "report …" and "investigation …" should be used to indicate the nature and theme of the literature at one time, instead of "this article" and "author" as subjects.
(5) Standardized terms should be used instead of symbols and terms that are not widely known and commonly used. If there are new terms or no suitable Chinese terms, you can indicate the original text in brackets or after translation.
(6) In addition to being really inflexible, mathematical formulas and chemical structural formulas are generally not used, and there are no illustrations and tables.
(7) Unless the literature confirms or denies the published works of others, there is no need to cite them.
(8) Abbreviations, abbreviations and codes must be explained when they first appear, except those that can be clearly understood by adjacent professional readers. Other matters that should be paid attention to when writing scientific papers, such as adopting legal units of measurement, using language and punctuation correctly, are also applicable to the preparation of abstracts. At present, the main problems in writing are: incomplete elements, or lack of purpose, or lack of methods; Citation is not independent and self-evident; Improper simplification.
The abstract should read as follows:
The first sentence, the background of the paper and the questions raised.
The second sentence, what means and methods are used to study your topic?
In the third sentence, what conclusions and suggestions have been drawn from the research?
Introduction is the beginning of the paper. Mainly explain the motivation of research, the reason, purpose and significance of writing, ask questions and clarify the central argument.
What's the problem? Why is it important? What did others do? What is the gist of your own method? How are the other parts of the article organized? )
The preface of the paper is also called introduction, which is a short paragraph in front of the text. The preface is the preface of the paper, which aims to explain the ins and outs of this study to readers, arouse readers' interest in this paper, and play a role in outlining and guiding reading interest in this paper. Before writing the preface, we must first clarify several basic questions: What do you want to explain through this article? What are the new discoveries and whether they have academic value? After reading the preface, the general reader can clearly know why the author chose this topic for research. Therefore, before writing the preface, we should know as much as possible about the relevant contents, collect the main data of predecessors and others' work, and explain the rationality of this study.
1, the introduction should contain general contents.
Introduction, as the beginning of the paper, briefly introduces the writing background and purpose of the paper, the origin and realistic requirements of the research, as well as the preliminary work and research survey in related fields, and explains the relationship between this research and the preliminary work, the current research hotspots, existing problems and the author's work significance, which leads to the theme of this paper and guides readers.
The introduction can also point out the theoretical basis, experimental basis and research methods of this paper, and briefly explain its research content; A few words foreshadow the results, significance and prospect of this study, but there is no need to discuss it. The preface should include: Why do you want to do this research? What is the theoretical or practical basis for setting the topic? Want to innovate? What is the theoretical and/or practical significance? First of all, it is necessary to introduce the historical background and theoretical basis of this topic, the research progress and achievements of predecessors or others on this topic, and whether there are different academic viewpoints in academic circles. Tell the reader clearly why you want to do this research, and the sentences should be concise and straight to the point. If the research project has never been carried out by others, then the innovation is obvious, and the innovation of the research should be explained. But in most cases, research projects have been carried out by predecessors. At this time, it is necessary to explain the differences and essential differences between this research and that research, rather than simply repeating the work of predecessors.
2. The writing method of preface.
(1), cut to the chase and don't beat around the bush. Avoid long-winded narration of historical origin and research process.
(2) Be concise and focused. We shouldn't talk too much about the common sense content familiar to our peers and in textbooks. When it is really necessary to mention other people's research results and basic principles, we only need to mark them in the form of quotations. In the introduction, when putting forward the work and opinions of this paper, we should make the meaning clear and the language concise.
(3) Reviewing the history should be focused, the content should be closely related to the title of the article, and the background should be introduced around the title, which can be summarized in a few words; Don't write out the methods and results and don't discuss them when prompting the methods used; Although the contents of past documents can be quoted appropriately, they should not be listed in detail, and the preface should not be written as the historical development of research; Don't write the preface as a small summary of the literature, and don't repeat the common sense content already in the textbook or known by researchers in this field.
(4) Respect science and seek truth from facts. In the preface, we should properly evaluate the value of the paper, seek truth from facts and use scientific words. For the innovation of this paper, it is best not to use inappropriate self-evaluation such as "This study is the first report in China", "Filling the domestic blank", "High academic value", "This study has not been reported in China" and "This study is at the leading level at home and abroad".
(5) The content of the preface should not be the same as that of the abstract. Pay attention to using polite expressions, such as "a little knowledge", "limited level", "please correct me" and "throwing a brick to attract jade". It is best not to discuss the preface in sections, not to illustrate and list, not to deduce and prove formulas.
(6) The preface should not be too long, too long will make readers bored, too short and difficult to explain clearly. For a 3 000-5 000-word paper, the number of words in the preface should generally be 200-250.
The introduction of a dissertation consists of the following parts: 1, asking questions; 2. The background and significance of the topic; 3. Literature review; 4. Research methods; 5. The structure of the paper.
Ask a question: explain clearly what the question is.
Background and significance of topic selection: explain why this topic is chosen for research, that is, explain the contribution of this research to the development of disciplines and the theoretical and practical significance to the national economy and people's livelihood.
Literature review: make a comprehensive review of the literature within the scope of this research topic, and at the same time, have "comments", point out the shortcomings of existing research results, and express your own ideas for improvement.
Research methods: Explain the scientific research methods used in the paper.
Paper structure arrangement: Introduce the writing structure arrangement of this paper.
It is a brief statement and an indispensable part of the paper. Is an independent paper with its own characteristics. The author's views, the main contents of the paper, research results and original opinions should be reflected in the abstract, which is the essence of the paper. Therefore, it is very important to write a good summary.
Abstract classification
The abstract of a paper is generally located in front of the main body of the paper, which plays a role in summarizing and summarizing. According to different contents, abstracts can be divided into the following three categories: reportorial abstracts, indicative abstracts and reportorial indicative abstracts.
How to write an abstract of a paper
It is the common language of a paper. Although it is not long, it is the essence of a paper. Generally, it consists of four elements: the object, method, result and conclusion of specific research.
Object: It is the specific scope of the research and investigation of the paper, reflecting the content of the paper and the main problems to be solved.
Methods: It refers to various methods used in the research of the research object, such as principles, theories, conditions, materials and technologies. This is a necessary means to complete the research object.
Results: It is the result, effect and data obtained by the author's experiment and research on the research object by using the research method, and it has been confirmed.
The relationship, etc. Is the result of scientific research.
Conclusion: It is the author's analysis and research on the results, the summary of the results, the reliability, practicality and innovation of the research results, the value and academic level of the paper research, and the embodiment that determines the value of the paper.
Writing steps
As a special narrative, its writing steps are different from ordinary articles. Starting with important facts, highlight the new information of the paper, that is, new topics, new methods, innovative conclusions and achievements. This information should be able to answer the questions involved in the four elements of the abstract completely and accurately, and the sentences should be refined. If it involves other people's work or research results, try to list their names, make these scattered information into complete sentences that conform to grammatical rules and logical rules, and then further form a smooth essay. Read through this passage and revise it repeatedly to meet the requirements of the abstract.
Writing skills
Skills: Check some writing materials or read some abstracts on the Internet, and carefully study other people's writing steps, methods and skills.
Tip 2: Ask the instructor and classmates more, and make timely amendments according to the opinions and suggestions provided, so as to reach a higher level.
Tip 3: The narrative should be complete, the logic should be strict, the structure of the essay should be reasonable, and the language should be as beautiful as possible in a short space.
Tip 4: Specialize from an early age, that is to say, when selecting rules and refining abstracts, soft writers should start from a professional point and break through from a small point, bearing in mind that they are all big and empty.
Precautions:
Don't start with a number, Chinese and English must correspond.
The English abstract is slightly different, please pay attention. In line with the principle of not omitting the theme concept, the Chinese abstract is 200-300 words, and the English abstract is 100- 150 words.
In the third person, you should not simply repeat the information that already exists in the title, which will make the summary appear lengthy.
Language should be standardized, except that it is really inflexible. Generally, mathematical formulas and chemical structural formulas are not used, and illustrations and tables do not appear.