Many people have written papers in their daily study, work and life. Thesis is a tool for academic communication. I believe that writing papers is a headache for many people. The following is the publishing format of the journal papers I collected for you. Welcome to read the collection.
1, paper title
What is this article about? The standard of the best essay topic is to accurately describe the content of the paper with the least necessary terms. The basic requirement of writing is accuracy, conciseness and effectiveness. The title of the paper must accurately summarize the argument or central content of the paper, so that the title is consistent and the meaning is clear. The title must clearly and concisely summarize and reflect the content discussed in the paper. A good title should accurately, vividly and concisely summarize the basic idea of the paper, so that readers can quickly and accurately identify the basic content of the paper before reading the abstract and text of the paper, and thus judge whether to read the abstract and text.
In addition, the topic should reflect the subject to which the paper belongs, and the size of the topic should be measured, not flashy. Don't use too general, too exaggerated, too big a topic, so that people don't know where the problem lies. Eye-catching headlines can make people see at a glance and immediately arouse people's interest in reading. The title of a scientific paper is usually not as short as the title of a literary work, because it reflects the central content or basic idea of the paper. But it must be as concise as possible, not too long, generally controlled within 20 words, to avoid cumbersome, cumbersome and too dull.
In addition, we should also pay attention to highlighting new ideas in the title, so that people can know that the article has new ideas after reading the title. To be clear, the title and title of the paper are not the same concept. The title is the basic idea of the article, and the title is the title of the article. But the titles of some papers are the same as the themes of articles, that is, the titles reflect the themes; Others didn't reflect it.
Try to use keywords in the title of the paper, on the one hand, it helps to summarize the basic idea of the paper, on the other hand, it can increase the number of times the paper is searched, which may increase the number of times it is cited, because when searching by machine, the machine only displays the keywords in the title, not the whole title. In this regard, the use of keywords in the title should attract the author's great attention.
If you want to express more content in the title, for example, you want to express the scope of the article in general, you want to show your views on the problem or your comments on a certain problem, then the title will be too long, and it is difficult for a title to express two meanings. The solution is to add a subtitle under the main heading. The main title generally expresses the theme or discussion scope of the paper, and the subtitle is the supplement and extension of the main title. This method of adding subtitle is often used in papers, especially in Chinese paper writing, but some journals explicitly do not add subtitle, so you need to read the submission instructions of journals before submitting.
In addition, try to avoid using abbreviations and formulas. To avoid misunderstanding, it is not mentioned in the title.
2. Author and unit
Answers who participated in the design, work and writing of this research are generally ranked according to their contribution to the article. The author's unit generally requires writing to the second level, such as Xx College of XX University. Author's brief introduction should be written according to the requirements of contributing journals. The name of the fund project should be accurate and indicate the number.
Of course, the first author is the most important among the authors, followed by the correspondent. If the correspondent is recognized as a celebrity in this field, it will help the manuscript pass the first review of the editor. This is the so-called "celebrity effect" The correspondent can be the second author or the last one, but if the correspondent is not the first author, the contact information in the manuscript should be the contact information of the correspondent. Generally speaking, the tutor acts as the second author or correspondent. Some journals are allowed to change the order of authors when manuscripts are hired and revised. Although you signed a copyright contract, of course, this change should not cause copyright disputes.
3. Summary
The content includes the purpose, methods, results and conclusions of the study. Generally, it should be written as a reportable summary, and it can also be written as a suggestive summary or a reportable summary. It should be independent and self-evident, and it should be a complete paper. Don't use unfamiliar and commonly used charts and symbols or terms, and don't quote the serial numbers of charts, tables, formulas and references. Abstract is the condensation of the main points of the paper. Therefore, it should be written after the main part of the article is completed, which is conducive to the refinement of the main points of the article. An excellent abstract should be able to effectively capture the reader's interest. If it is not a comprehensive article, the English abstract of the article can be written according to the reportorial abstract, that is, the outline of the paper can be expounded one by one according to the purpose, method, result and conclusion. Tenses are mainly simple present tense, but also simple past tense and present perfect tense.
Theoretically speaking, the present tense reveals the objective laws of nature through the research results and conclusions obtained from scientific experiments; The general past tense is used to understand the regularity of natural phenomena observed in a certain range, which may have certain limitations; The present perfect tense is used to indicate the continuity of the process. Although an event (or process) happened in the past, it emphasizes its influence on reality. The above three tenses are commonly used in writing abstracts, and sometimes it is difficult to distinguish their strict differences in meaning. At present, English abstracts are still dominated by passive voice. When using the first person, you don't have to use we, theaUthor and theauthors easily.
4. Keywords
Keywords are mainly used to meet the needs of computer retrieval and international computer online retrieval.
Keywords are the key theme of literature, but try to use less irregular keywords or new words. Keywords are words or terms selected from papers for document indexing to express the main contents and information items of the full text. Adding keywords to publications opens up a new way for publications to improve their citation rate and increase their popularity. A paper can choose 3-8 words as keywords.
The general selection method of keywords is: after the author finishes writing the paper, read the full text and choose the information or vocabulary that can express the main content of the paper. Keywords can be selected from the title of the paper or from the content of the paper. The keywords selected from the content of the paper can supplement the main content information that the title of the paper fails to express, and also improve the conceptual depth involved in the paper.
Step 5 introduce
The introduction can include the purpose, significance, main methods, scope and background of the research. Introduction, as the preface of academic papers, should introduce the background and purpose of writing, as well as the previous work and the general situation of research in related fields, and explain the relationship between this study and previous work, current research hotspots and existing problems, so that readers can understand the general situation of this paper and play a guiding role. This is very important, because all the research started on the basis of previous studies. The introduction can also point out the theoretical basis, experimental basis and research methods of this paper, and simply explain its research content, achievements, significance and prospects without discussion. It should be noted that the summary of predecessors' work should not be taken out of context, deliberately distorting the meaning of others and highlighting the advantages of their own methods, which is even more undesirable.
The editor's general opinion on the introduction is whether the introduction fully reflects the existing problems and expounds the necessity of this study.
Specific requirements for introduction:
(1) Cut to the chase and don't beat around the bush. Avoid talking about the historical origin and research process of the topic;
(b) be concise. We shouldn't talk too much about the common sense content familiar to our peers and textbooks. When it is really necessary to mention other people's research results and basic principles, we only need to mark the documents in the form of references. In the introduction, when prompting the work and opinions of this paper, the meaning should be clear and the language should be concise;
(3) Respect science and seek truth from facts. When discussing the research significance of this paper, we should pay attention to discretion and avoid using false words such as "high academic value", "filling gaps at home and abroad" and "first discovery". At the same time, we should also pay attention to avoid such pleasantries as "only knowing a little", "limited level", "asking for advice" and "throwing bricks to attract jade".
(d) The content of the introduction should not be the same as that of the abstract, nor should it be a note to the abstract. The introduction should generally echo the conclusion, and the questions raised in the introduction should be answered in the conclusion, but the similarity between the introduction and the conclusion should also be avoided;
(e) Brief introduction, preferably not divided into several sections, without illustrations and lists, and without derivation and proof of formulas;
(f) It is the climax of the whole introduction to analyze the limitations of previous research and clarify the innovations of your own research, so you should be more cautious. Objectively clarify the limitations. When expounding your own innovation, only describe the defects in past research, describe your own solutions completely and clearly, and don't spread the article excessively. The more innovative descriptions are, the easier it is for commentators to catch them.
(g) There is no rigid and uniform regulation on the length of the introduction, which needs to be determined according to the length of the whole paper and the needs of the content of the paper. The long one can be about 700-800 words or 1000 words, and the short one can be within 1000 words, generally about 200-300 words.
6. Materials and methods
This part mainly answers two basic questions, that is, what research should be done (that is, the materials used in the research) and how to do the research (the methods used in the research) should be described in the order of experimental research as much as possible. At the same time, it must be noted that if the methods adopted are based on predecessors or even improved, then the references must be marked. In addition, the measuring equipment and methods are described, including the name and model of the equipment, what parameters are tested, measuring range or measuring range, etc.
7. Results
The result is the core of the paper, which mainly answers what happened. Data can be represented by numbers, tables or words, but there should be as little repetition between them as possible; The text describes the main results and significance, and gives more detailed data in the form of charts. Quantity and units must pay attention to the adoption of international standards, pay attention to case and italics.
8. discussion
Whether the answer is the answer to the key question raised in the preface and how the result supports the answer. Pay attention to the problems related to the results of this study, highlight the innovation and importance of this study, and compare it with relevant research results; The conclusion supported by the results is given. Each part of the discussion should have a theme, and the hierarchy should be determined according to its logical order. Moreover, the content of the discussion should be to study unique things for yourself, and all the same or similar things with others will be brushed aside without in-depth discussion. In addition, the data sources discussed should be consistent with the data in the conclusion, corresponding to each other, echoing each other and setting off each other.
9.conclusion
The conclusion is also called the conclusion, which is the summary of the article. To answer what we have studied, we need to briefly point out: the principle and universality revealed by the research results; Whether there are any exceptions in the research or problems that are difficult to solve in this paper; Similarities and differences with previously published papers; Theoretical and practical significance; Suggestions for further research. It is particularly important to note that the conclusion is not simply repeated in the abstract.
10, thank you.
We must thank those who provide funds and materials, but only list the names of those who have made special substantive contributions to this work; At the same time, the consent of the thanked person must be obtained.
1 1, reference
Other relevant research related to the research methods, results and discussions should be accurate, complete and standardized, and must be noted in the citation of the article.
Text arrangement requirements:
On the overall layout of the paper, the default format of the page is set, and the line spacing is about 1.2 times, which is neat and generous and suitable for density. Specific requirements:
1, title: bold, No.3, centered.
2. Signature: the word "space" between the unit and the name, "Song Ti", No.4, is separated from the title by one line.
3. Summary: one line away from the signature, the first line is indented by four words, and there is a space between the words "summary", which is bold and the number is five, followed by a colon; The content is italicized, number 5, and the words are indented after the line breaks.
4. Keywords: the first word is aligned with the "abstract", bold, the number five, followed by a colon; 3, 5 keywords are appropriate, italicized, number 5.
5. Text:
(1) distance "keyword" line;
2 Song, fourth grade;
(3) The word blank in the first line of each paragraph
(4) The catalogue methods of liberal arts at all levels: "I", "I", "1" and "1";
(5) Catalogue method of science at all levels: "1." " 1. 1" " 1. 1"; If the text directly quotes one or several paragraphs, one or several examples, it is generally divided into paragraphs independently, with four spaces at the beginning of the paragraph, two spaces on the new line, and the fifth italics is appropriate.
6. Notes or references: at least one line away from the text, with "notes" or "references" in bold, with the number five followed by a colon; "[1]" and "[2]" ... must be marked in the text, and then "[1]" and "[2]" should be marked after the notes or references. Notes or references must be complete; The contents of notes or references are in Song No.5, please read item 7 in detail.
7. Take notes or make reference,
The first type: traditional form.
Quoted from the magazine:
[1] Author: "Title", "Publication Name", issue ×, page ×.
Quoted from monograph:
[2] Author: "Title", published in: Publishing House and xx Edition, the first page.
Quoted from the newspaper:
[3] Author: "Title" and "Registration" Year-Month-Day (Edition)
;