According to the statistical analysis of some western countries, the design fee is generally less than 65,438+0% of the total life cycle cost of a construction project, but it is this less than 65,438+0% that affects the project cost more than 75%. Thus, the design is very important for the benefit of the whole project. For a long time, due to the reasons of system and mechanism, our country lacks the corresponding restraint means and measures for the cost control in the early stage of engineering construction projects, which objectively forms the main energy of engineering cost control in the construction stage-construction bidding, auditing construction drawing budget, completion settlement and so on. Although this has also played a certain role, it is half the effort. In order to effectively control the construction project cost, we must resolutely shift the focus of project cost control to the early stage of construction, especially the key stage of design, so as to achieve twice the result with half the effort.
At present, there are only three ways for construction units to choose design units. First of all, it uses the design scheme to campaign; The second is design bidding; The third is direct entrustment. When choosing a design unit, the construction unit generally only considers the visibility of its design scheme, structural reliability and design technical strength, and often ignores economic rationality. Especially after the lifelong responsibility system is implemented in engineering construction, designers often evade the responsibility caused by design by increasing the insurance coefficient, resulting in great waste. Even if the design unit carries out quota design in the design process, it is often difficult to control the introduction of the project due to the lack of experience and economic concept in the construction site and a large number of unreasonable design changes. Even if the quota design is implemented, it will often bring the following problems:
First, if it is found that the budget estimate has ended after the design is completed, and then the design changes are made to meet the quota design requirements, the investment control will be in a passive position and the rationality of the design will be reduced.
Secondly, the quota design emphasizes the importance of design quota, which makes the two ways to improve value in value engineering not be fully exerted in quota design, that is, the cost remains unchanged and the function is improved; The cost is slightly increased and the function is greatly improved. Especially the latter, the application in quota design is greatly limited, which also limits the creativity of designers. Some novel and unique designs are often limited by design quotas and cannot be realized.
Thirdly, because the quota in quota design refers to the one-time investment of a construction project, regardless of the maintenance and use costs after the project runs, there will be a phenomenon that the quota design is effective, but the life cycle cost of the project is not necessarily economical. In addition, due to the unreasonable design charging method and the responsibility of the design unit, it is difficult to implement the project cost control in the design stage.
At present, the design fee is charged according to a certain proportion of the total investment of the design project. If there is a quality accident, the designer should bear the design responsibility. However, if the design is conservative, it will cause great waste and there is no design supervision to restrain it. (At present, the construction drawing review unit only technically reviews whether it meets the specification requirements, so it often forms the phenomenon of "increasing costs"), and the construction unit has to bear all the costs. Therefore, under this unreasonable system, designers often focus on the technical point of view, and basically do not consider economic rationality.
For a long time, it has been formed that the technical level and working ability of Chinese design technicians can be equally divided with their foreign counterparts, but the design ideas are conservative, the design specifications and construction specifications are backward, and they lack economic concepts, so it is difficult to form economic rationality under the conditions of advanced technology. On the basis of advanced technology, the project cost control is out of control in the design stage. So how can we effectively control the design in the key stage of project cost control?
The author believes that controlling the project cost is not to blindly reduce the project cost, but to improve its value. That is, using value engineering to analyze the functions of products, and reliably realize the necessary functions of products at a lower total cost, so as to improve the value of products. There are five main ways to improve product value: first, improve functions and reduce costs; Second, the function remains unchanged and the cost is reduced; Third, the cost remains unchanged and the function is improved; Fourth, the function is slightly reduced, but the cost is greatly reduced; Fifth, the cost has increased slightly, but the function has been greatly improved.
Generally speaking, once a construction project is approved, its function is basically determined. To improve its value, it is necessary to reduce its cost, so that the cost is at the lowest reasonable value under the premise of meeting the functional requirements, and the key to reducing the cost lies in the economic rationality of the design.
Under the current system conditions, we can adopt the bidding method, select the design unit and the general contracting consortium of the construction unit, cancel the original design fee method, incorporate the design fee into the total project cost, and link the cost with the benefit, that is, form a contract with maximum cost and fixed maximum reward.
In this form of contract, we must first determine the limit cost, quotation cost and minimum cost. When the actual cost does not exceed the minimum cost, the contractor shall pay the cost and remuneration of the construction unit and share the saved expenses with the construction unit; If the actual cost of the project is between the lowest cost and the quoted cost, the contractor can only get the cost and reward; If the actual cost of the project is between the quoted cost and the highest cost, the contractor only gets the full cost; If the actual project cost exceeds the maximum cost, the contractor will not pay the excess. At present, the design and construction units are independent accounting enterprise legal persons, which have played an active role in two different operation stages. However, due to their different positions and corporate interests, the advantages of the design unit and the construction unit cannot complement each other, especially the design defects caused by the lack of experience in the construction site cannot be corrected in time.
Moreover, due to the unreasonable design charging method, the responsibility is borne by the design unit, and its economic responsibility is also small. For example, if a major engineering quality accident is caused by a survey and design error, the survey and design unit will pay compensation equal to the survey and design fee for the direct loss, instead of paying all the losses.
Therefore, in the actual construction process, due to the design reasons, such as the inherent deficiency of design, the unreasonable ratio of value to function, and the limitation of design scheme, the investment is greatly wasted and it is difficult to form effective economic sanctions. A general contracting consortium composed of design and construction units, with design as the bidding unit, conducts bidding competition. As a consortium, the design and construction unit must improve the design and construction quality, optimize the design and construction scheme, tap the potential of cost reduction, pay attention to economic rationality while adopting advanced design and construction technology, and reduce the project cost on the premise of meeting the functional requirements of the construction unit to the greatest extent, so as to improve the overall economic benefits of the construction project.
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