1. Narrative: a style with narrative and description as the main forms of expression and people, narrative, scenery and objects as the main contents.
1. Classification
1. In terms of content and expression:
(1) a simple narrative.
② Complex narrative.
2. From the perspective of different writing objects:
(1) write a narrative.
(2) Narrative narrative.
(3) Narrative based on landscape writing.
(4) Narrative mainly tells things.
3. Six elements
The general view is: time, place, people, the cause, process and result of things.
4. Writing methods
1). Determine the center and write the profound meaning. We should try our best to dig out the philosophy of life contained in the written events or find out its bright spots, think repeatedly and determine the central idea of the article. Is that he is good at writing profound meanings from ordinary little things.
2) The six elements of the article should be clearly explained. The occurrence of a thing can not be separated from six aspects: time, place, people, cause, process and result of the thing, which is the so-called "six elements". Only by explaining these aspects clearly can readers have a clear and comprehensive understanding of the things described.
3). Speak methodically and clearly. Arrange the materials in a reasonable order according to the time. There are three kinds of general narration: direct narration, flashback and interpolation.
4). Be detailed and appropriate, and highlight the key points. The materials of general events are divided into primary and secondary, which can reflect the center of the article. This part should be written in detail, and the secondary content can be slightly written or not, which will leave a deep impression on readers.
5). Make things concrete. Whether you can make things specific depends on whether you are good at describing things layer by layer, that is, dividing things into several stages and writing out the development and changes of things in these stages. Only in this way can the content of the article be concrete and vivid.
6). Rendering environment, vivid and touching. Everything can't happen and develop without the environment. Grasping the characteristics of the environment to write will render the atmosphere, express feelings and make the article more vivid and touching.
First, why Syria?
Narrative can generally be divided into several types, such as remembering people, narrating, writing scenery and chanting things. Remember people, to show the thoughts, feelings and personality of the characters; Narrative, writing the meaning of events, these meanings can be political and ideological, can also express a certain philosophy, or a certain interest; To write a scene, we should express some personal feelings or profound feelings through the description of the scene; Reciting things, or revealing some pleasure in world life, or expressing feelings for some people and phenomena in society with things. So we always write narratives for a certain purpose and always express some thoughts and feelings, which is actually what we usually call "the theme of the article". The theme is the soul of the article, which runs through the article like a red line. Narrative without a clear theme can only be a running account, so to write a good narrative, we must be clear about "why", that is, the theme should be clear. We should pay attention to three points when defining the theme: First, we should be positive, that is, the determined theme, thoughts and feelings must be healthy and meaningful.
B, to be focused, an article can only have one theme, and the full text should be written around this center. Some students want to write this and that when they write. As a result, the articles written are either aimless or have several centers, and many centers have no centers.
C, it can be implicit, not necessarily straightforward. The theme should be included in the specific narrative and description, and it is generally not appropriate to reveal it with obvious words. For example, the industrious quality of characters should be expressed through concrete things and vivid details, and it is not appropriate to label characters with the word "industrious". Another example is to describe a meaningful thing. It is not appropriate to talk about its "meaning" in an empty and abstract way, but to show it naturally in a specific plot. Engels said that the more hidden the meaning of the event and the character, the stronger the artistic charm of the work.
Second, say what?
Write whatever you say, and choose what materials to write a narrative. Three criteria should be adhered to when selecting materials: first, typicality, that is, choosing materials that can fully express the center; The second is authenticity, that is, selecting real people, stories and scenes, including artistic truth from real life; The third is reality, that is, selecting materials with realistic positive significance. In the specific operation of material selection, the most effective method is to expand association and combine life, that is, when selecting materials, you can choose people and things you are familiar with and contact with from any aspect such as family life, school life and social life through association. For example, when writing "Thank you for your love for me" (1995 composition topic of Nanjing senior high school entrance examination), we might as well start to communicate, and choose the love materials given to me by grandparents and parents from family life, teachers and classmates from school life and enthusiastic people such as neighbors, passers-by and police from social life. When selecting materials, we need to carefully cut them to be meticulous and appropriate, so we should pay attention to two points: First, we should cut off similar materials. Some narratives use more than one material to express the center, so these materials should express the center from different sides. If they show the center from the same aspect, some of them are "similar" and should be deleted. Second, we should pay due attention to the details. Materials that are not closely related to the center should be written briefly, and materials that are closely related to the center should be written in detail.
Third, how to distinguish
How to describe is how to write an article in detail, involving the structure, expression, wording and sentence formation of the article.
Let's talk about the structure of the article first, that is, what structure is used to express the narrative to be written. Including how to write this article in several layers, which materials should be written first, which materials should be written later, which should be written in detail, which should be omitted, how to arrange the transition, where the stage is located, where to echo, how to start and how to end, and so on. From the whole narrative, the common structures are sequence, flashback and insertion. Xu Shun is based on the occurrence, development and process of things. Including the following situations: first, it is described according to the passage of time; Second, according to the development of things to describe; Third, according to the process of cognitive development; Fourth, describe it according to the author's whereabouts. Flashback is to write the ending or highlight of a thing in front, and then describe it in the order of events. There are four kinds of flashbacks: one is to advance the end of the event, cause suspense, and then describe the occurrence and development of things in chronological order; One is to intercept the most exciting or tense fragments in the event, write them in front, shock and attract readers, and then describe the cause, development and ending of the event in chronological order; One is to write what is in front of you first, so as to evoke memories, and then trace back to the past to form flashbacks. The other is to write about the present situation first, and then recall the past, in sharp contrast, leaving a deep impression on readers. Interpolation is to temporarily interrupt the narrative clue, insert some content related to the central event, and then continue the original narrative. The specific content and form of narration are different: some are retrospective narration, recalling the past, and some are supplementary narration, which makes necessary supplements and explanations to related people and things; Some are reverse narratives, and the relevant contents are traced back from near to far, from today to ancient times. Flexible and diverse narratives can make the theme dig deeper, the plot unfold more fully, the content be richer, the characters be portrayed more fully, and the flat auxiliary direct narrative is avoided.
Let's talk about expression first. Narration is generally the main way of expression, but narrative writers often need to describe when writing notes and scenes. A proper description of people and environment can make people, events or scenes vivid and vivid, and make people immersive. There are many types of description, from the object of description, there are character description and scenery description, and character description includes portrait, language, action and psychology. From the perspective of description, there are positive description and side description. This should be used flexibly in specific writing. In addition, in narrative, in order to highlight the noble quality of characters or highlight the significance of events, it is sometimes necessary to express feelings and discuss. Moreover, sometimes in order to express his feelings, the author directly expresses his feelings on the basis of narration, or embodies his feelings in narration, and emotions are permeated everywhere in the process of narration. In this way, the comprehensive use of expression, written articles will cadence, colorful.
Finally, talk about phrasing. A narrative is ultimately composed of one sentence, so everyone should pay attention to accuracy, vividness and image in language expression. Accuracy refers to proper use of words; Distinctive means that the meaning expressed by a word in a specific language environment is clear, definite and unambiguous. Vivid image means vivid and colorful words. At this time, we should pay more attention to the use of metaphor, personification, parallelism, contrast, repetition, exaggeration, rhetorical questions and so on.
Explanatory text: a style that introduces or explains the state, nature, structure, function, production method, development process, reasons, advantages and disadvantages of things with explanation as the main expression. Explanatory text reading training 1, the classification of expository text
From description object (content):
(1) Description of physical things.
(2) explanation.
(3) scientific essays.
From the perspective of language expression:
(1) Simple explanation.
(2) literature expository.
2. The characteristics of the explanatory text:
(1) is very scientific in content.
(2) The structure is clear and organized.
(3) There is strict accuracy in language.
3. Explain the order:
(1) time series
(2) Spatial order
(3) Logical order
4. Interpretation method:
Examples, numbers, metaphors, comparisons, definitions, classifications, explanations, charts, imitations, quotations, etc.
Third, practical writing: practical writing is a practical style that meets the actual needs of daily life, work and study, has a certain format, is short in length, and is concise and popular. Modern practical writing 1, practical writing type:
(1) letters:
General letters and special letters (thank you letter, commendation letter, condolence letter, letter of introduction, open letter, confirmation letter, application, proposal, proposal,
Invitation letter), telegram, remittance.
(2) Precautions:
Diary, reading notes.
(3) Official documents:
There are thirteen orders, decisions, announcements, circulars, notices, circulars, motions, reports, requests for instructions, replies, opinions, letters and minutes of meetings.
(4) Propaganda category:
Advertising draft, speech draft, blackboard newspaper, news, newsletter, product manual.
(5) notification category:
Apocalypse poster.
(6) Etiquette:
Invitation, congratulatory letter (congratulatory letter, telegram), condolence letter.
(7) contract:
Articles (receipts, IOUs, receipts, IOUs, leave notes, messages, etc.). ), contracts (agreements) and conventions.
(8) Chronicle:
Biography, local chronicles, family history (school history, village history).
Argumentative essay: Argumentative essay is a common style that directly expresses the author's views and opinions through facts and arguments. Argumentative argumentation (1) and argumentative classification;
By content use:
(1) General argument.
Two comments.
Prose (essays, essays, notes).
4 after reading.
According to the way of argument:
(1) Do a paper.
2 refute the paper.
Edit this paragraph
key element
Six elements
Time, place, people, cause, process and result of events (mostly narrative)
The composition must be plainsong.
You shoot one, I shoot one, and keep the time in mind;
You shoot two, I shoot two, don't forget to write the location;
You shoot three, I shoot three, and writing movable type is the key;
You shoot four, I shoot four, and things are written in detail;
You clap five, I clap five, and the reasons at the beginning should be clearly written;
You shoot six, I shoot six, and the result must not be lost;
Accumulate more descriptive language and study hard every day;
Make good use of the six elements of composition, and the sunshine composition will grow rapidly!
The real elements of narrative
The theme of the story
Pay attention to materials
Draw a series of lines (including reasons, processes and ending events)
Explanatory element
Objective, clear and vivid
Argument factor
Heap up arguments, arguments, and principles of arguments.