The Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) clearly stipulates: "The state promotes family planning to adapt population growth to economic and social development plans." The Constitution also stipulates: "Both husband and wife have the obligation to carry out family planning." The Marriage Law establishes family planning as a basic principle in the general provisions.
1. For a country or region, family planning refers to the planned adjustment of population development in the whole country or region, so that population growth can adapt to social and economic development. For a Han family or a Han couple of childbearing age, family planning.
2. A couple has only one child, and advocates late marriage and late childbirth, good birth and excellent child care.
Family planning regulates the birth growth of population to realize the coordinated development of population, economy and society.
(1) A Han family or a couple of Han people of childbearing age shall arrange the time and number of children in a planned way according to the needs of the family and society;
(2) within a certain social scope (such as a country or region), the number of births and birth targets are arranged in a planned way, that is, the population development is adjusted in a planned way to coordinate the population development with the economic and social development.
The implementation of family planning is based on the Marxist principle that the production of material resources should be compatible with human reproduction, and combined with the national conditions of our country at that time. Since the early 1970s, the China government began to vigorously promote family planning. Since 1978, family planning has become a basic national policy in China. /10 2007 On June 28th, 2007, the revised Energy Conservation Law defined resource conservation as a basic national policy. Family planning is no longer the basic national policy of our country.
Article 25 of the Constitution stipulates: "The state promotes family planning to adapt population growth to economic and social development plans." Article 49 of the Constitution stipulates: "Both husband and wife have the obligation to carry out family planning." The Marriage Law also stipulates that both husband and wife have the obligation to carry out family planning.
Birth policy: A couple of Han people have one child. Under any of the following special circumstances, both husband and wife shall apply at the same time, and with the approval of the family planning administrative department at the county level (including county-level cities and districts, the same below), they may have another child according to the population plan and interval arrangement:
(a) by the city (excluding county-level cities) above the disabled children's medical appraisal organization identification, the only child suffering from non-hereditary disability can not grow into a normal labor force;
(two) remarried couples, one party has given birth to a child, and the other party has not given birth; Or before remarriage, both parties gave birth to a child, and at the time of divorce, the subsequent spouse of the child has been determined according to law or the divorce agreement, and the newly formed family has no children;
(three) more than five years after marriage, the medical and health institutions at or above the county level identified infertility, and adopted a child in accordance with the law after pregnancy;
(4) The only son marries the only daughter;
(five) one of the spouses has worked in an underground mine or deep sea for more than five years and is still engaged in this work;
(6) Both husband and wife belong to the agricultural population, and the first child is a girl.
Wrong policies in the implementation of family planning
The growth of ethnic minorities is faster than that of Han nationality, and the proportion of ethnic minorities in the national population has increased from 6. 1% in 1953 to 8.04% in 1990, 8.4 1% in 2000 and 9.44% in 2005.
In the national sample census in 2005, compared with the fifth national census, the Han population increased by 23.55 million, an increase of 2.03%; The number of ethnic minorities increased by 654.38+069,000, an increase of 654.38+05.88%. The growth rate of ethnic minorities is more than seven times that of the Han nationality.
The fertility rate of urban residents is only about half that of rural residents.
Family planning is not equal to the one-child policy.
At present, the one-child policy is widely implemented in cities in China, which makes many people equate the basic national policy of family planning with the one-child policy. In fact, the one-child policy is only a short-term policy implemented in a specific period. If the country maintains the one-child policy, the Chinese nation will become insignificant among the nations in the world in less than 100. There are 780 million people left, of which the elderly and old ladies account for more than half. This is not what our family planning policy makers want to see. It is naive and ridiculous to expect to increase per capita GDP by reducing population. Let's take a look at the population and land area of the seven developed countries in the world today (referred to as "the seven western countries"). Ranked by land area: Canada, the United States, France, Japan, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. According to the population, the order is: the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Britain, Italy and Canada. Among them, the populations of France, Britain and Italy are very close, all around 60 million. The economic aggregates of the seven western countries are basically arranged by population, not by land area. Among the seven western countries, Canada has the largest area, but the population is at the bottom, so the total economic output is also at the bottom. Canada's land area is similar to that of the United States, and its population is only one tenth of that of the United States, but its per capita GDP is lower than that of the United States. It can be seen that the view that "reducing population is conducive to increasing per capita GDP" is unfounded.
The state should and must make timely adjustments to the specific implementation provisions of the family planning policy at an appropriate time, such as releasing the second child. Otherwise, it is the only result to mistake the country and the people.
First, the concept of housing provident fund
Housing accumulation fund is a long-term housing deposit paid by units and their employees, and it is the main form of monetization, socialization and legalization of housing distribution. The housing accumulation fund system is an important social security system for housing stipulated by national laws, which is mandatory, mutually supportive and guaranteed. Units and individual employees must fulfill their obligations to pay housing provident fund according to law. The housing provident fund paid by individual employees and the housing provident fund paid by the unit shall be stored in special accounts and owned by individual employees. The units here include state organs, state-owned enterprises, urban collective enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises, urban private enterprises and other urban enterprises, institutions, private non-enterprise units and social organizations.
[Edit this paragraph] Second, the nature and characteristics of housing provident fund
Housing provident fund has the following attributes:
(1) security, the establishment of employee housing provident fund system, which provides a guarantee for employees to solve housing problems faster and better;
(2) Mutual assistance, the establishment of housing provident fund system can effectively establish and form mechanisms and channels for employees with housing to help employees without housing, and housing provident fund can help employees without housing in terms of funds, which reflects the mutual assistance of employee housing provident fund;
(3) In the long run, every urban employee must pay personal housing provident fund from the date of joining the work to the time of retirement or termination of labor relations; The employee's unit should also pay the housing provident fund for employee subsidies as required.
Housing provident fund has the following characteristics:
(1) universality, all employees in cities and towns, regardless of the nature of their work units, family income and whether they have housing, must pay the housing provident fund in accordance with the provisions of the Regulations;
(2) Mandatory (policy-oriented). If the unit fails to register the deposit of housing provident fund or set up a housing provident fund account for employees, the housing provident fund management center has the right to order it to handle it within a time limit. If it fails to make corrections within the time limit, it may be punished according to the relevant provisions of the Regulations and may apply to the people's court for compulsory execution;
(3) Specificity: The regulations clearly stipulate that the employee housing provident fund shall be used for the purchase, construction, renovation and overhaul of owner-occupied housing by employees, and no unit or individual may use it for other purposes;
(4) Welfare, in addition to the housing provident fund paid by employees, the unit has to pay a certain amount for employees, and the interest rate of housing provident fund loans is lower than that of commercial loans;
(5) Return: If the employee retires, resigns, or completely loses the ability to work and terminates the labor relationship with the unit, or the household registration moves out and settles abroad, the paid housing provident fund will be returned to the individual employee.
[Edit this paragraph] III. Housing accumulation fund management
The management of housing provident fund shall follow the principles of decision-making of housing provident fund management committee, operation of housing provident fund management center, storage of special bank accounts and financial supervision.
[Edit this paragraph] 4. The use of housing accumulation fund
The housing accumulation fund shall be used for the purchase, construction, renovation and overhaul of owner-occupied housing by employees, and no unit or individual may use it for other purposes.
In any of the following circumstances, the employee may withdraw the storage balance in the employee housing provident fund account:
(a) the purchase, construction, renovation and overhaul of owner-occupied housing;
(2) retirement;
(three) completely lose the ability to work, and terminate the labor relationship with the unit;
(4) Having left the country to settle down;
(5) Repaying the principal and interest of the house purchase loan;
(six) the rent exceeds the prescribed proportion of family wage income.
In accordance with the provisions of items (2), (3) and (4) of the preceding paragraph, the employee housing provident fund account shall be cancelled at the same time.
If an employee dies or is declared dead, the employee's heirs and legatees may withdraw the storage balance in the employee's housing provident fund account; If there is no heir or legatee, the storage balance in the employee housing provident fund account shall be included in the value-added income of the housing provident fund.
Workers who have paid housing provident fund can apply for housing provident fund loans to the housing provident fund management center when purchasing, building, renovating or overhauling their own houses.
The housing provident fund management center shall make a decision on whether to grant loans within 15 days from the date of accepting the application, and notify the applicant; Where a loan is granted, the entrusted bank shall go through the loan formalities.
[Edit this paragraph] V. Provisions on the payment of housing provident fund
Housing provident fund deposit scope: the following units and their employees.
1, institutions;
2. State-owned enterprises, urban collective enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises, enterprises invested by Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan businessmen, urban private enterprises and other urban enterprises or economic organizations;
3. Private non-enterprise units and social organizations;
4. Permanent representative offices of foreign, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan invested enterprises and other economic organizations.
Urban individual industrial and commercial households and freelancers can apply for housing provident fund deposit.
The deposit ratio of employees and unit housing provident fund shall not be less than 5% of the average monthly salary of employees in the previous year; Conditional cities can appropriately increase the deposit ratio. The specific deposit ratio shall be drawn up by the Housing Provident Fund Management Committee and submitted to the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government for approval after being audited by the people's governments at the corresponding levels. The monthly deposit base of urban individual industrial and commercial households and freelancers' housing provident fund is calculated in principle according to the average monthly tax revenue of the depositor in the previous year.
If the unit does not handle the registration of housing provident fund deposit for its employees or the establishment of housing provident fund accounts, the housing provident fund management center shall order it to be handled within a time limit; Failing to handle it within the time limit, a fine of 6.5438+0 million yuan and 50,000 yuan shall be imposed.
If the unit fails to pay or underpays the housing provident fund within the time limit, the housing provident fund management center shall order it to pay within a time limit; If the deposit is not made within the time limit, it may apply to the people's court for compulsory execution.
[Edit this paragraph] VI. The difference between housing provident fund loans and commercial loans
Although the Measures for Entrusted Loans for Personal Housing Guarantees formulated by the housing provident fund management institutions and the Measures for the Management of Personal Housing Loans promulgated and implemented by financial institutions such as the People's Bank of China are all loans for people with insufficient housing funds, they are different. The specific differences are as follows:
First, the loan object is different. The housing mortgage loan issued by the housing provident fund management institution is aimed at the depositor of the housing provident fund and the retired employees of the remittance unit, and the loan object must meet the following conditions:
● The housing accumulation fund has been continuously paid for 6 months or has been paid for more than 24 months and is still being paid.
● Have a stable occupation and income, and have the ability to repay the loan principal and interest.
● There is a contract for the purchase of housing or relevant supporting documents.
● Provide the guarantee method agreed by the housing provident fund management center and its sub-centers.
● Meet other conditions stipulated by the Housing Provident Fund Management Center.
The object of housing mortgage loans issued by general financial institutions should be natural persons with full civil capacity, that is, not limited to housing provident fund depositors and retired employees, that is to say, its object scope is larger than the former.
Second, the loan amount is different. The maximum loan amount of housing mortgage loans issued by general financial institutions shall not exceed 80% of the purchase price.
Third, the loan procedures are different. Provident fund loans must first apply to the housing fund management center and accept the preliminary examination of the housing fund management center. After passing the preliminary examination, the housing fund management center shall issue a certificate before handling the provident fund loan. Therefore, the procedures of provident fund loans are more complicated than general housing loans. After signing the house purchase contract, the borrower can directly handle the commercial loan by providing relevant materials to the relevant bank agency or the developer who signed the cooperation agreement with the bank.
Fourth, the loan interest rate is different. The interest rate of provident fund loan is based on the interest rate of housing provident fund, plus the prescribed spread in accordance with state regulations.
Five, provident fund loans than commercial loans to collect assessment fees. Commercial loans do not need to be evaluated, but the purchase of commercial housing with provident fund loans must be evaluated, and the evaluation fee must be paid at present. Commercial loans cost more lawyer fees than provident fund loans. For commercial loans, law firms are entrusted to conduct credit investigation on borrowers, and lawyers charge 4‰ lawyer fees, while provident fund loans do not require individuals to pay lawyer fees.
[Edit this paragraph] VII. Latest Provisions on Housing Provident Fund (Text)
According to the Notice of the Ministry of Construction on Adjusting the Deposit and Loan Interest Rate of Individual Housing Provident Fund dated May 18, 2007 (J.J.G. [2007] 123), the deposit and loan interest rate of Beijing Housing Provident Fund Management Center has been adjusted since May 19, 2007. The relevant matters are hereby notified as follows:
I. The deposit interest rate of housing provident fund is adjusted as follows:
Unit: annual interest rate%
The project was deposited in the current year and carried forward from the previous year.
The interest rate before adjustment is 0.72 1.98.
The adjusted interest rate is 0.72 2.07.
Two. The interest rates of housing provident fund loans for different periods and grades are adjusted as follows:
(1). From September 15, 2007, the interest rate of individual housing provident fund loans will be increased, and the annual interest rate of loans with five years or less will be adjusted from the current 4.59% to 4.77%; Loans with a term of more than five years are adjusted from the current annual interest rate of 5.04% to 5.22%.
(2) The adjusted interest rate for loans accepted and signed before September 14, 2007 (inclusive), and the adjusted interest rate for loans accepted and signed after September 14, 2007. Outstanding loans issued before September 15, 2007 shall be implemented according to the above notice from June 65438+ 10/day, 2008.
According to Article 280 of the Criminal Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Public Security Administration Punishment, anyone who forges, alters, or buys or sells official documents, certificates or seals for the purpose of illegally obtaining housing accumulation fund is suspected of committing the crime of forging, altering, or buying or selling official documents, certificates or seals of state organs. If the circumstances are serious, he may be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than ten years.
Forging, manufacturing or selling forged or manufactured invoices without authorization for illegally obtaining housing accumulation fund is suspected of constituting the crime of illegally manufacturing or selling invoices and the crime of illegally selling invoices. If the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than two years but not more than seven years, and shall also be fined not less than 50,000 yuan but not more than 500,000 yuan.
Anyone who uses forged or altered official documents, certificates or supporting documents to illegally obtain housing provident fund may be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days and fined less than 1,000 yuan.
[Edit this paragraph] VIII. Repayment method of housing provident fund
There are two repayment methods for personal housing provident fund loans: monthly equal principal and interest repayment method and monthly average principal repayment method.
The monthly equal principal and interest repayment method refers to the repayment method that the borrower repays the loan principal and interest unchanged every month, but the loan principal increases month by month and the loan interest decreases month by month.
The monthly average capital repayment method refers to the repayment method in which the borrower repays the principal regularly every month and the loan interest decreases month by month.
It should be noted that the personal loan of provident fund within one year should be repaid in one lump sum at maturity; Personal provident fund loans with a term of more than one year shall repay the loan principal and interest on a monthly basis.
Social Policy Social policy is the general name of a series of policies, codes of conduct and regulations that solve social problems, promote social security, improve social environment and enhance social welfare through national legislation and government administrative intervention. Its core is to solve the social risks of citizens under the market economy.
It is generally believed that social policy originated from 1837 "Social Policy Institute" organized by German scholars. Adolf wagner first gave a scientific concept to social policy. In a paper published in 189 1, he pointed out that social policy is to adjust the uneven distribution between property income and labor income by legislative and administrative means. However, only after the middle of the 20th century, with the addition of economics, political science and system science, social policy derived from social welfare theory gradually became an independent applied social science discipline with the characteristics of openness, cross-cutting and systematicness.
As an applied discipline, social policy research mainly involves the theory and method of policy generation process and the application of policy in various related fields. In the latter aspect, social policies can be divided into narrow and broad categories. Narrow social policies only involve the lives of workers and the poor, while broad social policies include national welfare, employment, housing, health, culture, education, population, marriage and family life, community and social environment and religion. Obviously, the narrow definition corresponds to the narrow social welfare policy, while the broad definition corresponds to the study of various social problems.
From World War II to 1960s, internationally recognized social policies played an important role. This stage can also be said to be the heyday of Fabian's concept of social welfare. Fabian Society put forward suggestions for the welfare state, arguing that the government should redistribute wealth and other rights by strengthening financial policies and legislation, so that people can freely practice themselves on the basis of equality. In order to prevent social services from being corroded by two different service standards due to the difference between the rich and the poor, Fabian Society proposed to improve the services provided by the government more actively, making them no different from the quality of private services (Zhao, 1987). From the practice of Fabian Society, what we see is "a series of policy activities that affect social welfare" (Hill, 1997). This can be called a brief definition of social policy. Although Fabian's suggestion was not accepted at that time, it had a great influence on the establishment of the British welfare state system later. Pigou's "welfare economics" and the development of Keynesianism provide a theoretical basis for the welfare state. The Second World War became a preview of the welfare state to some extent. In wartime, the centralized management and overall planning of social production and all labor forces, as well as the quantitative distribution of main daily necessities, did not reduce efficiency, but made the whole society unite unprecedentedly. It is against this background that the British wartime coalition government entrusted beveridge, an independent economist, to draft the Beveridge Report, which is a social security plan to be implemented after the war and is also considered as a milestone of social policy. Its core content is: social welfare is the responsibility of the social collective and the right that every citizen should enjoy. The report puts forward that social insurance should be the main measure to comprehensively eliminate social ills such as poverty, disease, filth, ignorance and laziness. The report also put forward many concrete ideas about the welfare state system from cradle to grave. And quickly spread in Europe.