In the second year of Jiayou (1057), Su Shi was a scholar. Song Shenzong worked in Fengxiang, Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), he was demoted to Huangzhou as Yong Lian's assistant ambassador because of the Wutai Poetry Case. After Song Zhezong acceded to the throne, he was known in Hangzhou, Yingzhou, Yangzhou, Dingzhou and other places. In his later years, he was exiled to Huizhou and Danzhou because of the ruling of the New Party. Song Huizong was granted amnesty and returned to the north, where he died. Song Gaozong posthumously awarded a surname, posthumous title "article".
Su Shi is the representative of the highest literary achievement in Song Dynasty, and he has made great achievements in poetry, ci, writing, calligraphy and painting. His poems are broad in subject matter, fresh and healthy, good at exaggeration and metaphor, and unique in style. He is also called "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian. His words are bold and unconstrained, and they are both bold and unconstrained representatives with Xin Qiji, and they are called "Su Xin"; His prose creation is rich and unrestrained, and he is also called "Ou Su" with Ouyang Xiu, and he is one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Su Shi is also good at books and is one of the "Song Sijia"; He is good at painting, especially at ink bamboo, strange stones and dead wood. There are seven episodes of Dongpo, Yi Zhuan of Dongpo and Yuefu of Dongpo.
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Cultural figures
Su Shi (1037 65438+10.8-165438+August 24), whose name is Zi Zhan, whose name is He Zhong, was named Dongpo Jushi, who was called Su Dongpo and Su Xian in the world. Han nationality, a native of Meishan, Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan) and Luancheng, Hebei, was a famous writer, calligrapher and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty.
In the second year of Jiayou (1057), Su Shi was a scholar. Song Shenzong worked in Fengxiang, Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), he was demoted to Huangzhou as Yong Lian's assistant ambassador because of the Wutai Poetry Case. After Song Zhezong acceded to the throne, he was known in Hangzhou, Yingzhou, Yangzhou, Dingzhou and other places. In his later years, he was exiled to Huizhou and Danzhou because of the ruling of the New Party. Song Huizong was granted amnesty and returned to the north, where he died. Song Gaozong posthumously awarded a surname, posthumous title "article".
Su Shi is the representative of the highest literary achievement in Song Dynasty, and he has made great achievements in poetry, ci, writing, calligraphy and painting. His poems are broad in subject matter, fresh and healthy, good at exaggeration and metaphor, and unique in style. He is also called "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian. His words are bold and unconstrained, and they are both bold and unconstrained representatives with Xin Qiji, and they are called "Su Xin"; His prose creation is rich and unrestrained, and he is also called "Ou Su" with Ouyang Xiu, and he is one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Su Shi is also good at books and is one of the "Song Sijia"; He is good at painting, especially at ink bamboo, strange stones and dead wood. There are seven episodes of Dongpo, Yi Zhuan of Dongpo and Yuefu of Dongpo.
Character relationship
Father Su Xun.
Su Zhe brothers.
Wife Wang fu
Wife Wang Chaoyun.
Wife Wang Runzhi.
Basic information
Personal realization
Major achievements:
Poetry, Ci, Fu, Prose, Calligraphy, Painting
Personal profile
Real name:
Su Shi
Font size:
The word Zi Zhan, also known as He Zhong, was named Dongpo layman and posthumous title Wenzhong.
At that time:
Northern Song Dynasty
Ethnic groups:
Han (ha)
Birthplace:
Meishan, Sichuan (now Meishan, Sichuan)
Date of birth:
1037 65438+1October 8th
Date of death:
1 10 1 August 24th
Main work
Main works:
Fu on the red wall, Chu Qing after the rain on the lake, nostalgia for Chibi and Huanxisha.
Other information
Get honor:
One of the eight great poets in Tang and Song Dynasties, and four great poets in Song Dynasty.
catalogue
1 character lifetime
2 major achievements
3 Historical evaluation
4 family members
5 anecdotes and allusions
Six major works
Fold and edit this character's life.
Early experience of folding
Su Shi was born in Yumei Meishan on December 19th (1037 65438+ October 8th) in Jingshou three years after Su Weidao, a minister in the early Tang Dynasty. Su Shi's grandfather is Su Xu, the word Zhongxian, and his grandmother is Shi. Su Shi's father, Su Xun, is what Saint Amethyst called "Su Laoquan". Su Xun worked hard, although it was late. Su Shi's name "Stone" originally meant the handrail in front of the car, which means it is indispensable to help the needy. Su Shi was open-minded, frank and sincere, and won the Taoist style. Good friends, good food, created a lot of food, good tea, and elegant mountain travel. [ 1]
Fold into the Beijing exam
In the first year of Jiayou (1056), Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination. Su Xun took Su Shi, 2 1 year-old, and Su Zhe, 0/9-year-old, down the river from the remote area of West Shu, and went to Beijing to take the exam in the second year of Jiayou (1057). At that time, the examiner was Ouyang Xiu, a literary master, and the junior examiner was Mei, an old poet. The two men were determined to innovate in poetry, and Su Shi's fresh and free writing shocked them all at once. The title of the strategy is "the theory of rewarding loyalty with punishment" Su Shi's "Rewarding Loyalty with Punishment" won the appreciation of the examiner Ouyang Xiu, but Ouyang Xiu mistakenly thought it was written by disciple Ceng Gong, so in order to avoid suspicion, he had to come second. Su Shi wrote in his article: "Hao Tao is a scholar and can kill people. Said to kill the third, Yao said to kill the third. " Both Ou and Mei admire his writing, but they don't know the source of these words. Su Shi thanked him and asked him. Su Shi replied, "How do you know the source!" After hearing this, Ouyang Xiu could not help admiring Su Shi's heroism and daring to innovate, and foresaw Su Shi's future: "This man can be said to be good at reading and using books, and his articles will be unique in the world in the future."
Fold the famous capital.
With Ouyang Xiu's repeated praise, Su Shi became famous for a while. Every time he publishes a new book, it will spread all over Beijing immediately. Just as the father and son became famous in Beijing and were about to show their talents, the bad news of Su Shi's mother's death suddenly came. The two brothers went home with their father to attend the funeral. Jiayou returned to Beijing after the mourning period expired in October of the fourth year. In the sixth year of Jiayou (106 1 year), Su Shi took the secondary education examination in China, which is usually called the "three-year Beijing Examination", got the third class of "the first in a hundred years", was awarded the judge of Dali, and signed the book. Four years later, he also went to the court to smell the drums. In the second year of Zhiping, Su Xun died of illness, and Su Shi and Su Zhe returned to their hometowns with coffins, and they kept their filial piety for three years. Three years later, Su Shi returned to North Korea, and Wang Anshi's political reform, which shook the ruling and opposition parties, began. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they opposed the new law and disagreed with the political views of the new prime minister Wang Anshi. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded away, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful and prosperous times" he saw at the age of twenty.
Please leave Beijing after folding.
In the fourth year of Xining (107 1), Su Shi wrote about the disadvantages of the new law. Wang Anshi was very angry and asked Xie Jing to tell Su Shi's fault in front of the emperor. Su Shi then requested to work in Beijing: he was sent to Hangzhou as a judge from the fourth year of Xining to the seventh year of Xining (1074), transferred to Mizhou (Zhucheng, Shandong Province) in the autumn of Xining in the seventh year, and served as Xuzhou Mingmu from April of Xining in the tenth year (1077) to March of Yuanfeng in the second year (1079). Get rid of the old and innovate, and make great achievements because of the convenience of the law.
Folding five poems
In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Shi was 43 years old and transferred to Huzhou. After taking office, he wrote a letter to the emperor Huzhou Xie Biao, which was a routine matter. But Su Shi is a poet, and his works are often emotional. Even if you write red-headed documents, you can't forget to add some personal colors, saying that you are "stupid and ill-timed, and it is difficult to catch up with newcomers" and "old people can make trouble or raise kings". These words were seized by the new party, saying that he "fooled North Korea and was arrogant. They picked out sentences that they thought implied sarcasm from a large number of Su Shi's poems, and for a time there was an anti-Soviet voice in the court. On July 28th this year, Su Shi was arrested by Yushitai officials only three months after he took office and escorted to Beijing. Dozens of people are involved. This is the famous "Wutai Poetry Case" in the Northern Song Dynasty (Wutai, the Jade Terrace, is called Wutai because there are cypresses planted on it and crows inhabit it all the year round).
The great blow of Wutai poetry case became a turning point in his life. The new party wants to kill Su Shi. The ruling and opposition parties also launched rescue activities at the same time. Not only many elders with the same political views as Su Shi wrote articles in succession, but even some reformists also advised Zongshen not to kill Su Shi. Wang Anshi retired to Jinling at that time, and also wrote: "How about killing talents with saints?" With everyone's efforts, this poem case was finalized by Wang Anshi's "one sentence", and Su Shi was given a lighter sentence and demoted to Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei) as an assistant envoy, and placed in this state under the supervision of local officials. Su Shi was imprisoned 103 days and was on the verge of beheading several times. Thanks to the national policy of not killing scholar-officials in Zhao Kuangyin during the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi was spared.
Fold and demote Huangzhou
After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to be Ying Yong's assistant in Huangzhou (now Huanggang City, Hubei Province) (equivalent to the vice captain of modern civil self-defense forces). This position is rather humble and has no real power. At this time, Su Shi has been disheartened after this campaign. After Su Shi came to power, his mood was low. He visited Chibi Mountain outside Huangzhou City for many times, and wrote famous works such as "Red Cliff Fu", "Post-Red Cliff Fu" and "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia" to express his thoughts and feelings when he was in exile. Yu led his family to reclaim a sloping land in the east of the city and farm to supplement their livelihood. It was at this time that he got the nickname "Dongpo lay man".
Abandon cards and make a comeback.
1084 (the seventh year of Yuanfeng), Su Shi left Huangzhou and was sent to Ruzhou. Due to the long distance and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is far away, and all the tolls have been used up. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou first, and then was approved. When he was ready to return to Changzhou, Zongshen passed away. Changzhou area is criss-crossed with water networks and beautiful scenery. Living in Changzhou, he has no worries about hunger and cold, and he can enjoy the beautiful scenery. Moreover, he is far away from the political disputes in Beijing and can get along with his family and many friends day and night. So Su Dongpo finally chose Changzhou as his final destination.
1085, Song Zhezong ascended the throne, and Empress Dowager Cixi came to the court to listen to politics in the name of young philosopher. Sima Guang was reactivated and the new party headed by Wang Anshi was suppressed. Su Shi returned to the post of assistant minister of the DPRK and went to Dengzhou (Penglai). Four months later, the doctor was recalled to North Korea. Mr. Scheeren was promoted to Mr. Scheeren in the previous dynasty, and was promoted to Mr. Scheeren in Zhongshu three months later, and was soon promoted to the imperial edict of Hanlin Bachelor, and was awarded a tribute by the Ministry of Rites. Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law. He thought that they were just birds of a feather with the so-called "Wang Dang" and once again offered advice and suggestions to the emperor. He attacked the corruption exposed after the old Party came to power, which aroused strong opposition from conservative forces and was falsely accused and framed. So far, Su Shi can neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he once again asked for a transfer.
Folding and Building Su Causeway
In the fourth year of Yuan You (1089), Su Shi got a bachelor's degree in Longtuge and got to know Hangzhou. Because the West Lake has not been dredged for a long time, it has been silted up for more than half. "The long-term weeds in Taiping Lake and Pinghu Lake have seriously affected agricultural production." In the second year of Su Shi's arrival in Hangzhou, he dredged the West Lake, mobilized more than 200,000 migrant workers, expelled farmland, restored the old scenery, and erected three towers (now reflecting the moon in three ponds) in the deepest part of the lake as a symbol. He collected the dredged silt and built a long dike running through the West Lake, which was connected by six bridges for pedestrians. Later referred to as "Su Gong Di" or "Su Causeway". In the early morning of spring, Su Causeway is one of the top ten scenic spots in the West Lake, "Dawn in Su Causeway". Willow leaves are covered with gauze, sparkling and birds are singing.
"Dongpo built Su Causeway everywhere", and Su Shi built three long dikes in his life. When Su Shi was demoted to Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui), he also dredged the West Lake and built a levee in Yingzhou. In the year of Shao Shengyuan (1094), Su Shi was demoted as the deputy envoy of the Far Ning Army and placed in Huizhou (now Huiyang, Guangdong). Nearly 60-year-old Su Shi galloped day and night, all the way into the relegation center, and was warmly welcomed by Lingnan people. Su Shi took out the gold given by the emperor and donated it to dredge the West Lake and build a long embankment. To this end, "the father and the old get together and the pot is empty. If you can't drink it for three days, you will kill all the chickens in the village. " People are celebrating. Now, this Su Causeway is at the entrance of Huizhou West Lake, like a green belt, which passes through the middle of the lake and divides the lake into two parts, Pinghu on the right and Hu Feng on the left.
Folding and Danzhou Life
Su Shi lived happily in Hangzhou and compared himself to Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But in the sixth year of Yuan You (109 1), he was recalled to North Korea. However, due to political disagreement, Yuan You was transferred to Yingzhou in August of six years, Yangzhou in February of seven years (1092) and Dingzhou in September of eight years (1093). Yuan You's Empress Dowager died in the eighth year, and Zhezong came to power, and the new party came to power again. In June of the first year of Shaosheng (1094), he was once again demoted to Huiyang (now Huizhou City, Guangdong Province).
Born four years less (1097), Su Shi, who was 62 years old at that time, was sent to Danzhou, Hainan Island (now Dan County, Hainan), a desolate place. It is said that in the Song Dynasty, banishing Hainan was only a lighter punishment than copying others. He regards Danzhou as his second hometown. "I'm from Daner, and I live in Xishu." He runs a school here, introduces the style of study, and makes many people travel thousands of miles to Danzhou to learn from Su Shi. In the Song Dynasty 100 years, no one in Hainan ever entered the imperial examination. But soon after Su Shi returned to the north, Jiang Tangzuo here made a tribute to his hometown. For this reason, Su Shi wrote a poem: "The sea has never broken its pulse, and the pearl cliff has never been seen." People have always regarded Su Shi as the pioneer and sower of Danzhou culture, and have deep reverence for him. Dongpo Village, Dongpo Well, Dongpo Field, Dongpo Road, Dongpo Bridge, Dongpo Hat, etc. What has been circulated in Danzhou so far has expressed people's memory, and even the language has a kind of "Dongpo dialect".
Fold the final ending
After Hui Zong ascended the throne, Su Shi was transferred to Lianzhou for resettlement, Yong Lian for resettlement and Yongzhou for resettlement. In April of three years (1 100), Fu Yuan was pardoned, Chao was restored to his official position, and he embarked on the road of returning to the north. Jianzhong died on July 28th (1 10 1 August 24th) in Changzhou (now Jiangsu). At the age of 65, he was buried in Tancheng County, Ruzhou (now jia county, Henan Province). Su Shi left a will and buried Shangri-La in Juntai Township, Tancheng County, Ruzhou. The following year, his son Su Guo transported his father's coffin back to Tancheng County for burial. After Song Gaozong acceded to the throne, Su Shi was posthumously named as a teacher and posthumous title "Wen Zhong".
The main achievements of folding and editing this paragraph
Folding literary achievements
Su Shi has made extraordinary achievements in the creation of ci. As far as the development of a style itself is concerned, the historical contribution of Su Ci has surpassed that of Su Wen and Su Shi. After Liu Yong, Su Shi carried out a comprehensive reform of ci style, and finally broke through the traditional pattern of "Ke Yan", improved the literary status of ci, changed ci from an accessory of music to an independent lyric style, and fundamentally changed the development direction of ci history.
The transformation of Su Shi's ci is based on his concept of ci and his creative idea of "being unique".
Ci has been regarded as "Tao" since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. Liu Yong devoted his life to the creation of ci, which promoted the development of ci style, but failed to improve the literary status of ci. This task needs Su Shi to complete. Su Shi first broke the concept that poetry is superior to ci in theory. He believes that poetry is homologous, and the word "is the seedling of poetry". Although there are external differences between poems and words, their artistic essence and expressive function should be the same. So he often compares poetry with poetry. Because he raised the word to the same position as the poem from the stylistic concept, it provided a theoretical basis for the word to move closer to the poetic style and realize the mutual exchange and infiltration between the word and the poem. [2]
In order to make the aesthetic taste of ci really keep pace with poetry, Su Shi also put forward the creative proposition that ci should be "one family". The theory of "being a family" here is put forward according to the different "lasting appeal" of Liu Yong's ci, and its connotation includes: pursuing magnificent style and broad artistic conception, ci should conform to people's quality, and ci should express its true temperament and unique life feelings like writing poems. Because only in this way can we "write like a man" in the creation of Ci (Answer to Zhang Wenqian's immortal book). Su Shi always pays equal attention to integrity in his articles, but he opposes conformity in literature, so he is not satisfied with Qin Guan's "learning Liu Qi's words" and lacks "integrity".
Expanding the expressive function of ci and opening up the realm of poetry is the main direction of Su Shi's ci style reform. He extended the traditional expression of women's gentleness to the expression of men's pride, and extended the traditional expression of love to the expression of temperament, so that words can fully express the author's temperament embrace and personality like poetry. Su Shi let ambitious people full of enterprising spirit, lofty ideals and passion into the world of ci, changed the original feminine artistic conception of ci, and set a precedent for new poets in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Su Like's poems and Su Shi's poems often express his thoughts on life. This rational thinking on the fate of life has enhanced the philosophical meaning of ci. Although Su Shi deeply felt that life was like a dream, he did not deny life because of it, but tried to pursue self-detachment, and always maintained a tenacious optimistic belief and a detached attitude towards life.
Su Ci fully shows the author's mental journey from positive to contradictory depression, striving to get rid of self-adaptation and constant pursuit, and his wild, romantic, affectionate and thoughtful personality temperament. After Liu Yong and Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi further made the lyric characters and creative subjects in his poems move from separation to unity.
Su Ci not only expanded the inner world, but also expanded the outer world. The life scenes expressed by literati ci in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties are very narrow, mainly confined to the enclosed colorful buildings, embroidered households and pavilions and courtyards. After entering the Song Dynasty, Liu Yong began to extend his ci realm to natural spaces such as Duyi Town, Qianliguan River and Weicun Hill, while approaching the daily life environment of officialdom. Su Shi not only described the author's daily communication, leisure reading, farming, hunting, sightseeing and other life scenes, but also further demonstrated the magnificent scenery of nature.
Su Shi used his own creative practice to show that there was nothing to write about and no intention to enter. Ci, like poetry, has the function of fully expressing social life and real life. Because Su Shi expanded the expressive function of Ci, enriched the emotional connotation of Ci, expanded the temporal and spatial scenes of Ci, improved the artistic taste of Ci, and introduced Ci into the literary hall in an upright manner, which made Ci rise from a "path" to a lyric style with the same status as poetry.
"Poetry as Ci" is Su Shi's main weapon to change the style of Ci. The so-called "taking poetry as a word" is to transplant the expression of poetry into words. The success of Su Ci lies in two aspects: preface and postscript and allusion.
With the title and word order, it is not only convenient to explain the writing time, place and source of words, but also enrich and deepen the aesthetic connotation of words. The extensive use of allusions in Ci also began with Su Shi. The use of allusions in ci is not only an alternative and centralized narrative way, but also a tortuous and profound lyric way. Su Ci used a lot of prefaces, postscripts and allusions, which enriched and developed the expressive techniques of Ci, and had a great influence on the development of Ci in later generations.
Su Shi's "Poetry as Ci" is essentially to break through the restriction and bondage of music on Ci, and make Ci become an independent lyric style from the accessory of music. Su Shi writes ci mainly for people to see, while Dont Ask For Help sings, so he pays attention to the freedom of expressing emotions, although he also abides by the rhythm of ci without being bound by it. For this reason, Su Shi wrote his lyrics with great composure, even though he occasionally disagreed with the musical norms. It is the poems that make Su Ci show rich passion, rich imagination and changeable and colorful language style. Although most of Su Shi's existing 362 poems are still close to the traditional graceful and feminine style, there are also a considerable number of works that reflect the bold and unconstrained new style, such as the famous Mink Head (when is the bright moon)
Su Shi was a key figure in the change of ci style in Song Dynasty. Wang Zhuo's "Bi Ji Man Zhi" Volume 2 said: "Mr. Dongpo is not addicted to temperament, and occasionally writes songs. He points out that all the way up, the world will be new, and the eyes and ears will be new, which will make the author know and find new things." Strengthening the literariness of ci and weakening the dependence of ci on music are "all the way up" pointed out by Su Shi for later poets. Later poets and Xin poets further developed along this road.
poetry
Su Shi's views on society and thoughts on life are undisguised in his literary works, among which poetry is the most hearty. In more than 2,700 Su poems, the theme of intervening in social reality and thinking about life is very prominent. Su Shi's attitude towards various unreasonable phenomena in social reality is "out of date", and he always regards criticizing reality as an important theme of his poems. What is more valuable is that Su Shi's criticism of society is not limited to the New Deal or the present. He criticized the long-standing abuses and bad habits in feudal society, and embodied a deeper critical consciousness.
Su Shi's life was ups and downs, and he traveled everywhere, and his life experience was extremely rich. He is good at summing up experience from life experience and seeing laws from objective things. In his eyes, ordinary life content and natural scenery contain profound truth, such as Xilin Wall Topic and Mianchi Nostalgia. In these poems, natural phenomena rise to philosophy, and the perception of life is also transformed into rational thinking. What is particularly commendable is that the philosophy in poetry is naturally expressed through vivid and distinctive artistic images, rather than through logical deduction or discussion and analysis. This kind of poem is both beautiful and interesting, worthy of the name. "I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain" and "Snow Mud Red Claw" became a popular idiom as soon as they came out, which shows that Su Shi's reasonable poems are widely loved. There are many similar works in Su Shi's poems, such as the Sangha Pagoda in Sizhou, the rain on the lake after the Qing Dynasty, and the wind control in Cihu. Su Shi is very insightful, so he can find wonderful ideas everywhere.
Deep life thinking makes Su Shi hold a calm and broad-minded attitude towards ups and downs, which is fully reflected in Su Shi's poems. Su Shi's poems in adversity, of course, contain pain, resentment and depression, but Su Shi shows more contempt for suffering and transcendence of pain.
Su Shi has profound knowledge, mastered the artistic skills of poetry to the point of perfection, and has an amazing spirit of innovation in treating artistic norms. Moreover, the expressive force of Su Shi's poems is amazing, and there is almost no theme that Su Shi's poems can't contain.
The late Northern Song Dynasty, represented by Yuan You's poetry circle, was the heyday of Song poetry. The creation of Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Chen Shidao and others pushed the art of Song poetry to a peak. The prominence and distinctiveness of Wang, Huang and Chen's poems in style and personality may be more striking than Su Shi's poems. But in terms of creative achievements, Su Shi is undoubtedly the first poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. Su Shi's poems are outstanding in the dimensions of wide subject matter, diverse forms and profound emotional connotation. More importantly, Su Shi has a strong artistic compatibility, and he did not push a certain style to the status of a statue in theory and creation. In this way, although Su Shi made great contributions in the process of creating a new look of Song poetry, he basically avoided the two main shortcomings of Song poetry, namely, sharp and blunt and boring. Therefore, Su Shi surpassed his contemporaries in overall achievement and became the most popular poet in the Song Dynasty.
essay
Su Shi's literary thought pays equal attention to literature and Taoism. He praised Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu for their contributions to ancient Chinese prose from two aspects: literature and Taoism. However, Su Shi's views on literature and Taoism were very unique in the Northern Song Dynasty. First of all, Su Shi thinks that article art has independent value, such as "pure gold and beautiful jade". Article is not only a tool to carry Tao, but also an advanced form of human spiritual activities. Secondly, the "Tao" in Su Shi's mind is not limited to Confucianism, but refers to the law of things in general. Therefore, Su Shi advocates that articles should be as natural as the objective world, with a natural attitude. He advocated the diversity and vividness of artistic style, and opposed the unification of literary style, believing that it would make the literary world as barren as "yellow hair and white reed".
It is under the guidance of this unique literary thought that Su Shi's prose presents rich and colorful artistic characteristics. He absorbed artistic nutrition extensively from his previous works, the most important source of which was the heroic momentum of Mencius and strategists in the Warring States period, Zhuangzi's rich association and natural and unrestrained writing style. Su Shi is really expressive, and there is almost nothing objective or inner feelings that his works can't express. Su Wen's style changes freely with different objects and is as natural and smooth as running water. Han Yu's ancient prose relies on eloquence, layout and momentum to achieve the same goal, while Su Wen relies on a contented and thoughtful way. Su Wen is full of energy, but his language is simple and natural, which is one of the characteristics that Wen Song is different from Tang Wen.
Su Shi is good at writing argumentative essays. His historical essays written in his early years have a strong habit of strategists, sometimes pretending to be amazing and unreasonable. For example, On Jia Yi accused Jia Yi of not knowing how to make friends with ministers in order to win the trust of the court, and On Fan Zeng suggested that Fan Zeng should be the righteous emperor who killed Xiang Yu. But there are also many original opinions, such as "On Hou", which advocates that the old man was a hermit in Qin Dynasty, and humiliation is to cultivate his perseverance; On Wang Ping criticizes Zhou Pingwang's blunder in avoiding bandits and moving the capital, which is novel, profound and enlightening. These historical theories are good at randomness, amazing in writing, showing a high degree of argumentation skills, and became the model essays for scholars at that time, so they spread widely. Su Shi's political essays in his early years also had similar stylistic features, but with the deepening of his experience, the habits of strategists gradually weakened. For example, some memorials written by Yuan You are purposeful in content and calm in words, which are close to the styles of Jia Yi and Lu Zhi.
Although the historical and political theories show Su Shi's extraordinary talent, essays, letters, prefaces and postscripts can better reflect Su Shi's literary achievements. These articles are also good at renovation, but the form is more lively and the discussion is more vivid, often mixed with narration and lyricism. They strengthen logical persuasion with artistic appeal, so they are more beautiful than historical and political theories.
Su Shi's narrative notes wandering prose, narrative, lyricism and discussion are well combined.
Because Su Shi's composition is based on the principle of "what he says must be done", he should do what he should do, stop when he should, and say few words and sentences, which is most prominent in his notes and essays. For example, the full text of Night Travels in the Sky is only over 80 words, but its artistic conception is detached and its charm is meaningful. It is a wonderful work in the Song Dynasty.
Su Shi and Si Liu also made great achievements in their ci and fu. His Ci and Fu inherited Ouyang Xiu's tradition, but it was more integrated with ancient prose and absorbed the lyrical meaning of poetry, which made Zhao You better than Lan, and created famous works such as Fu on the Red Wall and Fu on the Back Red Wall. Red Cliff Fu follows the traditional question-and-answer mode of subject and object, restrains the object, extends the subject, expresses its own philosophy of life, and describes the beautiful scenery of the Yangtze River on a moonlit night. It is a beautiful prose poem, which is full of prose and scenes.
Su Shi's flowing style is even reflected in forty-six. When he was in imperial academy, the composition of imperial edict was rich and magnificent, which was rare among Taige figures. After he was demoted, the expression he wrote was even more real and touching, which was a rare temperament work in CET-4 and CET-6. [3]
Su Shi's prose is as famous as Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi in the Song Dynasty, but from the literary point of view, Su Wen is undoubtedly the most accomplished one in Song Wenzhong.
achievements of art
calligraphy
Su Shi is good at writing running script and regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. He studied with famous artists in Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and integrated the creative styles of Wang Sengqian, Xu Hao, Li Yong, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi into his family. He once claimed: "I can't create ideas in books" and "I am innovative and don't practice the ancients". Huang Tingjian called him: "In the early years, the pen was refined and not as natural as the boss." This shows that Su Shi's life is full of ups and downs, which led to the ups and downs of his calligraphy style. The existing works include Red Cliff Fu, Huangzhou Cold Food Poetry and Yellow River Sacrifice.
draw
Su Shi is good at painting ink bamboo, and his paintings are as heavy as spirit. He advocated that painting should have feelings beyond painting, painting should have sustenance, and opposed similarity and procedural constraints. He advocated "the unity of poetry and painting, ingenious and fresh" and clearly put forward the concept of "literati painting", which laid a certain theoretical foundation for the future development of "literati painting". His works include Atlas of Ancient Trees and Strange Stones and Atlas of Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stones.