Submarine development history
In 1970s, American D. bushnell built the 1 wooden hull ship "Turtle", which was operated by one person. By injecting water into the water tank through the pedal valve, the ship can dive 6 meters underwater and stay underwater for about 30 minutes. The boat is equipped with two hand-operated propellers, which enables the boat to achieve a speed of about 3 knots and control the boat's lifting. There is a manual pressure pump in the boat, which can drain the water from the water tank and make the boat float. An explosive charge that can be detonated by a timing fuse is carried outside the boat and can be placed at the bottom of the enemy ship inside the boat. 1In September, 776, the submarine "Turtle" sneaked into the British warship "Eagle" anchored in new york Port. Although it didn't succeed, it created the first attempt of submarine attacking warships.
So far, submarines are propelled by manpower, which limits the development of submarines. At this time, the steam engine has been invented and applied to railway transportation and surface ships. The application of steam engine in submarine promoted the development of submarine power plant. With the continuous efforts of submarine designers, a modern submarine powered by machinery finally appeared.
The end of 18 to the end of 19 is an important period for submarine development. 180 1 year, the submarine nautilus was built by American R. fulton, with an iron frame and a copper shell, 7 meters long, carrying two mines and being operated by four people. Folding masts are used on water and powered by sails. Underwater is propelled by pushing the propeller by hand. 65438+In the 1960s, during the American Civil War, the submarine Henry built by the Confederate army was about12m long and was cigar-shaped. It was propelled by eight people shaking the propeller at a speed of four knots and attacking enemy ships with mines. 1February 864 17 On the night, Henry sank the northern warship Hausa Tonik with lightning, which was the first case of submarine sinking a warship. 1in September, 880, China built its first submarine in Tianjin. The boat is olive-shaped and very flexible when driving underwater. It can secretly send mines underwater and put them under enemy ships.
Early submarines were all propelled by manpower, and the speed was very slow. 1863, France built the submarine "Diver", which was driven by a compressed air engine with a power of 58.8 kW (80 HP) and a speed of 2.4 knots. Can dive underwater for 3 hours, diving depth 12 meters. 1886, the British built the submarine Nautilus, which was propelled by batteries, with a speed of 6 knots and an endurance of about 80 nautical miles. 1897, the United States built the "Netherlands" ⅵ submarine, which used a 33 kW (45 HP) gasoline engine power plant on the water surface, with a speed of 7 knots and endurance 1000 nautical mile. Powered by underwater motor, with a speed of 5 knots and a endurance of 50 nautical miles, it is the beginning of submarine dual propulsion system.
The weapons used in early submarines were mainly timed detonating explosives or mines hung on the hull. 1866, Englishman R. Whitehead made the first torpedo. 188 1 year, Nordfield, a submarine built by T. Nordfield and G. Garrett, was equipped with torpedo tubes for the first time; In the same year, the "Holland II" submarine built in the United States was equipped with a torpedo tube capable of launching torpedoes underwater, which was an important development in the history of submarine development.
As early as 65438+1950s, an engineer of the French Navy put forward the proposal of refitting mechanical power submarines, and many people tried it.
1863, France built a submarine named "Diver". The hull is designed to imitate the shape of dolphins, with a length of 42.67 meters and a displacement of 420 tons. Powered by a 59 kW (80 HP) steam engine with a speed of 2.4 knots, it can dive underwater for 3 hours, with a dive depth of12m. Powered by a steam engine, Diver surpassed all submarines at that time and became the largest submarine before the 20th century. Although the power plant of "Diver" submarine had a qualitative leap, it was limited by the design level at that time. When the buoyancy is equal to zero through the pressurized load, the submarine is out of control and the stability of underwater navigation is poor. In addition, submarines need a lot of air to sail underwater, which was almost an unsolvable problem at that time. As a result, the diver ended in failure.
After the steam engine failed as the power of submarine, submarine designers had to find a new way to find a better power device for submarine. 1886, Britain built a battery-powered submarine (also known as Nautilus) and successfully sailed underwater, with a speed of 6 knots and a endurance of about 80 nautical miles. Since then, the electric propulsion device has shown a broad prospect for submarine's underwater navigation.
But john holland, an American submarine designer, has made the greatest contribution to the development of modern submarines.
John Holland 184 1 was born in Liskner, Ireland, and his father was an employee of the British Coast Guard. His father's career made Holland curious about the ocean and warships from an early age. Before graduating from high school, his father died unfortunately, and the young Holland was forced to finish his studies and work as a science teacher in a school, thus shouldering the burden of family life. During this period, Holland worked while designing submarines. 1873, the Netherlands quit its teacher and went to the United States with its own submarine design drawings. In America, when he was teaching in a Catholic school, he perfected his submarine design.
1875, the Netherlands sent the plan to build a new submarine to the US Admiralty. However, the US Navy still remembers the sinking of a small manual submarine named "Whale of Wisdom" built at a cost of 50,000 US dollars three years ago, so it flatly rejected the Dutch proposal. The Netherlands, which was rejected, was not deterred. He quickly got the strong support of the "Fenia Association" composed of some Irish revolutionaries in exile in the United States. With the support of "Fenia Society", after three years' efforts, the Netherlands finally launched its first submarine at 1878.
This submarine named "Holland -I" is a single submarine. The boat is 5 meters long and equipped with 1 gasoline internal combustion engine, which can sail at a speed of 3.5 nautical miles per hour. However, because the problem of air needed by the internal combustion engine when the submarine navigates underwater has not been solved, the submarine stopped working as soon as it dived into the underwater engine. Although this is an unsuccessful submarine, the Netherlands has accumulated experience in it and laid the foundation for the next step of building a new submarine.
At this time, the "Fenia Society" put forward requirements for the development of submarines in the Netherlands: the submarines built are large enough to fight effectively and small enough to be stuffed into special merchant ships. The merchant ship was asked to cross the Atlantic disguised as a civilian ship. When encountering enemy ships, special merchant ships released submarines to attack the enemy. According to this special requirement, Holland successfully built his second submarine in 188 1 year, and named it "Holland -II" (also known as "Feniaram"). The length of the boat is about 10 meter, and the displacement is 19 ton. Equipped with 1 1 kW internal combustion engine. In order to solve the longitudinal stability problem, the Netherlands installed elevators for submarines. At the same time, he also installed an artillery on the boat, which enabled the submarine "Fenia Ram" to launch torpedoes underwater and conduct artillery battles on the water. The completion of "Fenniaram" greatly inspired the public and was regarded as an important milestone in the history of submarine development.
In the late 1980s, the development of submarines attracted the interest of more countries. 1893, the submarine Gustav zide was launched in France, with a length of about 45.7 meters and a displacement of 266 tons. It is driven by a motor-driven propeller. It was the most advanced submarine in the world at that time.
The success of the submarine Gustav Zide prompted the Netherlands to work harder. However, just as the Netherlands went all out to build its third submarine, some members of the Finnish Society lost confidence in the endless experiments in the Netherlands and secretly transported the Finnish Ram and the third submarine under construction one night. Since then, the Netherlands has parted ways with the "Fenia Society".
Without the support of the "Fenia Society", the Netherlands had to temporarily stop the research on submarines and work as a draftsman in an air gun company. But indomitable scientists will never be intimidated by difficulties. With the strong support of his friends, he founded the Anal Fish Submarine Company. At this time, he cooperated with Zarinski, the artillery captain, and built his fourth submarine, Zarinski. 1886 When the Zarinski was launched, the whole ship was destroyed due to the collapse of the slipway. The failure of Zarinski gave the Netherlands a temporary respite.
Almost at the same time that Holland failed, a Spanish naval colonel named Isaac Burr designed a submarine propelled by Opportunity in 1889. Unfortunately, because Isaac Burr was at odds with his boss, his boss rejected his plan regardless of the national interests.
After learning this news, the US government held a submarine design competition in 1893 in order to win the competition with Spain. Holland won the championship in this competition. With the victory of the competition, the Netherlands won the order for manufacturing submarines in 1895, and obtained the funds of 15000 dollars from the US Navy Department. So Holland began to design his fifth submarine.
In order to build a decent submarine, the Netherlands paid attention to solving the problems that hindered the development of submarines from the beginning. To this end, he repeatedly studied and simplified the scheme, and finally built his fifth submarine-"Diver". The boat is 26 meters long and has a propulsion device for surface navigation-steam engine power device and a propulsion device for underwater navigation-motor. "Diver" thus became the originator of submarine dual propulsion system. However, due to the needs of the war, during the construction of the "Diver", the US Admiralty asked the Netherlands to use the "Diver" for surface combat. However, Holland believes that a satisfactory submarine will not be manufactured according to this requirement. So Holland gave up the construction of the Diver, returned the funds of the Admiralty, and began to design and build new submarines with his own money.
1may, 897 17, the 56-year-old Holland finally succeeded in manufacturing the submarine "Holland-ⅵ". The captain 15m is equipped with a 33. 1 kW (45 HP) gasoline engine and a battery-powered motor. It is the latest dual-propulsion submarine. When sailing on water, powered by gasoline engine, the speed can reach 7 nautical miles per hour and the endurance is 1000 nautical miles. When diving underwater, the motor is used as the power, the speed can reach 5 nautical miles per hour and the endurance is 50 nautical miles. The boat * * * has five crew members, and the weapons are a torpedo tube (loaded with three torpedoes) and two guns (1 forward and 1 backward respectively) at the bow. The artillery aimed at the target by manipulating the submarine hull. The boat can launch torpedoes underwater, with balanced navigation on water, rapid dive and flexibility. This is the last submarine that Holland designed and built in his life. In memory of this great pioneer, people call it "Holland". The application of dual propulsion system on the submarine has made the submarine an unprecedented success in the history of submarine development, thus establishing the position of the Netherlands as the "father of modern submarines".
But Holland's achievements did not bring him any benefits. Due to the prejudice and picky of some officials of the US Admiralty, this submarine was not adopted by the Admiralty, but the great inventor was viciously ridiculed. The relentless blow made Holland, then 63, resign angrily. Since then, a generation of submarine masters have been forced to stop their beloved career and finally died of pneumonia at the age of 73.
Although the "Netherlands" submarine has made brilliant achievements, at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, France was also in a leading position in the submarine field. 1899, the submarine "Naville" designed by French scientist Laubev was launched in France.
Naville is different from other submarines in that its inner shell is covered with an outer shell. This makes Naville not only have an outer shell similar to a torpedo boat, but also have an inner shell designed according to the requirements of submarines. The crew and all the equipment are packed in a pressure-resistant inner shell. The space between the inner shell and the outer shell is used as a ballast tank to control the submarine to dive and float. When the water in the ballast tank is drained, the boat can be seaworthy like a torpedo boat, so that its surface sailing speed can reach 1 1 nautical mile per hour and its endurance is 500 nautical miles. When the ballast tank is filled with water, Naville will be the same as the previous submarine, and its underwater short-distance speed can reach 8 nautical miles per hour, even if it sails underwater for several hours, its underwater speed can reach 5 nautical miles per hour.
However, there are also views that the double-hull structure was not originated from the submarine "Naville", but was initiated by American youth Simon Lake. 19 In the 1990s, influenced by the science fiction novel Two Wan Li under the Sea by the famous French popular science writer jules verne, Simon Lake devoted himself to the research of submarines.
Lake borrowed a sum of money from his relatives, and through hard work, he built his first submarine, Little Yagur Dad, in 1893. "Little Yagur Dad" is perhaps the most disgraceful submarine in submarine history since "Turtle". It looks like an extra-large wooden cabinet, 4.2 meters long and 1.5 meters high. The hull is made of pine and lined with canvas mats. There is a small hatch cover above the hull, and there are three wooden wheels at the bottom of the hull (one in front and two in the back). The wheels are then driven by hand cranks, and the "Little Yagur Dad" boat is unique compared with other submarines. It has no sheepskin pocket, water pump, water tank, etc. Used for water injection and drainage. Instead, it is loaded with ballast enough to sink to the bottom of the sea, and then it is rolled on wheels at the bottom of the sea. If it wants to rise to the surface, just throw away the ballast and it will float.
However, Lake initially built submarines not for military purposes, but was completely attracted by fascinating underwater creatures. From the beginning of the construction of "Little Yagur Dad", he thought he could get out of the submarine to collect underwater creatures. So he installed air compression equipment in the submarine and set up an air lock cabin. Lake makes the air pressure generated by the compressed air equipment equal to the sea water pressure outside the ship, so that when the door of the airlock is opened, people can go out of the ship in diving, but the sea water will not flood into the airlock. People call this kind of gate which prevents seawater from flooding into the ship and people can freely enter and exit from the hatch of the ship a valve or a water gate. With the help of the valve, Lake and his partners collected many marine life at the bottom of the charming new york Bay and had a good time.
After that, Lake began to continuously modify "Little Yagur Dad", which was completed in 1897. The modified submarine was named "Yagur". Whether sailing on water or underwater, the ship is driven by a 22 kW (30 HP) gasoline engine. Because gasoline engines need air when they work, Lake is equipped with suction pipes and smoke exhaust pipes that can extend out of the water. At the same time, the solid ballast is cancelled, and the submarine is driven up and down by ballast water tank. In order to improve the seaworthiness of the submarine, Lake also wrapped a layer of shell on the intake pipe and exhaust pipe, which made the appearance of Yagur similar to the second hull of the superstructure of modern submarine (that is, the podium of the submarine). After modification, the submarine "Yagur" is relatively stable when floating and diving, and the snorkel used by the internal combustion engine when working underwater can be extended to a proper depth, thus prolonging the underwater detention time of the submarine.
1898, the submarine "Yagur" sailed from Norfolk to new york by its own power, becoming the first submarine to sail on the high seas. Lake's second submarine, the Protector, was also launched at 190 1. He really wants to dedicate the submarine to the motherland and use it to fight against the enemy. The biggest feature of lake diving is that the crew can freely enter and leave the submarine underwater, so they can send people to carry out underwater operations, mine clearance and mine laying. But the US Admiralty rejected Lake's proposal. Lake had to go abroad to find his own position, thus burying the talent of a generation of underwater inventors.
In the last 10 year of the10 century, submarines at least became weapons with potential deterrence. However, at that time, Britain and the United States and other naval powers were still skeptical about submarines, and they always thought that submarines were only weapons used by weak countries to sneak attack, which hindered the development of submarines. However, when 1898 the French submarine Gustav Zide torpedoed the British battleship Machinta, the British finally woke up and urged the British government to take prompt action to counter the new maritime threat that the French were building submarines at an alarming speed. Similarly, Germany and Russia inadvertently realized that submarines might become practical weapons and plunged into the heat wave of submarine construction. In the years before the First World War, submarines finally became bigger and better, and increased at an unprecedented speed. However, due to the development of the submarine at this time, its speed is still not fast, the distance is not far, and there are few torpedoes. Moreover, because it can't dive underwater for a long time, it can only undertake the task of protecting its own coast and patrolling near the base.
At the beginning of the 20th century, submarine equipment was gradually improved and its performance was gradually improved, and submarines with certain actual combat capability appeared. These submarines have good seaworthiness, with a displacement of hundreds of tons. Using diesel-electric dual propulsion system, the surface speed is about 10 ~ 15 knots, and the underwater speed is 6 ~ 8 knots, which obviously improves the endurance. The main weapons are artillery, mines and torpedoes. Before the First World War, major naval countries had more than 260 submarines and became one of the important naval combat forces.
In the early days of World War I, submarines were used in combat. 1965438+On September 22nd, 2004, the German U-9 submarine sank three British cruisers in succession in over an hour, which fully demonstrated the submarine's combat capability. During the war, submarines of various countries sank 192 combat ships. Using submarines to attack merchant ships on maritime traffic lines has achieved more remarkable results. Submarines from various countries sank about 5,000 merchant ships, reaching140,000 tons. Among them, about130,000 tons of merchant ships were sunk by German submarines. At the same time, anti-submarine warfare began to receive attention. During the war, 265 submarines were sunk, of which Germany lost more than 200.
After World War I, major naval countries paid more attention to the construction and development of submarines. The number and types of submarines are increasing. By the eve of World War II, there were more than 600 submarines. During the Second World War, the tactical and technical performance of submarines was greatly improved. The displacement has increased to more than 2,000 tons, the diving depth is 100 ~ 200m, the maximum underwater speed is 7 ~ 10 knots, the surface speed is 16 ~ 20 knots, the endurance is 10000 nautical miles or more, and the self-propelled power is1~. In the later period of the war, submarines were equipped with radars, radar scouts and homing torpedoes, and German submarines were also equipped with snorkels for diesel engines to work underwater. Submarine combat activities are almost all over the ocean, and they are responsible for attacking transport ships, surface warships, reconnaissance, transportation, anti-submarine, mine laying, and transporting reconnaissance and blasting personnel to land. * * * sank more than 5,000 transport ships (more than 20 million tons) and more than 300 large and medium-sized surface ships. Anti-submarine forces and weapons have also been greatly strengthened and developed in the war, sinking more than one submarine 1 100.
After World War II, navies all over the world attached great importance to the development of new submarines. The application of nuclear power and strategic missiles has brought the development of submarines into a new stage. 1955, the world's first nuclear-powered submarine "Nautilus" built by the United States officially entered service, and its underwater speed increased by more than 1 time, enabling it to sail underwater for a long time. 1958, successfully crossing the sub-ice North Pole for the first time. Around 1959, the Soviet Union built a nuclear-powered submarine. 1960, the United States built the Polaris strategic missile submarine George Washington, and successfully launched the Polaris ballistic missile underwater, with a range of more than 2,000 kilometers. The appearance of ballistic missile nuclear submarines has fundamentally changed the functions of submarines and become a strategic nuclear strike force active underwater. Since then, Britain, France and China have also built nuclear-powered strategic missile submarines and nuclear-powered attack submarines. In 1980s, the displacement of nuclear-powered submarines has increased to more than 26,000 tons, equipped with weapons such as ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and torpedoes. The underwater speed is 20-42 knots and the diving depth is 300-900 meters. Endurance, concealment, maneuverability and assault force have been greatly improved. 1982 In the naval battle between Britain and Argentina in the Malvinas Islands (Falkland Islands), the British navy attacked the submarine "Conqueror", and on May 2, it torpedoed the Argentine navy cruiser "General Bei Grana", which was the first war case in which a nuclear-powered submarine sank the surface of a combat ship. By the end of 1980s, nearly 40 countries and regions in the world had more than 900 submarines of various types.
Advantages and disadvantages:
The submarine can develop today because it has the following characteristics: it can use the water layer to cover hidden activities and carry out sudden attacks on the enemy; It has great self-sustaining, endurance and operational radius, can be far away from the base, can fight independently for a long time, in a large ocean area or even in the enemy sea area, and has strong assault force; It can launch missiles, torpedoes and mines underwater and attack targets at sea and on land.
However, its self-defense ability is poor and it lacks effective air defense weapons; Underwater communication is difficult to achieve two-way, timely and long-distance communication; Because the detection equipment is close and the observation range is limited, it is difficult to grasp the enemy's situation; Conventional power submarine has low underwater speed, so it must be in the snorkel navigation state when charging, which is easy to be exposed.