Research ideas, research methods, technical routes and implementation steps
1, learn what? -How to determine the research topic?
All scientific research begins with problems-problems are topics; Teaching is research (mastering methods is very important, otherwise it is not.
Research); Progress and achievement are growth.
Educational research topics mainly come from two aspects:
A source of practice-objective or potential practical problems in education and problems existing in education and teaching practice itself.
Contradictions between education and teaching and outside (teachers and parents, teachers and schools, schools and society, education and social development)
)。
B. theoretical sources-problems revealed by existing educational theories and gaps and contradictions in the theoretical system (for example,
The process of the article "Cold Thinking on the Integration of Information Technology and Curriculum")
2. How to demonstrate the research topic?
Since you have chosen a subject, you should know all about it. View from a height or a distance
Understand the research status of this topic at home and abroad, including the achievements and existing problems, and understand this
The theoretical system to which a subject belongs and so on. A comprehensive understanding of the subject can make us take fewer detours in the research process.
Set the main direction of research, that is, we often say: "Know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle."
How to demonstrate a topic? The demonstration of a subject is mainly to clarify the following questions:
A. What is the nature and type of the problem to be studied?
B. what is the practical significance of the problem to be studied? Its theoretical value (that is, what breakthroughs are expected in theory? )
C. what research results have been achieved on the issues to be studied? What is the research direction?
D. analyze the conditions of the studied problem.
E. What are the research strategies and steps?
F. What are the results of the study and their manifestations?
The basic methods of educational research are:
(1) Observation, investigation, testing, action research, literature, experience summary and cases.
Research methods (8) Case study method
(9) experimental methods (in the research process of a subject, two methods are often used according to different research purposes and requirements.
Methodologically)
3. 1 observation: in order to know the truth, we can find the essence and law of a phenomenon.
Steps of observation method: the implementation of observation method is divided into the following three steps, one of which is to design observation research.
This step can be divided into the following aspects:
Conduct general investigation and preliminary observation.
The purpose of this step is not to collect materials, but to grasp the basic situation in order to plan the whole concept correctly.
Check the process. For example, if you want to observe the teacher's teaching work, you should go to school in advance to learn about the teacher's work.
Situation, students' situation, relevant environment and conditions, etc. This can be achieved by talking to teachers and school leaders and consulting them.
Some related materials, such as teaching plans, teaching diaries, students' homework, etc. And lectures, etc.
Determine the purpose and center of observation.
According to the characteristics of the research task and the research object, what problems are considered, what materials and conditions are needed, and then
Make clear rules. If this provision is not clear, observation cannot be concentrated and the result cannot be in-depth. It is impossible to have several observations.
Center, the scope should not be too wide, and all observations should be carried out around a center. If you have to observe several centers, take them for example.
Take a group of observations and cooperate with each other.
Determine the object of observation
First, determine the overall scope to be observed;
The second is to determine the case object to be observed;
The third is to determine the specific items to be observed.
For example, we should use our spare time to study the business and culture of secondary normal schools or college graduates newly assigned to teach in primary schools.
Situation, then, the overall observation is a new teacher who has worked for one or two years. Within this overall scope
Then decide which primary schools to observe and which teachers in which teaching and research groups to observe. After determining the specific watch list, then
Determine the time, place and specific observation items.
Make an observation plan
The observation plan clearly defines the purpose, center and scope of observation, as well as what problems to understand and what data to collect.
In addition to materials, we should also arrange the observation process: the frequency and density of observation, the duration of each observation, and how to ensure observation.
The normality of elephants and so on.
Planning and preparing observation means
Observation means generally include two kinds:
The first is the means to obtain observation data; The first is the means to save observation data.
The main means to obtain observation data is human sensory organs, but sometimes some specially set instruments are needed to help observation.
Inspection, such as observation screen, computer terminal equipment, more advanced such as mobile reactor. These instruments mainly play two roles.
Ensure the objectivity of observation and improve the accuracy of observation.
The human brain is a natural organ for storing data. However, this preservation method related to the observed object is lacking.
Accuracy and persistence, also can't realize the objectification of data. Therefore, people first use symbols such as words and graphics,
Then through photography, audio recording, video recording and other technical means, the things, things and feelings that happened instantly in the observation process will be permanently presented.
Type, accurately and comprehensively recorded, for researchers to repeatedly observe and analyze the data.
Either way, we should be prepared before observation, and the instruments used in observation should also be prepared in advance.
Function check to ensure that there are no obstacles during use. For observers, it is necessary to master the basic knowledge of using instruments.
This method, and know what to do in observation. A camera is not enough if you want to take a detailed and comprehensive picture of a class.
. Observers should prepare several cameras and divide their work in advance. Even the observation records need to be designed in advance.
. Print the items that must be recorded on the recording paper according to a certain format, or you can specify some recording symbols as much as you can.
Reduce the time of writing words when recording live.
We take middle school students' classroom behavior records as an example, as shown in Table 5- 1. In the table below, according to the research needs, the researchers
List the behaviors that he thinks students may have in class. But it is estimated that the list will not be complete, so leave some space.
Let observers use it when needed. If researchers want to ask others to help them observe, they must make it clear to the observers in advance.
The specific meaning of each project and the way to deal with emergencies require them to be familiar with the location of each project. for
To be on the safe side, you can also do several observation exercises before formal observation to help observers get familiar with the contents of the table; such as
If defects are found in the table, they can be adjusted before formal observation.
Specify the standard of consistency
In order to increase the objectivity of observation, it is convenient to measure and evaluate various phenomena and express the observation results quantitatively.
Phenomenon, in order to make the observation results can be checked, compared, counted and synthesized, we must consider the possible problems involved in our own observation results in advance.
Each factor is divided and a unified standard is set for each factor. Every observation or different observation of the same phenomenon
, we must adhere to a unified standard to measure. This is mainly because different research projects often involve different properties.
Standard. For example, some involve unit problems, such as how to measure the knowledge quality of students' grades; Some problems involve definition.
For example, how to be considered a violation of discipline; Some involve calculation methods, such as how to register and express contradictions between students.
Frequency and so on. For similar problems, unified regulations should be made in advance.
Put forward an observation outline paragraph by paragraph
On the basis of the observation plan, we should observe every time or every paragraph (several observations of the same nature and content form a paragraph)
Review and put forward a specific outline, so that observers can be very clear about the purpose, tasks and materials to be obtained for each observation.
The observation outline can include the specific problems to be solved in this observation and should be based on the previous observation.
Put it forward after careful consideration. Tables can also be used to help classify statistics.
Observe the actual process, analyze and study, and draw some conclusions. Maybe it can form a research topic.
Investigation method:
The same purpose is to know the facts, analyze the facts, draw conclusions and prove some problems in order to improve the work.
(including improving research methods) or forming new research topics.
Including questionnaires, interviews, etc. Understand the facts, analyze the situation, study it carefully, draw a conclusion and look for it.
Solutions or plans for further research.
Illustrate the operation process of investigation method with examples:
Main steps of sampling survey
In actual sampling operation, the whole process can be roughly divided into the following steps:
1. Determine the purpose of the investigation (determine the problem and form a hypothesis; Verify the hypothesis through investigation, clarify the problem and draw a conclusion.
Conclusion).
2. Determine the sampling population. The sampled population should be consistent with the population (target population) who obtained the information.
The conclusions drawn from the sample are applicable to the sample population, and the applicability of conclusions beyond this range depends on the sum of the sample population.
Difference degree of target population.
3. Determine the data to be collected. Generally, only data related to the purpose of the survey are collected, and long questionnaires will reduce the answers.
The quality of.
4. Select the sampling method. At this time, which unit in the population can basically be decided as an individual.
5. Prepare the sampling box. Such as school directory, student roster, etc.
6. Determine the required accuracy. Because the sampling survey infers the population from the sample, there will be some uncertainty. ordinary
This is the requirement of relative error or absolute error at the probability level.
7. Estimate the sample size and cost.
8. Sampling test, fill in the questionnaire as small as possible, and make some necessary improvements.
9. Organize field investigation. Investigate according to the sampling plan. Check the quality of the questionnaire in time.
. There should be a solution to the table that does not answer.
10. Analyze the data according to the sampling method used.
1 1. Other analysis methods can be used to compare the same data.
12. Write the investigation report. Preserve population information, which may guide future sampling surveys.
For educational phenomena, it is sometimes difficult to carry out strict probability sampling, and the following sampling methods can be considered:
Select several representative large units (groups) from the population and carry out probability sampling in the groups; Choose from a small crowd.
Individuals who are close to the researcher's impression of the overall average; The sample is limited to the accessible part of the population; The sample is
Random selection; The sample consists of people who voluntarily accept the investigation; Wait a minute. However, an appropriate quantity should be selected for the samples thus obtained.
According to the analysis method, we should also be cautious about the conclusion and make full use of other information to verify and confirm it. In the study of educational phenomena
The organic combination of researchers' wisdom, experience and sampling technology is the key to obtain good samples.
Test method:
I want to describe some behaviors, or infer some behaviors (including: ability and achievement, personality, interest
, motivation, attitude, ideas and psychological needs. ); So as to consider the transformation strategy or scheme, or further form a new research.
Respondents.
In pedagogy and psychology, measurement is an important method of quantitative research. Its main functions are evaluation, diagnosis and prediction.
Measure. (For example, Teacher XXX's "Student Self-study Ability Test (Trial)" is to understand the years of junior high school and senior high school.
To what extent can students' self-study ability be achieved).
The so-called measurement is to express the attributes or characteristics of an object or phenomenon with numbers or symbols according to certain laws.
The process of expression. Test method is the main content and form of educational psychological measurement.
The objectivity of testing is the index of testing system process quality. Test control at different times.
The same subject or different subjects at the same time should have the same meaning. The principle of maintaining the objectivity of stimulation
It should be controlled according to certain procedures. Teacher Zhou invited me to attend their parent-teacher meeting before doing this test.
The purpose of the speech is to eliminate and avoid the influence of human factors, eliminate the randomness and unreality of the test, and realize the evaluation.
Identity of standards).
The objectivity of inference means that different people's inferences about the same result should be consistent, and the same person should be correct at different times.
The interpretation of the same result should be the same.
3.4 Action research method:
Action research method is an exploratory research method to adapt to small-scale educational reform, and its purpose is not to establish principles.
Explore and summarize the laws, but aim at the problems in educational activities and practice, and constantly explore and improve them in action research.
Improve work and solve practical problems in education. Action research combines reform action with research work and educational practice.
Reform actions are closely linked. (characterized by implementation, evaluation and modification).
The model is basically: plan-action-investigation-reflection (that is, summary and evaluation). Individual teachers are more suitable.
Another mode: pre-diagnosis-collecting data for pre-research-drawing up a master plan-drawing up a specific plan-OK.
Dynamic summary evaluation
From the above steps of action research method, we can find three obvious characteristics:
First of all, it is dynamic. All ideas, plans and schemes are in an open dynamic system and can be modified.
Yes;
Second, it has strong association and participation, and all team members such as researchers, teachers and administrators participate in action research.
The whole process of law enforcement.
Thirdly, in the whole research process, diagnostic evaluation, formative evaluation and summative evaluation run through the action research method.
Be consistent with the process.
Specifically talk about the operation method:
(1) Pre-diagnosis: The task at this stage is to find the problem. Reflection on problems in teaching or school work.
Now the problem, and diagnose according to the actual situation, get the initial idea of action change. At each step, pre-diagnosis accounts for ten.
Hold an important position.
(2) Pre-research of data collection: At this stage, a research institute composed of teaching and research personnel, teachers and educational administrators is established.
The research group conducted a preliminary discussion and research on the problem, and found relevant theories and documents to solve the problem, with sufficient information.
Discuss with researchers and listen to the opinions of all parties in order to make a diagnostic evaluation for the formulation of the overall plan.
(3) Draw up the master plan: This is a systematic plan originally conceived. Action research method is a dynamic development.
Put the system, so the overall scheme can be modified and changed.
(d) Make a concrete plan: This is a concrete measure to realize the overall plan and is based on the need to solve practical problems.
It is mentioned that with it, it will lead to interventions aimed at changing the status quo.
(5) Action: It is the key to the success or failure of the whole research work. This stage is characterized by implementation, evaluation and repair.
Change. In the implementation of the planned action, pay attention to collecting the feedback information of each step, and if feasible, proceed to the next step.
Planning and action. On the contrary, the whole plan and even the basic idea may need to be adjusted or modified. The purpose of the operation here
Yes, not to test an idea or plan, but to solve practical problems. In action research, processing data
It is also important to collect and organize.
(VI) Summary and evaluation: First of all, we should examine the research process. The contents of the investigation are as follows: first, the background factors and
Factors affecting action. The second is the process of action, including who participated in the implementation of the plan in what way and what materials were used.
Anticipation, what activities are arranged, whether there are any unexpected changes, and how to eliminate interference. The third is the result of the action, including expectations and
Unexpectedly, positive and negative. Attention should be paid to collecting information from three aspects. The background information is to analyze the effectiveness of the plan.
Basic data and process data are the test basis for judging whether the plan brings action effect and how to bring it; Result information
The material is the direct basis for analyzing what effect the scheme brings. The investigation should flexibly use various observation techniques and data,
Data collection and analysis technology makes full use of modern means such as video recording and audio recording.
Summary and evaluation are actually "reflections" on the process and results of action research. Reflection is the first cycle of action research.
The end of one cycle is the intermediary of the transition to another cycle. This link includes: sorting out descriptions, evaluating and explaining,
Write a research report. This is a summary and evaluation of the whole research work. At this stage, in addition to the data obtained in the research,
, scientifically process the data, get the conclusions needed for the research, and also solve the practical problems that produce this topic.
Interpretation and evaluation.
Experience summary method:
This is a common method that teachers can use. The method of summing up educational experience is based on the facts provided by educational practice, which is analyzed and summarized.
Educational phenomenon, tap the existing experience materials, and make it rise to the height of educational theory, so as to better guide new teaching.
Research methods of educational science in educational practice. The key is to be able to see the essence through the phenomenon and find out the actual experience.
Law; So as to improve their teaching better and more reasonably. Summing up educational experience should follow the following basic requirements
First, we should pay attention to the vanguard of experience (the concept must be updated)
Second, it is necessary to comprehensively investigate and summarize the objects and fully occupy the original factual materials; There must be "points" and "faces".
The combination of "point" and "surface" prevents one-sidedness and generalizes the whole.
Third, it should be based on educational practice, and it can't be taken for granted out of thin air, which is worthless.
Fourth, we should be good at theoretical analysis.
Literature method:
The classified reading of related documents (including words, figures, symbols, audio and video) has certain historical value and theory.
Value and material value), draw general conclusions or find problems and find new ideas.
According to the content and nature, there are No.0, No.1, No.2 and No.3. Zero documents were not published.
And consciously processed the most original data. A document refers to a direct record of events, research results, new knowledge and new technology.
Monographs, papers, investigation reports and other documents. Secondary literature refers to the processing and arrangement of primary literature, including its description.
According to the characteristics of the literature, the main points of its content are extracted and sorted into systematic and easy-to-find literature according to certain methods. The three documents are
Refers to the comprehensive research results of reference books and many first-class documents on the basis of second-class documents.
This is Tsinghua's lecture on opening report writing. Please praise it after reading it. It is not easy to collect and organize by hand. Thank you! )