Question 2: How to write a small summary Literature review is an academic paper written after collecting a large amount of information and comprehensive analysis on a certain topic. It is a scientific document.
Literature review reflects the latest progress, academic viewpoints and suggestions of an important subject in a branch or field. It can often reflect the new trends, new trends, new levels, new principles and new technologies of related issues.
There are at least the following advantages for students to learn to write a review: ① Through the process of collecting documents, they can be further familiar with the retrieval methods and data accumulation methods of medical documents; In the process of searching, we also expanded our knowledge; (2) Searching for literature and writing literature review is the first step of selecting topics and conducting clinical research, so learning the writing of literature review is also a process of laying the foundation for future scientific research activities; (3) By summarizing the writing process, the ability of induction, analysis and synthesis can be improved, which is conducive to the improvement of independent work ability and scientific research ability; ④ Literature review has a wide range of topics, which can be large or small, difficult or easy, and can be freely selected according to one's own abilities and interests.
Literature review is similar to "reading report", "literature review" and "research progress", all of which are summarized from a special research paper or report. However, literature review is different from "reading report" and "literature review". It simply summarizes the first-class literature objectively, and does not only pay attention to the scientific process like "research progress". Its characteristic is "synthesis", which requires comprehensive analysis and induction of literature materials to make the materials more concise, clear and logical. "Description" refers to a more professional, comprehensive, in-depth and systematic exposition of the comprehensively sorted literature. In a word, literature review is a scientific paper in which the author comments on the historical background, predecessors' work, controversial focus, research status and development prospect of a certain issue.
Writing a literature review generally goes through the following stages: selecting a topic, collecting and reading literature, drawing up an outline (including induction, collation and analysis) and writing.
First, literature review, topic selection and reading literature collection
Literature review is usually written for some needs, such as selecting topics for academic conferences, engaging in a certain scientific research, and accumulating literature for a certain aspect. Therefore, the author is generally clear about the topic of literature review, not as difficult as the topic of scientific research. Literature review covers a wide range of topics, from a field or discipline to a disease, a method or a theory. For the first time, you can write a literature review according to your own needs, especially the topics selected by interns, so that the number of documents is relatively small and it is easy to summarize and sort out when writing. Otherwise, the topic is too big, which will affect the practice and make it difficult to summarize and sort out.
After selecting the topic, we should collect the related documents around the topic. The related methods of literature collection have been introduced in the previous chapters, such as reading monographs, yearbook, browsing, snowballing, retrieval and so on. , and will not be repeated here. The more complete the document collection, the better, so the most commonly used method is retrieval. After collecting the references related to the topic, it is necessary to read, summarize and sort out these references. It is very important to choose a representative, scientific and reliable research document from these documents. In a sense, the quality of reading and selecting documents directly affects the level of literature review. Therefore, when reading literature, you should write "reading notes", "reading experience" and "document extract card" Having one's own language to record the inspiration, experience and ideas gained in the reading process and extract the essence of the literature will not only provide useful information for writing a summary, but also help to train one's expression ability and reading level, especially organizing the literature into a document excerpt card, which is extremely beneficial for writing a summary.
Second, the format and writing of literature review
The format of literature review is different from that of general research papers. This is because research papers focus on research methods and results, especially positive results, while literature review requires readers to introduce detailed information, trends, progress, prospects and comments in the above aspects. Therefore, the format of literature review is relatively diverse, but generally speaking, it includes the following four parts: preface, theme, summary and references. When writing a literature review, you can write an outline according to these four parts, and then write according to the outline.
The preface mainly explains the purpose of writing, introduces related concepts and definitions, outlines the scope, and briefly explains the current situation or focus of debate of related topics, so that readers can have a preliminary understanding of the issues to be described in the full text ... >>
Question 3: How to write a model essay on work summary? We are about to go through a moving and strong year of 20 1 1. For me personally, this has been a fruitful year.
In this year, I experienced the same feelings, farewell, harvest, gratitude and efforts as everyone else. My life and work have made me re-examine my previous attitude and way of doing things, and I have grown up. Especially after taking part in the work, with the support and help of leaders and colleagues, I benefited a lot from the exercise I got in all aspects. Here, I must sincerely express my deep gratitude to all leaders and colleagues for their tolerance, encouragement and help during this time. The following is a brief review and summary of my thoughts and work study since I joined the work.
First, the transformation and promotion of ideology.
I just left the campus and have no work experience. I didn't take part in professional training at the beginning of my work. Although a lot of professional knowledge appeals to me, it is still very strange. Compared with other colleagues, I know there is a big gap. And I also know that one of my biggest shortcomings is impatience and carelessness. Many things are done too fast, which leads to many mistakes. In addition, although I am in the production department, there are many things I can't do. So with these worries, the excitement when I first came was gradually replaced by pressure, and I always felt guilty and blamed myself. With everyone's help and self-study, I gradually entered the working state, my anxiety and nervousness gradually calmed down, and I also had the confidence and determination to do a good job.
Second, the review and summary of work and study
I was deeply impressed by the series of safety education and training given to us by the old employees when they first entered the factory. Because ignoring any small hidden danger may lead to a big accident in the future. Although I am not engaged in technical and operational work, the relative risk of my work is relatively small, but in my usual work, I always keep in mind the policy of "safety first, prevention first" and learn from the old employees, so that my personal awareness of safety in production can be continuously improved and enhanced, and I should make my due efforts to realize the company's accident-free throughout the year.
Probation is the main stage of study, so when I first came to the company, I spent more time on duty with my colleagues in the main control room. Through their careful explanation, I also learned a lot about the work involved in duty and the professional knowledge of substation equipment.
The work on duty seems the same, but patience and carefulness are indispensable, which I have not done enough. In this regard, the original learning foundation is not solid, with the passage of time, the workload increases, and there is little time to complete the whole day's work on duty, plus personal learning initiative is not strong, so guide.
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Many faults still can't be remembered, and the operation steps on duty can't be skillfully completed. I should strengthen my professional study in my future work.
Making a monthly report at the end of the month is the first task I received. Although I have done most of my work by myself through these months of continuous study, I still feel nervous in the face of huge data, because there is a world of difference between one more zero and one less zero. But the more impatient you are, the more likely you are to make mistakes. The psychology of wanting to finish the work quickly is also the reason for frequent calculation errors. In the annual summary, I once again mentioned the problems I mentioned in the internship summary. I really feel embarrassed and guilty. In the future work, I will continue to learn from the old employees, be serious and responsible, guard against arrogance and rashness, especially in the statistics of data, and carefully check it, even if it is calculated again, to ensure its correctness.
As a librarian and my colleagues, I finished sorting, cataloging, binding, supplementing, replacing tools and labels, and inputting them into a microcomputer in order to meet the autumn inspection work of the head office. Although I worked hard during the period, I had to admit that my work was not in place and my quality was not high in the face of facts. This is directly related to my lack of detailed, solid and sufficient understanding of the documents and materials in the reference room. In the future, I will correct my attitude towards the work of the reference room, take it seriously and enhance my initiative. By becoming more familiar with all kinds of documents and materials, the archival work will be brought into the standardized and refined track required by the company, which is also convenient for colleagues to consult.
In addition, it is also one of my main tasks to cooperate with my colleagues and conscientiously complete the assigned tasks. Although the work is trivial, I will still treat it with a positive attitude and try my best to finish it.
Iii. Existing shortcomings and future efforts
After three months of work, I found myself with many shortcomings and deficiencies. For example, communicate less with colleagues and study more ... >>
Question 4: How to write a literature review? Literature review is an academic paper written after collecting a large amount of information on a certain topic and comprehensive analysis. It is a scientific document.
Format and writing
The format of literature review is different from that of general research papers. This is because research papers focus on research methods and results, especially positive results, while literature review requires readers to introduce detailed information, trends, progress, prospects and comments in the above aspects. Therefore, the format of literature review is relatively diverse, but generally speaking, it includes the following four parts: preface, theme, summary and references. When writing a literature review, you can write an outline according to these four parts, and then write according to the outline.
The preface mainly explains the purpose of writing, introduces related concepts and definitions, outlines the scope, and briefly explains the current situation or focus of debate of related topics, so that readers can have a preliminary outline of the problems to be described in the full text.
The theme part is the main body of the summary, and the writing methods are diverse and there is no fixed format. It can be summarized in chronological order and compared from different angles according to different problems. No matter which format is adopted, the collected documents should be summarized, sorted, analyzed and compared, and the historical background, present situation and development direction of related topics and comments on these issues should be made clear. In the theme part, we should pay special attention to representative, scientific and creative references and comments.
The summary part is somewhat similar to the summary of the research paper. It briefly summarizes the theme of the full text, and authors who have studied the summarized theme had better put forward their own opinions. Although references are placed at the end of the article, they are an important part of literature review. Because it not only shows the respect for the author of the cited literature and the basis of the cited literature, but also provides clues for readers to discuss related issues in depth. So take it seriously. The arrangement of references should be clear, easy to find and accurate. Regarding the use of references, the recorded items and formats are the same as those of research papers, and they are not repeated.
Question 5: What is a literature review? How to write? I. Literature review Literature review is a style different from research papers, which is composed of understanding, sorting, comprehensive analysis and evaluation after researchers read the literature on a certain topic in advance. The purpose of the review is to reflect the new level, new trends, new technologies and new discoveries of a certain discipline. From its history to present situation, existing problems and development trend, we should make a comprehensive introduction and comment. On this basis, I put forward my own opinions, predict the development trend of technology, and lay a good foundation for topic selection and opening. Second, the format of literature review The format of literature review is different from that of general research papers. This is because the research papers focus on the research methods and results, while the literature review introduces the detailed information, trends, progress, prospects and comments related to the theme. Therefore, the format of literature review is relatively diverse, but generally speaking, it includes the following four parts: preface, theme, summary and references. When writing a literature review, you can write an outline according to these four parts, and then write according to the outline. The preface mainly explains the purpose of writing, introduces related concepts and definitions, outlines the scope, and briefly explains the current situation or focus of debate of related topics, so that readers can have a preliminary outline of the problems to be described in the full text. The theme part is the main body of the summary, and the writing methods are diverse and there is no fixed format. It can be summarized in chronological order and compared from different angles according to different problems. No matter which format is adopted, the collected documents should be summarized, sorted, analyzed and compared, and the historical background, present situation and development direction of related topics and comments on these issues should be made clear. In the theme part, we should pay special attention to representative, scientific and creative references and comments. The summary part, similar to the summary of the research paper, briefly summarizes the theme of the full text, puts forward my own opinions and predicts the further development direction. Iii. Literature review is defined as 1. In order to make the project report have sufficient basis, master students are required to make a literature review before the project is started. 2. In the literature review, graduate students should systematically consult the domestic and foreign literature related to their own research direction. Read at least 30 documents at ordinary times. 3. In the literature review, graduate students should explain the development history of their research direction, the main research achievements of predecessors, existing problems and development trends. 4. Literature review should be clear and concise. 5. Use data appropriately and reasonably. The document quotation is enclosed in square brackets [] and placed in the upper right corner of the quotation. 6. I have my own opinions and opinions on literature review. Encourage graduate students to find more problems, ask more questions, and point out possible ways to analyze and solve problems.
Question 6: How to write a literature review?
-Writing skills of literature review
What is literature review? Literature review is the result of information research, which is based on reading, selecting, comparing, classifying, analyzing and synthesizing the literature, and the researcher comprehensively describes the research status of a certain problem in his own language. The collection, arrangement and analysis of literature laid the foundation for the writing of literature review.
How to write a literature review? Literature review formats generally include:
Literature review and introduction: including the reason, significance, literature scope, text title and basic content of the study;
② Literature review part:
It is the main content of literature review, including history (seeking the development course of research problems), present situation, basic content (seeking the progress of understanding), analysis of research methods (seeking the reference of research methods), solved problems and remaining problems, and paying close attention to the current influence and development trend in detail, so that researchers can not only determine the research direction, but also facilitate others to understand the starting point and breakthrough point of this research, which is based on others' research.
③ Conclusion of literature review:
The conclusion of literature research, summarizing my own research viewpoints, existing different opinions and problems to be solved.
(4) literature review appendix:
List the references and explain the materials on which the literature review is based, so as to increase the credibility of the review and facilitate readers' further retrieval.
Literature review should not be a repetition, listing and general introduction of existing literature, but a critical analysis and comment on the advantages and disadvantages and contributions of previous studies. Therefore, the literature review should contain the dual meanings of comprehensive refining and analytical review.
Literature review mode 1: Research on "Question-Inquiry-Communication" primary school mathematics teaching mode
We have browsed hundreds of teaching modes on the Internet, downloaded more than 200 articles about teaching modes and learned more than 50 articles. To sum up, China's classroom teaching model can be divided into three categories:
(1) Traditional teaching mode-"teacher-centered theory". The main theoretical basis of this teaching mode is behaviorism learning theory, which has long been the mainstream mode of school teaching in China. Its advantages are ... its disadvantages are ......
(2) Modern teaching mode-"student-centered theory". The main theoretical basis of this teaching mode is constructivism learning theory, which advocates student-centered teaching ideas, teaching design, teaching methods and teaching management. Since 1990s, with the application of information technology in teaching, information technology has developed rapidly. Its advantages are ... its disadvantages are ......
(3) The teaching mode with complementary advantages-"the dominant subject theory". This teaching mode is teacher-oriented, student-centered, taking the advantages of behaviorism and constructivism learning theories and abandoning their shortcomings, which is the sublation of "teacher-centered theory" and "student-centered theory". The "leading-subject" teaching mode embodies dialectical materialism epistemology, but there is no effective and operable teaching method and mode in teaching practice.
The traditional teacher-centered primary school mathematics teaching model can be expressed as "reviewing and introducing ―― imparting new knowledge ―― summarizing ―― consolidating exercises ―― assigning homework". This teaching mode undoubtedly limits the role of students as the main body of learning. At present, the advanced mathematics teaching mode in primary schools can be expressed as "creating situations, asking questions-discussing problems, proposing plans-exchanging plans, solving problems-simulating exercises, applying problems-summing up and perfecting understanding". This teaching mode strives to attach importance to the leading role of teachers and the main role of students, which is accepted by teachers and applied to teaching practice. However, this teaching mode limits students' learning to the classroom, and the way of learning is to do mathematics for the sake of mathematics. Mathematics has not been combined with life, and students' learning mathematics has not been placed in a vast life time and space. Students' ability to solve problems from multiple angles and ways is limited, especially their ability to creatively solve mathematical problems in life is limited, which is not conducive to cultivating students' innovative spirit and practical ability. To this end, we put forward the topic of "Research on Primary School Mathematics Teaching Model: Problem-Inquiry-Communication".
In the document review model 1, the researcher made a comprehensive and systematic understanding of related research fields, and made a critical analysis and comment on related documents. For researchers engaged in a certain subject, consulting literature helps them to grasp the development of their research field as a whole. & gt
Question 7: How to write a survey summary? Format and requirements of literature review
I. Literature review
Literature review is a style different from research papers, which is composed of understanding, sorting, comprehensive analysis and evaluation after graduate students read the literature of a certain subject in advance. The purpose of the review is to reflect the new level, new trends, new technologies and new discoveries of a certain discipline. From its history to present situation, existing problems and development trend, we should make a comprehensive introduction and comment. On this basis, I put forward my own opinions, predict the development trend of technology, and lay a good foundation for topic selection and opening.
Second, the format of literature review
The format of literature review is different from that of general research papers. This is because the research papers focus on the research methods and results, while the literature review introduces the detailed information, trends, progress, prospects and comments related to the theme. Therefore, the format of literature review is relatively diverse, but generally speaking, it includes the following four parts: preface, theme, summary and references. When writing a literature review, you can write an outline according to these four parts, and then write according to the outline.
The preface mainly explains the purpose of writing, introduces related concepts and definitions, outlines the scope, and briefly explains the current situation or focus of debate of related topics, so that readers can have a preliminary outline of the problems to be described in the full text.
The theme part is the main body of the summary, and the writing methods are diverse and there is no fixed format. It can be summarized in chronological order and compared from different angles according to different problems. No matter which format is adopted, the collected documents should be summarized, sorted, analyzed and compared, and the historical background, present situation and development direction of related topics and comments on these issues should be made clear. In the theme part, we should pay special attention to representative, scientific and creative references and comments.
The summary part, similar to the summary of the research paper, briefly summarizes the theme of the full text, puts forward my own opinions and predicts the further development direction.
Reference, because it not only reflects the respect for the author of the cited document and the basis of the cited document, but also provides a review clue for the reviewer. The arrangement of references should be clear, easy to find and accurate. Regarding the use of references, the recorded items and formats are the same as those of research papers, and they are not repeated.
Third, the provisions of literature review.
1. In order to make the topic report have sufficient basis, master students are required to make a literature review before opening the topic.
2. In the literature review, graduate students should systematically consult the domestic and foreign literature related to their own research direction. Usually read no less than 30 articles.
3. In the literature review, graduate students should explain the development history of their research direction, the main research achievements of predecessors, existing problems and development trends.
4. Literature review should be clear and concise.
5. Use data appropriately and reasonably. The document quotation is enclosed in square brackets [] and placed in the upper right corner of the quotation.
6. I have my own opinions and opinions on literature review. Encourage graduate students to find more problems, ask more questions, and point out possible ways to analyze and solve problems.
7. Literature review shall be no less than 3,000 words.
Fourth, matters needing attention
When writing a literature review, we should pay attention to the following questions:
Literature should be collected as completely as possible. Mastering a large number of comprehensive documents is the premise of writing a good summary, otherwise it is impossible to write a summary by collecting a little information casually.
3. Pay attention to the representativeness, reliability and scientificity of the cited documents. There may be similar views in the collected documents, and the reliability and scientificity of some documents are not the same, so we should pay attention to choosing representative, reliable and scientific documents when quoting documents.
3. Cite documents faithfully. Because the literature review has the author's own comments and analysis, it is necessary to distinguish the author's point of view from the content of the literature when writing, and not to tamper with the content of the literature.
4. References cannot be omitted. Some scientific research papers can omit references, but the literature review must not be omitted, and it should be the literature cited in the paper, which can reflect the whole theme and the author can read it directly.