Frankfurt School is one of the most influential "new Marxists" in contemporary times.

A genre. Because its activity center is in Frankfurt on the Rhine in Germany.

Named after the city. This school originated in the early 1920s. At that time, at

Under the influence of the Russian October Revolution and the European workers' movement, in order to study urgently

Social problems, summing up the experience of the workers' movement, by Felix with progressive tendency

Will initiated and funded a social study in Frankfurt.

Institute. At the beginning, due to the lack of a clear research direction, the institute studied various kinds of

The same viewpoint is inclusive, theory is divorced from reality, and academic spirit is too heavy. Theoretically,

There is not much effect and influence. The Real Formation and Development of Frankfurt School

Exhibition, after 1930, Hawke Harmo became the director of the institute. Hawke

In view of the capitalist economic crisis and the rise of fascism at that time,

Decided to combine philosophy and sociology to study "social philosophy"

The central task of the institute is to overcome the past simple study of philosophy and neglect of social reality.

Forms of prejudice. The magazine Social Studies, founded by him, comes from different disciplines.

Domain attracts a group of promising young researchers, such as Brock and Gross.

Mann, Adorno, Marcuse, Fromm, Lowenthal, etc. , have been sucked.

I took part in the work of the institute. On the eve of Hitler's coming to power, the institute and its

After many twists and turns, the main members moved to the United States and insisted on criticizing fascism.

After the war, at the invitation of the West German government, Hawke Harmo and Adorno and others.

1949 ——1950 returned to Germany and the institute actively carried out academic activities.

The debate about positivistic sociology has produced more and more influence at home and abroad.

The ring. In the long-term academic research and debate, Frankfurt School revolves around society.

Philosophy, writing books, absorbing existentialism, Freudianism, phenomenology, man.

Capitalist philosophy such as individualism has gradually formed its own "social critical theory"

Go up. " This school consists of philosophy, sociology, law, psychology, literature and art, etc.

Face, a comprehensive study and investigation of capitalist society. It mainly

Theoretical topics generally include the following aspects.

(A) from rationalism, morally opposed to fascist "dictatorship"

Home "has been criticized. Most members of Frankfurt School, Jews, personally.

Suffered from the persecution of Hitler's reactionary regime and hated fascism.

During World War II, they lived in the United States and opposed fascism.

Expose and criticize in many ways. But in addition to individuals, its main representatives

Characters are based on rationalism, not fascism.

It is attributed to the capitalist social system, but it is regarded as "rational decline"

Products and the expression of "overbearing personality". Hawke Harmo and Adorno co-authored

The book Dialectics of Enlightenment expounds how the spirit of enlightenment is "due to itself".

Internal logic and turned to its opposite ",exposed the social interests of capitalism.

Use scientific and technological progress to manipulate and control people and advocate "instrumental rationality"

Criticism "to eliminate all forms of alienation. Marcuse in Reason and Revolution

The book regards rationality as the yardstick to judge everything, and emphasizes that rationality is very important to reality.

The negative role criticizes the maintenance of the capitalist system by positivism philosophy.

However, this kind of criticism has left the foundation of historical materialism, which is not only weak.

Force, even obliterate the difference between fascism and socialism and liberalism,

Comparing the Soviet Union, which opposed fascism at that time, with the United States and Hitler's Germany,

Are attacked as "dictatorship." Since then, the school has been interested in Marx's masters.

Righteousness began to show an obvious tendency to divorce, which exists in the future of mankind.

With strong pessimism.

(2) The "synthesis" of Freudianism and Marxism comes from the heart.

This paper analyzes the social pathology of modern capitalism from the perspective of neo-Confucianism. Frankfurt research

Some members believe that Marx proposed that social existence determines social consciousness.

Principle, and made a profound analysis of the economic foundation of capitalism, but

How does consciousness decide and how does ideology actively react to the economy?

Foundation, but there is no explanation, so it has "economism" and "mechanical determinism"

Defects. In order to "make up" the shortcomings of Marxism, they absorbed Flo.

Some viewpoints of Freud's psychoanalysis try to combine sociology with psychology and science.

Sex and irrationality, historical materialism and psychological structure theory, social factors and

Combine psychological factors to criticize capitalism more comprehensively. Marku

Plug's book Love and Civilization accepted Freud's "unconsciousness".

Read, regard the instinct of "love desire" as human nature, and think that capitalist society is the most

The great harm is to suppress people's desire for love. Therefore, people's liberation is the most fundamental.

The goal is the liberation of human nature, that is, the liberation of love. "the liberation of love"

In the final analysis, it is labor liberation, that is, eliminating "alienated labor" and abolishing capital.

Humanism system. In addition, Fromm's specialized research in this field is even more famous.

Through the analysis of human nature and personality structure, he thinks that in social history

The "social character" and "social unconsciousness" formed in this process are its economic basis.

The "intermediate link" between foundation and ideology is the connection between them.

Therefore, it can "fill" the "blank" of Marxism on this issue. This study

Some original opinions of these important figures in social psychology are as follows.

It is worth noting that they tried to engage in Freudianism and horses.

The "synthesis" of Marxism was eliminated through "instinctive revolution" and "psychological transformation"

The alienation of capitalism is unconvincing.

(C) inspected the social consequences of scientific and technological progress, exposed the contemporary

The characteristics of capitalism ruling the people. Frankfurt school believes that in contemporary times

In the developed industrial society, with the progress of science and technology and the development of production automation, people

Children's material life and working conditions have improved, but people don't take it seriously.

Get rid of the pain of alienation, on the contrary, "reality constitutes a higher stage of alienation",

So that "the alienated subject is swallowed up by its alienated existence". material life

Improvement is based on the loss of people's revolutionary spirit and the sacrifice of their own personality and dignity.

The price is. Capitalism not only uses political terror to rule the people, but also

And also use the principle of "rationalization" formed by scientific and technological progress to stop the people.

Participating in politics makes industrial society a "totalitarian society ruled by technology". Zaiwen

In terms of culture, the ruling class tries its best to "commercialize" and "standardize" spiritual products.

Through modern media, people's "inner self-control" is pervasive.

By "the only' private world'" Everything that marks civilization in contemporary times,

It is not only a tool for people to control nature and liberate themselves, but also

It's a way for some people to enslave others. Repressive social management

The more technical and rational, the more managed individuals can get rid of slavery.

Increase the difficulty. Marcuse believes that under the overall rule of capitalism, there is no property.

This class lost the spirit of revolutionary criticism, "integrated with capitalism" and was liberated.

The task of mankind can only be accomplished by young intellectuals with critical consciousness.

All right. Habermas believes that scientific and technological progress has become surplus value.

"Independent source", Marx's value theory loses its meaning. Anyway,

According to their point of view, Marx's theory of class struggle and proletarian revolution

The theory of life is all due to the new changes caused by the development of capitalist science and technology.

The view of "outdated" is generally opposed by Marxist theorists.

Refute.

Frankfurt School's investigation and analysis of capitalism in many aspects,

It shows a positive critical spirit and is valuable in theory.

A reasonable view of this research. But it adheres to the abstract humanistic position and uses Flo.

Idism "transformed" Marxism and denied the revolutionary significance of science and technology.

Justice, against the proletarian socialist revolution, but there is no scientific basis.

Yes

The theoretical viewpoint of Frankfurt School reflects the ideological division of the western left wing.

In the second half of 1960s, children were dissatisfied with contemporary capitalist rule.

It once became the ideological weapon of the "new left" movement, which made the school famous for a while.

It's shaking a lot. But its theoretical viewpoint can't help people get rid of the capitalist system.

Governance points out any effective method, and many of its main representatives.

All oppose the rebellion of young students and workers. So, use

With the ebb of the "New Left" movement, Frankfurt School began to appear.

Differentiation and disintegration. At present, there are very few successors, and the whole school is very different.

Prosperity can be said to be declining day by day.