Conformity: Conformity is to change behavior or belief according to others. The most important thing is whether your behavior and beliefs remain the same when you leave the group.
Conformity can take many forms, and the following two behaviors are considered to be:
Sharif wants to know whether it is possible to observe the formation of social norms in the laboratory. I won't introduce the details. The enlightenment of the last experiment is that our view of reality is not necessarily our own.
Hint plays a very powerful role, such as the punchline track of comedy. In the same work group, people's moods are usually similar. More dangerously, the phenomenon of imitating suicide is also related to suggestion.
I won't introduce it in detail. It is roughly through the wrong answers of others that the experimenter's judgment is influenced, thus producing a certain herd mentality.
Ash's experimental program has become the standard procedure for many subsequent experiments. However, these experiments lack "secular reality", but they do have "experimental reality". In the experimental reality, the experimenters do not involve obvious conformity pressure-there is neither "teamwork" reward nor individual punishment. If people behave well under such little pressure, how will they behave under direct coercion? So there is the following experiment.
Milgram's experiment examines what happens when the requirements of authority conflict with those of morality. These experiments constitute the most famous and controversial experiments in social psychology. Not specifically, it is roughly to make the experimenter "forced" to shock others.
The result is shocking, and the proportion of obedience is high.
Milgram has changed all kinds of social conditions, and achieved a compliance rate of 0~93%. It turns out that there are four factors that will affect obedience:
It is easy for us to belittle people who are far away from us or who have lost their personality; On the contrary, people are most sympathetic to personalized people.
Personal question: Is this emotional distance influenced by touching human empathy, that is, "mirror neurons"?
The research confirms that the spatial proximity of demand order senders will increase the compliance rate. However, authority must be considered legitimate.
Personal question: Is it because people are "lazy" that they are unwilling to think and are more willing to obey authority?
Authority with institutional background is easy to exert social forces.
Suppose that when you face an unfair teacher and have every reason to accuse him, you still hesitate. After the students in the background have pointed out the unfair facts, you also blame them. This is the release effect.
Ash and milgram revealed how obedience takes precedence over morality, and they both succeeded in forcing people to violate their own hospitals. They are not only discussing academic topics, but also reminding us of moral conflicts in real life. They revealed and confirmed some common social psychology principles: the relationship between behavior and attitude, the intensity of situation and the intensity of fundamental attribution error.
The fourth chapter says that when external influence exceeds internal belief, attitude cannot determine behavior.
It is worth noting that once the victim becomes the target, the subject will inevitably regard him as a worthless individual, and this process of "condemning the victim" is used to train interrogators. Criticism leads to contempt, contempt leads to cruelty, and when cruelty is considered reasonable, it leads to cruelty, followed by killing, and then mass killing.
On the contrary, human beings have another potential, and that is heroism. When you begin to obey or resist, you will form an attitude, which will in turn affect your behavior and in turn strengthen your attitude.
Under the pressure of social norms, it is difficult to predict behavior, even our own behavior.
Circumstances sometimes induce ordinary people to agree with fallacies or succumb to cruelty. Work is scattered, everyone does his job, and evil seems to be easier to carry out; Procrastination is also an unconscious indulgence and self-harm.
We usually blame things on someone's personality, but in fact, good people may do bad things and bad people may do good things.
If the task judgment is very difficult, or the participants feel incompetent, the coincidence rate will increase greatly.
If the group consists of three or more individuals with high cohesion, consistent opinions and high status, then the degree of conformity is the highest.
3-5 people can cause herd behavior more than only 1-2 people. When the number of people increases to more than five, the herd behavior will gradually decrease. The consensus of many small groups will make a point more credible.
If someone destroys the consistency of the group, it will reduce the social influence of the group; On the contrary, if you can find someone who agrees with you, it will be easier for you to stand up for something. Observing other people's different opinions-even if they are wrong-will enhance our own independence.
We believe that the minority views put forward by people outside the group have less influence on us than those in our own group.
The stronger the cohesion of a group, the stronger the influence on its members.
People in high positions often have great influence.
In the experiment, when people react to others, they have to show more conformity behavior than when they answer questions in private.
Once an individual makes a commitment in public, he will stick to it. Smart lobbyists usually know this. The questions raised by salespeople often encourage us to make positive comments on the products they sell, rather than negative comments.
Morton deutsch and Harold Gerald called these two possibilities:
Being rejected by society is painful, usually at the expense of emotion. The influence of norms can easily lead to obedience.
On the other hand, the influence of information will lead to people's acceptance, and the reaction of others will also affect our interpretation of fuzzy stimulus situations.
Therefore, attention to social image is often easily influenced by norms. But if you want to act correctly, it is often easy to be influenced by information.
In layman's terms, why should we follow the crowd:
Usually, are some people more easily influenced by society? When judging followers. Researchers mainly focus on two predictive indicators:
People have been trying to find the relationship between personality characteristics and social behavior, but only find a weak connection between them.
As mentioned in the fourth chapter, internal factors (attitude, traits) are difficult to accurately predict behavior, but at the same time, they can better predict the general behavior of individuals across situations.
In the case of "weakness", personality does play a role. If two people with similar personalities are compared in different situations, the influence of the situation will exceed the influence of personality differences.
Conformity and obedience are common all over the world, but they also show cultural and age differences.
Individuals attach great importance to their sense of freedom and self-efficacy, so if social pressure is so obvious that it threatens their sense of freedom, they often resist.
The theory of rebellious psychology-that people do take actions to protect their sense of freedom-has been confirmed by several experimental studies.
Reverse theory helps us to explain the drinking behavior of teenagers.
When an individual thinks he is unique and this sense of uniqueness is moderate, he will have a better sense of self.
We don't seem to like being too detached, but it's interesting that we all want to be different and pay attention to how we are different, but as the self-help bias reveals, we are not just pursuing some uniqueness, but pursuing uniqueness in the right direction. We demand not only to be different from others, but to be better than others.
Question 1: When parents are old, children also have the obligation to educate their parents. (3 points)
Question 1: No (1) "not necessarily" means "not necessar