The reasons are different. Excess profits in industry are obtained by individual enterprises adopting advanced technology to improve labor productivity and make individual production prices lower than social production prices. But when other enterprises also adopt advanced technology to improve labor productivity, this excess profit will disappear. Therefore, the excess profit in industry is only a temporary phenomenon. However, the excess profit of agriculture is different, which is based on the different fertility of land. After being rented by farmers, Youzhong land will monopolize its management rights, thus hindering the competition among agricultural capitalists and thus obtaining excess profits steadily; (2) Different conditions: the excess profits in industry can only be obtained by advanced enterprises, because the social production price of industrial products is determined by medium conditions; However, the social production price of agricultural products is not determined by the average production conditions in agriculture, but by the production conditions in inferior land, and agricultural capitalists who operate inferior land should also get average profits.
Economic development depends on a good economic order.
-On the establishment of business reputation and business ethics
At the beginning of the last century, western business experienced the primitive accumulation period of capital and established a firm creed, that is, clearly price, childlike innocence. The creed of childlike innocence is deeply rooted in the minds of China people, because our traditional morality is that people are confident through reason. As the old saying goes, "People can't stand without faith", so it can be seen that China people have always emphasized the significance of honesty in being a man. However, in different stages of economic development, the importance of reputation to economic development is different. With the development of human society, reputation plays an increasingly important role. Modern market economy is a credit economy. For modern market economy, trustworthy behavior can ensure that transactions can be carried out and the economy can run. Unfortunately, however, by the end of last century, the situation had changed. At this time, business consciousness and modern consciousness entered the minds of China people, but they didn't, and the price tag was not comprehensive.
For example, I went to the small grocery store downstairs and bought a can of drinks for five yuan. I gave the grocer five dollars and I'm going out. At this time, the boss said that I didn't give money. What should I do at this time? Perhaps many people have never faced such a situation, because in fact, such a situation is unlikely to happen in a grocery store. It is more likely that I bought some bananas in a street, and I should have paid five yuan, but I was forced to pay ten yuan.
Why is this? The reason is simple: because the nature of customers in grocery stores and roadside stalls is different. When the grocery store owner cheats, customers will not only stop buying things, but also tell their neighbors, so that neighbors will not go shopping and the grocery store will lose customers. Operators certainly understand this truth.
So, what I want to say is that the basis of market economic order is honesty.
In the legendary primitive state, there is no exchange between people, and there will be no credibility problem; Even if there are some occasional exchanges, reputation is not the main issue in this barter exchange. In the small market in the early stage of market economy development, cash transactions were widely implemented. Even if there are some credit transactions supported by credit promises of future payments, people are unlikely to cheat each other because of the small-scale nature of this market. However, with the development of market economy, transactions in modern market economy usually occur in the whole nation-state and even the global market, so cheating becomes much more convenient. So we must find a motivation and intermediary that can make this kind of transaction last for a long time-credibility. Without credit, the trading chain will break and the market economy will not work. With China's entry into WTO, the internationalization of the domestic market is the general trend, and China will face all-round international competition. What is worrying is that the current commercial reputation in China market is far from meeting the requirements of modern market economy. Our commercial order is very chaotic and our business ethics are very poor. For example, the performance rate of contracts signed between enterprises is extremely low, debtors evade a lot of debts, fake and shoddy goods flood the market, and enterprises carry out false advertising. Many people may have this kind of psychology: when we go to the hospital to see a doctor, we often doubt whether the medicine we take is true or not, and worry whether the needles injected by others are used for the first time or recycled; When we go to buy meat, we often worry about whether the meat is watered; When we hire a boss, we are all worried about whether he will pay us; When we hire people to work for us, we are also worried that he will take things from the company and take them to his own home to escape; When we lend money to others, we are worried that they will not pay back the money ... It can be seen that under the current situation in our country, business ethics and market order are very unsatisfactory. I think it can be said that China's economy is facing a "credit crisis".
Market economy should have a good market order, and this order should be based on a good reputation mechanism. And I think that the most important thing to establish a reputation system is to have a long-term expectation.
To be clear, for example, a person's behavior is related to his life expectations. If he expects me to live only one week, what is the best way for him to get rich? Maybe he will rob the wallet. Crime will be punished, but he doesn't have to worry about these things, because the man died before the trial, so why should he care about the law? But if he expects to live for a long time, he may not do so. The longer a person lives, the more standardized his behavior and the more willing he is to stick to his promise. So, I think we can boil down the credibility to such a thing. Reputation means that people sacrifice their immediate interests in order to gain long-term benefits. A person and an enterprise must have a long-term expectation if they want to attach importance to their reputation, that is, to make them realize that they can "survive" for a long time, so they must have something that can make them develop for a long time-reputation.
In my opinion, the establishment and improvement of the credit system is a systematic project, and the urgent task is to formulate a set of systems so that the whole society can form a good environment and credit order of "breaking promises and not moving". I think we should start from the following four aspects:
1。 Mobilize the injured party to actively safeguard their own interests.
Many frauds occur when consumers don't know the source of products, that is, sellers hide some "private information". As consumers, they need to buy thousands of goods, and it is impossible to know them like the back of their hands. So at this time, we need some institutions or systems that provide information to help them, and at the same time organize themselves to unite and protect themselves. For example, consumer associations and other organizations around the world, the "blacklist system" adopted by some national banks is also worth emulating. If the vulnerable parties can take active actions to safeguard their own interests, the space for fraud will be greatly reduced, and the possibility of "reaching out and being caught" will be greatly increased. However, it is not enough to just mobilize the injured party to actively safeguard their own interests. After all, consumers are only the weak side, and it is still difficult to achieve their goals by only protecting themselves without greatly increasing the cost of the injured party's breach of trust. Increasing the cost of dishonesty of the injuring party must be achieved by legal means-perfecting the rules and regulations.
2。 Improve the property right system
The cost of selling fake goods should be raised, so that violators will suffer economic losses. In order to increase the cost of dishonesty and deception, sound laws and regulations are needed. An economy without a perfect property right system will not be a creditable economy. Property right system is to let people have a long-term stable and predictable system. If you can make a person do bad things, you will be punished by the consequences of bad things; If he makes a contribution, he will be rewarded. When a person does something, the consequences are not necessarily borne by this person. At this time, he may have the enthusiasm to pursue a short-term interest. It can be seen that under the current property rights system in China, it is natural to cheat and not talk about credit. People in developed countries are more trustworthy. I don't think it's because of race. Although there is a certain relationship between cultural background and moral norms, the main reason is that in developed market economy countries, the national credit system is relatively perfect, and people dare not try their own laws. After such a long time, it can become a social fashion and habit. A good moral atmosphere should be based on the system. So, first of all, if you want to have a good reputation system and market order, you must have a good property rights system.
Some people may say that a large number of private enterprises in China have no credit and are cheating people. They already have their own property rights. Why don't they pay on credit? This is my second point.
3。 Standardize government behavior
To regulate the market, it is necessary to regulate government behavior.
Suppose we have perfected the system, but if the government has the right to declare that this enterprise is doing this or that illegally at any time, it can be done today but not tomorrow, and a private entrepreneur has no stable expectation, he will also pursue short-term interests. In this sense, it can be said that government behavior also determines individual behavior to a great extent. At present, in China, our private enterprises are not full of confidence in their future. They don't expect their enterprises to grow bigger, do well and have credibility, so they can recover the fruits. Therefore, like state-owned enterprises, they will inevitably pursue short-term interests. Some of our policies are vague and opaque, giving government officials great power, which they can use to interfere in enterprises. Then private enterprises themselves will not attach importance to credibility.
What will people do if the government suddenly announces that they can't go to Chang 'an Avenue for one month after buying a Fukang car? A restaurant opened. If the government is going to close the restaurant tomorrow, why doesn't the shopkeeper kill it? Therefore, I believe that to regulate the market, we must first regulate the government. Without standardized government behavior, there will be no standardized market behavior.
4。 Establish a good information transmission system
To establish a good reputation system and market order, we must have a good information transmission system.
Back to our previous example, the owner of this grocery store dare not cheat, because once he cheats someone, the information will be quickly transmitted to many people. If he lied to someone and everyone didn't know, why didn't he do it? So I think the transmission of information is very important. In other words, we must get the information about cheating in the market as soon as possible. The faster it spreads, the easier it is to establish a market order. Because the society we are facing now is different from our past society. Our trading partners often meet only once. We probably don't buy things in one store every day, or we don't just buy things from one person. We have to do business with many people. In this case, it is very important that cheating is known to the next person who may trade.
Why is it more difficult for modern cities to establish credibility than rural society? I think "gossip" is a very important information transmission mechanism. Therefore, it is very important for us to create such a mechanism in modern society.
5。 Reduce the trading behavior of government departments
To establish credibility, it is also necessary to minimize the trading behavior of government departments.
The reason why the grocery store owner in the first example doesn't cheat is because customers will feel distressed after cheating and will stop buying things in the future. But if the customer doesn't feel and doesn't care about being cheated, then I think the boss will definitely not talk about credibility. And that's what the government means when it buys things. The person who buys things will not be hurt by cheating, because he is buying things for others, not for himself. So, what we see is the collusion between buyers and sellers. There are so many kickbacks now, which is related to this. Therefore, if government departments are important consumers and buyers, then in this fact, it is difficult to establish order. Therefore, I think we should try our best to reduce government transactions or transactions whose prices are manipulated (for example, transactions that cannot be cheated through computers will be much more transparent).
I think these are the four most important problems that need to be solved to establish a good market order and credit system.
"Rectify and standardize the market economic order and optimize the market development environment" is the most frequently used word in China economic circles in recent years. Because the market economic order and development environment are really too important for a country's economic development. The current market order in China is quite bad. Looking at history, we had a contractual relationship so many years ago. Now is the new century. Compared with 100 years ago, China's business ethics foundation may not be better than then. For example, Shanxi draft bank, as the original modern bank in China, how many bad debts they have; Let's take a look at ICBC, CCB, BOC and so on. How many bad debts do they have? "Shanxi draft bank" is the money borrowed from 100 years ago, and our current check is issued. Its branches are all over the world. At that time, anyone could open a bank without the approval of the central bank, but there was no fraud. Why do we control more and more cheating now? The problem itself deserves our deep thought. Building word-of-mouth into everyone's best choice cannot be solved by a few slogans. In fact, we should make great moves in the system, system and policy.
I wrote this with reference to some materials, hoping to help you.