1. Argument: It is the soul and commander-in-chief of an article. Any article has only one central argument, and usually there can be sub-arguments.

Arguments should be clear, accurate and general, and never be ambiguous or unpredictable. There are generally four kinds of positions in the debate:

(1) the title such as "transform our study" and "against stereotyped Party writing"

(2) Opening remarks such as "changing our learning style"

(3) Intermediate articles, such as "Taking Doctrine" and "On Accumulation and Storage"

(4) At the end, such as "On Qin", "Benevolence is not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different."

2. Arguments The materials used to prove arguments include factual arguments and theoretical arguments. Facts speak with facts, and theoretical arguments win with classics. The argument must revolve around the central argument, which is the most basic requirement. If the selected examples are inconsistent with the arguments, it will inevitably weaken the persuasiveness. For example, if memory can be transplanted in the composition of 1999 college entrance examination, we must make clear the difference between "memory" and "memory" when writing argumentative essays. Some candidates obviously made the mistake of deviating from the argument, citing Guo Moruo's Dream of Red Mansions as an example, which greatly reduced their persuasiveness.

When choosing factual arguments, there are several points to pay attention to:

Parameters must be typical.

Typical means that the argument should be representative.

(2) The argument must be novel. Many students' argumentative writing is inseparable from some old examples. For example, writing about the relationship between failure and success seems to be inseparable from Edison's invention of the light bulb. To write about adversity, you have to write about Zhang Haidi. Similar content does not mean that you can't use it, but that you use it, others use it, and everyone uses it. Whose composition is different?

(3) The statement of the argument should be concise, which is different from the narrative. It only needs to express the content related to the argument.

3. Argumentative writing is an important part of argumentative writing, which contains a lot of content.

① Basic types of argumentation: argumentation and refutation. Argument is discussed from the front, and rebuttal is discussed from the opposite side. We usually write argumentative essays mainly based on arguments.

② The basic structural level of argument: syllogism structure.

Put forward the problem (what is it) → analyze the problem (why) → solve the problem (how to do it)

Namely: introduce the conclusion of this theory.

General parameter structure:

A, summation structure b, control structure c, progressive structure d and parallel structure

The flexible use of the multi-level argumentation structure between paragraphs and sentences in the article will make the argumentative paper more active.

③ Common demonstration methods:

First, the example method, using typical cases as arguments to prove the argument.

Brief Writing and Repeated Writing: The fragment of "Song Wu Beats the Tiger" in Water Margin, the mountain temple in Jingyanggang, and the "broken" scenes that make the realm desolate are all displayed one by one. The two words here are millions of words, which can be described as extremely simple. In the same work, when the author writes about the benefits of many strokes, he cites the examples in the short story "Social Drama", which has to be said to be extremely typical.

When using examples, we should pay attention to the method of case narration. Pay attention to the order of several parallel cases and the arrangement of details. Write well-known materials, and write detailed materials that are not well-known.

Metaphor strengthens the image demonstration of the works.

When using metaphor, we should pay attention to the similarity between ontology and vehicle. Lu Xun's "takenism" compares cultural heritage to a big house, and lists a young man's attitude towards a big house to express the author's attitude towards cultural heritage, which is vivid and impressive.

C. Comparative argumentation: This method can enhance the significance of argumentation and make readers know what the author is for and against.

An excellent composition topic of this year's college entrance examination is "Four Acts of Drama", and the second act of the drama wrote this paragraph:

Background: In a small restaurant, two people sat face to face at a table, and there was half a doughnut in each plate in front of them.

A: Alas! Oh, my God, there's only half a doughnut left. (A looks helpless)

B: Oh, my God! That's great. There's half a doughnut. (b looks happy)

This passage written in the article is in sharp contrast, and the pessimism and optimism about life are vividly on the paper. As the author of this article said, an optimist will say what a beautiful flower is after being stabbed by a rose, and a pessimist will say how bad it is when he sees the thorn. I choose the beauty of roses, so I choose the former.

D. quoting, in addition to quoting famous sayings of celebrities, I suggest that students accumulate more famous sentences in classical poetry. On the one hand, it can strengthen the power of argument; On the other hand, it can enrich the content of the article and enhance the literariness of the argumentative paper.

Two years ago, the college entrance examination failed to examine famous sentences, which caused a misunderstanding for senior high school students. It is wrong not to test and accumulate.

Second, demonstrate the concrete embodiment of logic.

When writing an argumentative essay, we must pay attention to logic, and there must be a very clear logical relationship between paragraphs. On the one hand, we should rely on sentences to express logic, on the other hand, we should highlight logical relations with the help of turning sentences.

There also needs to be a strict logical relationship between the parts in a paragraph.

Strict logical relationship must reflect the author's writing ideas.

Pay attention to the role of turning conjunctions such as "Dan" and "Dan" in argumentative writing. As the saying goes, there is an article behind the word "Dan", which has a prominent and emphasized role, marks the center of the paragraph or article, and makes the argument of the article more eye-catching and prominent.

Third, argumentative writing needs more philosophical thinking.

Fourth, the writing of argumentative essays.

1, the idea of material demonstration:

① Multi-target positioning method

This method is mainly suitable for writing questions with "optional angle" requirements. When writing, you should choose all the objects involved in reading and determine the best angle of writing. "Best" includes the content to write from this angle and the novel and profound connotation of the topic.

Example:

There is such a material: Xue Tan learned from Qin Qing, but he didn't try his best. He said he was exhausted, so he resigned. Qin Qing stopped and focused on the suburban roads, stroking elegies and vibrating trees, which was very loud. Xue Tan thanked him for coming back, but he never dared to return. ("grandson? Tang Wen ")

A. Selected objects: Xue Tan and Qin Qing.

B, choose the angle:

Qin Qing: Stop, focus on the suburban roads, touch the sad songs, shake the trees, very sonorous.

Not only can you teach songs, but you can also teach life; Pay attention to educational methods and be good at inducement. )

C. expanding the concept: see the brackets above.

After completing the above analysis, students can write according to their own knowledge.

② Seeking common ground thinking method.

This method is usually applicable to multiple materials or a single material containing the same factors.

Example: Read the following materials, summarize the similarities and write an argumentative essay of about 600 words.

(1) Someone asked Pele, the king of the ball, which was his favorite goal? "It's the next one." He replied like this.

(2) The famous director Xie Jin was asked which movie he liked best, and he replied "The next one".

Analysis: Both materials are related to celebrities, who have made some achievements in their own careers, but what * * * shares is that they will always pursue and will not retire without success. This is the similarity between the two materials. Around this topic, we can draw up a discussion center: life, an endless stage of struggle. (The same is true for the' 97 college entrance examination composition)

(3) the thinking method of seeking difference.

Suitable for a variety of materials. The discussion center should be determined by looking for differences between materials. If you add another item to the same material, I'm afraid you won't be able to get pregnant as mentioned in ②.

(1)(2) Same as above.

(3) Just after the mid-term exam, Xiao Ming said indifferently, "Let's see it next time."

Analysis: Of these three materials, the first two have * * * in common, and the third material has no such similarity. On the contrary, the word "indifferent" in the article clearly shows Xiao Ming's attitude towards grades, and an indifferent attitude is presented to us. When establishing the central argument, we should aim at the differences of the three materials and come to the conclusion of "basing ourselves on reality and treating achievements correctly"

④ Keyword method

Some people say, "If you smile at life, life will smile at you." How to understand this? Please write an argumentative essay on this topic.

Analysis: There are two words "Ye" and "Xiao" in this sentence. "Ye" means the interaction between "you" and "life", and "smile" is actually implicit and contains optimism. Knowing this connotation, we can determine the direction of writing. The angle of writing is sometimes determined according to the requirements of the stem, and sometimes the composition question only requires writing according to the center of the given material, which requires candidates to choose the correct writing center.

2. Materials or argumentative papers

This kind of composition generally has two tendencies in requirements, one is to summarize the views from the materials, and the other is to take the materials as the topic and lead to relevant arguments. When writing, they treat the materials differently. The former should focus on the material, while the latter can leave the material and just take the material as the topic.

(1) before a type of writing generally have this idea:

A. Summarize the material content related to the central argument, and ensure that the content used is closely related to the central argument and the language is refined.

B, put forward the central argument or scope of discussion.

C review materials or quote facts, and prove arguments with theoretical arguments. Back-evaluation is to analyze the materials according to the summarized materials, and make clear how to get this view or why to get a certain view. Arguments are cited to prove arguments in fact or theory.

D, connecting with practice, showing the realistic pertinence of writing this article, and putting forward the methods and strategies to solve a certain problem, so as to make the purpose and pertinence of writing stand out.

E. Close the full text and review the materials.