Classical Chinese is an important cultural carrier, which completely and orderly preserves the rich and profound culture of China for 5,000 years. As long as we look back a little, from Shangshu to the literature of Qing Dynasty, we can feel how rich Chinese culture is contained in these classical Chinese books, and how many ancient people have outstanding wisdom and broad ideas.
Promoting traditional culture is the need of the times, and we have no reason to abandon thousands of years of cultural accumulation. As the teaching of classical Chinese in senior high school, it is natural to undertake the mission of improving students' traditional cultural literacy.
Learning classical Chinese in senior high school lays a foundation for them to further understand and love the motherland culture in the future, and has a far-reaching impact on their cultural literacy throughout their lives. (2) Learning classical Chinese well is conducive to enriching the spiritual world and cultivating a sense of language.
Poems written by ancient sages such as Qu Yuan, Sima Qian, Li Bai and Su Shi in classical Chinese are brilliant "spiritual lighthouses", which have been shining for thousands of years and bathed in ancient and modern times. Their souls have experienced a long spiritual journey in classical Chinese. Today, we let students follow the footsteps of ancient Chinese, which is a repeated experience of students' spirit.
Constant walking and constant experience are the spiritual accumulation, spiritual memory and spiritual inheritance of the nation! It is also the formation of language sense. Li, a writer, said in the 1940s: "People who have read a little poetry, such as orioles, swallows, pigeons, cuckoos and other birds, naturally feel completely different from those who have never read poetry.
We see everything through the eyes of poetry and listen to everything through the ears of poets, which seems to add a sense, while those who have never read poetry seem to be blind and deaf, and their life experience is naturally much worse. "Poetry here refers to classical poetry, so the accumulation of quantity is the formation of language sense and spiritual temperament.
I'm afraid all these are irreplaceable by simply learning vernacular poems. (3) Learning classical Chinese is conducive to promoting moral regression.
Morality, as a norm to adjust human behavior, is not only a means of human development, but also the purpose of human development. It has a positive role in regulating, educating and guiding the society. The Chinese nation has handed down many valuable moral concepts and values in classical Chinese since ancient times.
Therefore, classical Chinese has immeasurable educational potential and contains the soul of an ancient nation. In the process of rebuilding personal responsibility and virtue, classical Chinese teaching plays an irreplaceable role and function.
Many modern students generally lack the principles of self-cultivation, housekeeping, intimacy, employment and communication, which are thought-provoking in ancient classics. For example, there is such a statement about "honesty" in interpersonal communication in The Doctrine of the Mean: "Honesty is the way of heaven, honesty is the way of people."
"Only the sincerity of the world can make the best use of it; If you can do your best, you can do your best. If you can make good use of human nature, you can make good use of things; If you can do your best, you can praise the education of heaven and earth and participate in it. " Another example is moral integrity. The ancients emphasized this aspect so much that they even regarded morality as more precious than life.
In the words of Confucius, "the three armed forces can win the handsome, but ordinary people can't win the ambition." "People with lofty ideals are benevolent, don't live to harm others, and kill themselves for the benevolent." Although these moral concepts have certain class limitations, as long as we use historical vision and dialectical methods to explore and use them reasonably, we will certainly release great energy.
From the short-term effect, it is helpful to improve students' ideological understanding of one person and one thing; In the long run, it is helpful to strengthen personal moral cultivation, enhance social responsibility and shape ideal personality. (4) Learning classical Chinese well is conducive to improving the writing level.
In the first half of the 20th century, China's literary world shone with a number of talented superstars, such as Lu Xun, Hu Shi, Liang Shiqiu, Guo Moruo, Lao She, Ba Jin, Cao Yu, Lin Yutang and Zhang Ailing. They are brilliant, brilliant. They skillfully control the vernacular Chinese and construct a colorful chapter of it.
In sharp contrast, in the second half of the 20th century, China's literary world lost its luster, and there was no "master group" skilled in vernacular Chinese. Only a few people are called "vernacular masters". Of course, there are many reasons for this phenomenon, but the most fundamental reason is that primary and secondary schools have cut off the blood of systematic classical Chinese education since the 1930 s and 1940 s
This makes the people who became the mainstream of the literary world in the second half of the 20th century have not received a systematic and in-depth education in classical Chinese, and it is difficult for them to reach the concise, clean, pure, elegant, vivid and vivid state of classical Chinese. Therefore, reading a considerable number of first-class classical Chinese in adolescence is conducive to improving the writing level of vernacular Chinese.
200 1 College Entrance Examination Nanjing 13 Jiang Xinjie, a middle school student, wrote the perfect composition "The Death of a Red Rabbit" as proof. Based on the well-known story of the Three Kingdoms, the author compiled a touching story of Red Rabbit's sincere death, which was profound in meaning and used proficient ancient vernacular throughout. His understanding, literary talent and sophisticated language skills were unanimously appreciated by the marking teachers.
Later, the reporter had an exclusive interview with him, and Jiang Xinjie told the reporter that this was because he usually loved reading classical works. "The wind is not thick, and its negative boat is weak."
People who lose contact with classical Chinese will inevitably make the article long and straightforward because of the lack of classical Chinese. China is an ancient civilization with a long history, and our ancestors left us rich cultural wealth. Chairman * * * once said that we should adopt an attitude of "making the past serve the present" for ancient culture.
When we study classical Chinese, we should master the methods and inherit the ancient cultural heritage. Therefore, we should not only learn classical Chinese, but also learn it well, so as to inherit the ancient cultural heritage and truly make the past serve the present.
2. How to comment on the characteristics of classical Chinese is that compared with vernacular Chinese (including spoken and written language), it is mainly in grammar and vocabulary.
First, the separation of language and writing. Linguistic research holds that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language, and they influence and promote each other and have a very close relationship.
Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of pre-Qin oral English, but with the passage of time, it gradually widened the distance from later oral English. From the Han and Wei Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the official implementation and the need of imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics" to write poems and articles, focusing on elegance and integrity.
In this way, the distance between classical Chinese as a written language and the language actually used by people is getting bigger and bigger, resulting in the phenomenon of separation of language and text. Second, it lasts for a long time.
Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was handed down from generation to generation, and its language components remained basically unchanged. For example, the usage of some basic sentence patterns and commonly used function words in the pre-Qin period has been preserved in classical Chinese, and even the most active words in the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: the ancient meanings of some words have long disappeared in spoken English, but they can still be used in classical Chinese.
Although later generations will inevitably mix some spoken language at that time in imitation, which will bring some subtle changes to classical Chinese, on the whole, classical Chinese has basically maintained its original appearance in vocabulary system and grammar system. Third, the writing is concise.
Most of China's important ancient books are written in classical Chinese, and many immortal works have always been known for their conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, with few disyllabic words and disyllabic words; Second, classical Chinese is often omitted, and it is very common to omit subjects, objects, predicates and prepositions.
In addition, the famous writers of past dynasties paid more attention to the tempering of language and emphasized "the great meaning of small words", thus forming the style of classical Chinese. Fourth, the ancient Olympic Games were difficult to understand.
Due to the age, it is more and more difficult to understand classical Chinese without spoken English. Crooked sentences, uncommon ancient characters, and many strange names and regulations … all these have become elusive "myths" in the eyes of beginners.
Therefore, annotating ancient books and solving difficult problems has always been one of the tasks pursued by scholars.
3. How to comment on the characteristics of classical Chinese is that compared with vernacular Chinese (including spoken and written language), it is mainly in grammar and vocabulary.
First, the separation of language and writing. Linguistic research holds that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language, and they influence and promote each other and have a very close relationship. Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of pre-Qin oral English, but with the passage of time, it gradually widened the distance from later oral English. From the Han and Wei Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the official implementation and the need of imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics" to write poems and articles, focusing on elegance and integrity. In this way, the distance between classical Chinese as a written language and the language actually used by people is getting bigger and bigger, resulting in the phenomenon of separation of language and text.
Second, it lasts for a long time. Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was handed down from generation to generation, and its language components remained basically unchanged. For example, the usage of some basic sentence patterns and commonly used function words in the pre-Qin period has been preserved in classical Chinese, and even the most active words in the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: the ancient meanings of some words have long disappeared in spoken English, but they can still be used in classical Chinese. Although later generations will inevitably mix some spoken language at that time in imitation, which will bring some subtle changes to classical Chinese, on the whole, classical Chinese has basically maintained its original appearance in vocabulary system and grammar system.
Third, the writing is concise. Most of China's important ancient books are written in classical Chinese, and many immortal works have always been known for their conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, with few disyllabic words and disyllabic words; Second, classical Chinese is often omitted, and it is very common to omit subjects, objects, predicates and prepositions. In addition, the famous writers of past dynasties paid more attention to the tempering of language and emphasized "the great meaning of small words", thus forming the style of classical Chinese.
Fourth, the ancient Olympic Games were difficult to understand. Due to the age, it is more and more difficult to understand classical Chinese without spoken English. Crooked sentences, uncommon ancient characters, and many strange names and regulations … all these have become elusive "myths" in the eyes of beginners. Therefore, annotating ancient books and solving difficult problems has always been one of the tasks pursued by scholars.
4. Ask for a few classic ancient prose and eight comments on Yongzhou. Liu Zongyuan began to travel to the Western Hills Banquet and lived in the state.
Always anxious. Time slot also, and then give and do, long line.
The sun is not far from climbing mountains, entering deep forests, returning to streams, secluded springs and rocks. When you arrive, you will sit in the grass and get drunk.
If you are drunk, you will lie on the pillow and dream. The meaning is extreme and the dream is very interesting.
Get up, get up, come back. I thought the scenery in the whole state was different, but I didn't know the strangeness of Xishan.
On September 28 this year, I started pointing fingers because I was sitting in Fahua West Pavilion watching the Western Hills. So he ordered his servants to cross the Xiangjiang River, where the riverside was dyed, hazel fields were wild, grass was burning, and poor mountains were high.
Crawling and crawling, squatting and roaming, and then the soil of several States is padded below. The potential of its struggle is bleak, if it is like a cave, it is thousands of miles in size, and it can't be hidden.
It is dazzling blue and looks like the sky outside. Later, I learned that this mountain is unique, not like Peiyuan, but like Haoqi. Travel with the creator without knowing his poverty.
If you are full of action, you will be drunk. Pale but dusk, far away, can't see anything, but still don't want to return.
The shape of the heart is in harmony with everything. Then I know I haven't started swimming yet. I have already started swimming, so I am writing for it.
It's years old, yuan and four years. Drilling pool: drilling pool, in the west of Shanxi.
At first, Ran Shui ran from the south, came to the rocks and bent to the east. Its potential is steep, and its swing is beneficial to violence, so it is wide and deep, ending at the end of the stone; Foam into wheels and walk slowly. It is clear and flat, covering an area of 10 acre.
There are trees and springs around. There are people living above, so you can travel in an emergency. Once the money gate came, they said, "I can't afford to rent private tickets, so I live on the mountain. I am willing to use the pool to trade and raise money to alleviate the disaster."
Give happiness like you said. Then worship its platform, extend its threshold, walk its spring in the pool where the highest one falls, and make a sound.
The Mid-Autumn Festival is especially suitable for enjoying the moon, and you can see that the sky is high and crisp. Who gave the pleasure of living in a foreign country and forgot his hometown? Isn't it a pond? Bitan Xishan drilled Xishan for eight days, and took 200 steps to find the northwest road of Shankou, so you can drill Bitan.
Twenty-five steps west of Tanxi, when it is turbulent and deep, is a fish beam. There is a hill on the top of the dam with bamboo and trees growing on it.
The stones on the mountain stand out, and then the earth breaks through the ground, competing for competition, and their number is almost unknown. People who are tired of each other are like cows and horses drinking streams; Those who rush to the top of the column are like bears climbing on the mountain.
The hill is very small, less than an acre, and can be put into a cage for your own. Asked who the owner was, he said, "This is what the Tang family doesn't want. I want to sell it, but I can't sell it." . "
Asked the price, he said, "Only 400 Wen." . "I like it, I bought it.
Li Shenyuan and Yuan Ke traveled together, and they were both very happy. It started with an accident. Then take turns to pick up tools, shovel weeds, cut down trees and light a fire to burn them.
Jia Muli, Mei Zhulu. Stone show.
Looking around, the mountains are high and the clouds are light, the streams are gurgling, and the birds and animals are wandering, so you can return your skills to the hills. Lying on the pillow, it is cold, with eyes, ears and ears. God has thoughts for those who are free and unfettered, and he has thoughts for those who are deep and quiet.
The second person who gets to a different place without walking for ten days, although the ancient people are good, may not be able to arrive. Hey! With the beautiful scenery of this mountain, give it to Feng, pickaxe, Hu and Du. People who like to go shopping every day will buy more and add thousands of dollars, but buy less.
Nowadays, this country is abandoned, and farmers and fishermen live a humble life. Jia 400 can't even be sold at the age of four. I enjoyed it alone with Shen Yuan and Keke, but the result was terrible! Write this article on a stone and congratulate the hill.
Go to Xiaoshitang in the west of Xiaoqiu, and walk west from Xiaoqiu 120 steps. Through the bamboo, you can hear the sound of water, such as singing a ring, which is refreshing. Cut bamboo and walk along the road, and see the small pool below, the water is particularly clear.
The whole stone is at the bottom, close to the shore, and the bottom of the rolling stone comes out, which is a mountain, an island, a mountain and a rock. Green trees and vines, covered and twisted, staggered and brushed.
There are hundreds of fish in the pond. They are all swimming in the air. The sun is shining, the shadow is on the stone, motionless; When you are far away, communication is sudden, like enjoying tourists.
Looking from the southwest of the pool, you can see that it is zigzag. Their shore potentials are different from each other and their sources are unknown.
Sitting by the pool, surrounded by bamboo forests, lonely and empty, sad and cold, quiet and quiet. It is too clear to live for a long time, but remember.
Travelers: Wu Wuling, Gong Gu, Yu Dizong Xuan. The second son Cui Shi said, "Forgive yourself and serve me." .
Yuan Jia is thirsty to travel ten miles from the southwest water, and the landscape is desirable, so if he drills the pool. From Xikou to the west, on land, you can take eight or nine, such as Xishan.
From the southeast of Chaoyangyan to Wujiang River, it is desirable to be three, thirstier than Yuan Jia. It's always beautiful and strange
In Chuyue dialect, the reverse flow of water is called "thirst". I am thirsty to get along with Nanting, and I am eager to get along with a hundred schools of thought.
Among them, the stream is heavy, the pool is shallow, the toilet is tortuous, the ink is flat and deep, and the boiling white is steep. There is no end to being poor.
There are hills above the water, all beautiful stones, and green bushes on top, which are common in winter and summer. There are many rocks beside it, and there are many pebbles below. There are many trees in it, such as heather, grapefruit and orchid.
There are also exotic flowers and grasses, like acacia, like creeping, like swaying water stones. Every wind descended from the four mountains, shaking the trees, covering the grass, blushing scary, fragrant, rushing into the waves, retreating into the valley, shaking and growing, with the passage of time.
Most of them are like this, and the rest are inexhaustible. Eternal people have never traveled, and they are afraid to enjoy it alone and spread it all over the world.
Its landlord, Yuan. Therefore, it is famous far and near.
The stone canal is thirsty. Southwest can't walk a hundred paces, but you can go to Shiqu and cross Ren Minqiao. There is a faint spring, and its voice is loud and thin.
The width of this canal is only a stone's throw, or 10 step long. It flowed to the big stone and fell out of it.
After passing the stone, there is Hong Shi, and the calamus is surrounded by it, and the green is all around. It turned to the west again, sank under the rocks and fell into a small pool in the north.
The pool has shrunk 100 foot, the water is deeper and there are more fish. In the Northern Song Dynasty, I was tired. If I didn't stop, I would die of thirst.
Its two sides are covered with strange stones, trees, flowers and beautiful arrows, so you can sit in a row. The wind shakes its peak and moves the cliff valley.
See its stillness, but listen to its distance. Give it to the state shepherd.
Get rid of decay, never spare earth and stone, respect and burn, flourish and benefit. I cherish those who pass on their stories before they start, so I'm tired of remembering what they belong to. Keeping their people and learning from them will make it easier for those who do good deeds later.
On the eighth day of the first month of the seventh year of Yuanhe, the stork reached Dashi. 10 19, when the stone ended, Hong Shi Tan Xiao was discovered, and the beauty of the canal began to become poor.
The stone canal is poor, from the northwest of the bridge to Tuying Mountain, and all the people are bridges. Its water is one third as big as the stone canal, at the bottom of the stone canal, reaching both ends.
If the bed is in the lobby, if it is full, if it is limited to the Olympic Games. Spread horizontally, flow like weaving, and ring like playing the piano.
Open it and go, break the bamboo and sweep the old leaves, and drain the rotten wood. 189 will be able to live in Luohu bed. The flow of sexual intercourse and the sound of touching are under the bed; The water of jade feather and the stone of Long Lin are all hidden on it.
Ancient wisdom.
5. To comment on Lian Po and Lin Xiangru's classical Chinese is to imitate Sima Qian's evaluation of them. Everyone only needs 50 words. Tai Shigong said: Lian Po is brave, straightforward, generous and magnanimous, especially good at using troops. He is a veritable Zhao. At that time, Qin Dongyi, a weak vassal, wanted to annex the six countries of Shandong. Among the six countries in Shandong, Zhao bore the brunt, and the six countries survived for several years. Lian Po, the pillar of Zhao Zhi countries, and Lian Po from Zhaolai have existed for decades. So, how did Lian Po get the Tao? As the saying goes, "an inch is long, but a foot is short." Lian Po and Xiangxiang are competing, which is beyond reproach. However, Bai Bi, in particular, has one small shortcoming. Lin Xiangru, the minister of Zhao Mouguo, came from humble origins, but he was talented and swallowed mountains and rivers. It's just that he attracted the attention of the king of Qin, but he was unable to punish him. He was a scholar or a coward. Besides, he gave in, and his name was too high. His loyalty, courage and wisdom can be described as both! It is said that there are only two people who dare not send more soldiers to Zhao, and Lian Po and Lin Xiangru are fortunate.