Today, probably no one believes in the so-called "Guan Ju" and "the virtue of empresses" in Preface to Mao Shi. It is said that Guan Ju is a processed folk love song, so I'm afraid it won't go too far. Qi, Lu and Han (including Sima Qian and Liu Xiang) all think it is irony. What is the explanation? In addition, the ancients emphasized the theory of "four beginnings" (that is, Guanju was the beginning of "wind", elegance, elegance and fu), and thought Guanju was the beginning. These all need our explanation.
I think there are two problems in their interpretation of poetry, whether it is the three poems of Qi, Lu and Han in the current literary school or Mao's poems in the ancient prose school: first, they don't understand that most of the "national customs" are folk songs, and they blame every poem on the emperors, queens or princes and wives of various countries; The second is to confuse the original intention of writing poetry with the later extended meaning. Three poets saw in Guanju that "I can't wait, but I am sleepy and think about it;" If you are leisurely and carefree, you will blame Zhou Kangwang, saying that poetry satirizes him for "losing his virtue", just as Sima Qian said in the preface to the Chronicle of Twelve Governors: "Lack of Zhou Dao is a poet's seat and Guan Yu is a work." Later, in order to oppose the three poems, Shi Mao violated the modern literary method and talked about the virtue of empresses, with the aim of saying that this was not a poem, but a poem of praise. If we realize that there are indeed many folk songs in the fifteen-nation system and eliminate the ways and means of taking them out of context, the fog artificially added by the three poets and Shi Mao will be swept away, and the true colors of poetry will naturally be revealed.
As for "Guanju" as the beginning of "national style", I think it is human nature. The ancients originally said that "300 poems" were preserved because they were singing music and had nothing to do with poetry, so some satirical poems or bold and provocative love poems were not deleted and eliminated by the ruling class. I think, judging from the content of 300 poems, it is always necessary to collect poems from all over the country before giving them music. The music you set must not be completely irrelevant to the content of the poem, but you can use irrelevant music scores at will. The reason why Guan Ju is the beginning of the "wind" is probably related to the content. Because there are some words in the poem, such as "Friends of the Harp" and "Music of the Bells and Drums", which are very suitable for singing at the wedding, I matched it with a melancholy melody at the beginning and a jubilant melody at the end as a sonata at the wedding. Because of love, it is human nature to cover "thinking about clothes while sleeping" and "thinking about it instead", so it is sad without hurting ("sadness" means beautiful and moving); Marriage between husband and wife is an excellent thing, and the collocation of a gentleman and a lady does not violate feudal ethics, so although it is fun, it is not immoral. In this way, it is naturally listed as the first of the "national style". Until today, when we meet a festive festival, we still have to sing some cheerful and lively songs and play some inspirational songs to get what we want. This is not superstition, but an atmosphere suitable for festivals. If you play funeral music and sing mourning poems when holding a happy event, whether it is auspicious or not, the superstitious view will at least have the opposite effect of disappointing and ruining the scene, which is always annoying. The "Three Hundred Articles" movement was formulated by the ruling class. Of course, good luck is needed. At the beginning of the article, the works reflecting the festive atmosphere are listed. This is not only in line with the interests of one's own class, that is, it is justified from the perspective of human nature.
2
Since ancient times, Guanju has been divided into two chapters. One is that every four sentences are a chapter, and the whole poem has five chapters. The other is divided into three chapters, with four sentences in the first chapter and eight sentences in the second and third chapters. Literally, I prefer the second method. The first chapter is a general introduction with an objective attitude; The second and third chapters begin with the hero. First of all, he said that he missed the lady and couldn't even sleep. Then, after he proposes to a lady, he will do everything possible to make her feel happy and comfortable. If the second chapter is close to reality, then the third chapter is romantic, and the lyric hero is intoxicated with the bright future of love success.
When it comes to the expression of this poem, there have always been two opinions. That is to say, among several expressive techniques of Fu, Bi and Xing, some people think that the description of "Guan Guan Gui Yu" and "shepherd's purse flowing unevenly from left to right" is Bi Xing, while "birds in the river and shepherd's purse" arouses a gentleman's desire for a lady and is the theme of the poem. Another view is that this poem is "Fu" from beginning to end. There are two explanations for saying that its technique is "Fu". First, the ancients often said that picking shepherd's purse was originally the "work" that aristocratic women (including empresses and concubines) should do, so it was "fu"; Second, modern people say this is a realistic love song. The young man took a fancy to the working girl who picked leeks by the river and confessed. Whether it's the singing of "pheasant dove" or the picking of leeks, it's what a gentleman sees and hears, and of course it belongs to the "straight" "Fu". These statements are reasonable, and readers may wish to refer to each other.
However, if I were to tell this poem, I would rather say "Bi Xing". The so-called figurative technique, especially "Xing", is not that the poet finds something out of thin air and stuffs it into his poems, but that he uses the actual scenery he sees and hears at present as the medium to express his thoughts and feelings and create associations by the way. We can admit that "Guan Guan's dove is in the river continent" is a real scene before the poet, but this pair of waterfowl snuggling and echoing each other on the river continent will naturally arouse the strong desire of unmarried young men to find a lady as a spouse. When choosing poetry materials, the poet only took a fancy to "Guan Guan Ji Ge", which in itself reflected the role of "Bi Xing". Why else didn't the poet write something else? In other words, only a pair of waterfowl who write mutual harmony can be in tune with the theme of this poem, which is also typical. If it is confined to the framework of "Fu", it is close to the naturalistic explanation.
I also take "uneven leeks, flowing from left to right" and "accept it" and "learn it" as metaphors, which are based on words and phrases. The ancients said "flow", "pick" and "win" are mostly synonyms, that is, they all mean "seek", "pick" and "choose". Liu Xiang's teaching in the Western Han Dynasty (he was in charge of Lv Shi), Gaoyou in the Eastern Han Dynasty (detailed in Lv Shi Chun) and Ma in the Qing Dynasty (author of Shi Mao's Biography and General History) are all verified and credible. For example, in the Chinese translation of Yueren Song in Shuoyuan, there is a sentence "Liuzhongzhou" (this sentence has been revised), in which "Liu" is a synonymous compound word, and both "Liu" and "Liu" are taken. However, Zhu's Biography of Poetry adopted the original meaning of the word "Liu", thinking that this sentence refers to choosing shepherd's purse along the running water. Although this statement was criticized by Qing people (such as Yao Jiheng), I think Zhu's statement is based on real life. As for the "Yi", the old note also indicated the "selection", but Zhu interpreted "Yi" as "recommending it when you are familiar with it" according to Dong Yi's Poems of Guang Chuan. I think this solution is also reasonable. In modern Chinese, especially in Beijing dialect, we often hear the saying that vegetables are cooked with boiled water. That is, after the water is boiled, put the raw vegetables in, cook them and take them out. It can be seen that the process from "flow" to "mining" and from "mining" to "smashing" is a gradual process. "Left and right" originally refers to people's right and left hands, and is extended to the left and right sides. People work with both hands, especially when picking or taking vegetables, they always use both hands at the same time. This is also common sense in life, there is no need to resign.
When the exegesis is clear, talk about poetry. Choose shepherd's purse, and a lady chooses a gentleman. At the beginning of mining, the water was left and right, and the direction was uncertain; Just like a man begging a woman, he hasn't found a clear goal yet, so he can only find it slowly, just like looking for a favorite shepherd's purse in the water. When it comes to "mining", the goal is clear, and you will take it when you see it. After picking it, you have to "lick" it to make it edible, that is to say, only on the wedding day will life begin. So I call it Bi Xing, which comes from the exegesis of words.
three
Let's briefly talk about the artistic features of this poem. This poem is incisive and incisive, especially in the third chapter. The hero is really considerate and caring for the woman he thinks. The first chapter "My Fair Lady" goes straight without even turning a small corner. However, since the second chapter, the details have increased. The young man tossed and turned all night because he was "asleep thinking about clothes", which is indeed a true expression. The more restless you sleep, the more ups and downs you feel; When people are in love, they always think optimistically, so he thinks about how lively the scene will be when they get married, how harmonious the feelings will be after marriage, and how happy life will be. All these reverie, are from "leisurely, show the opposite" insomnia conjured up. Although it is subjective wishful thinking, it is not beyond our power. Later, the playwright issued a statement on behalf of the people in the play, saying, "May all shall be well, jack shall have Jill", which was too exposed; The author of Guanju, however, filled his eyes with rich and complete imagination, which is really "happy without lewdness, sad without injury". What is rare is that this is a typical oriental tradition of China's normal view of love, that is, he wants to be a couple with a lady (as can be seen from the word "good"), not just as a couple (this is different from the works in Zheng Feng! ), this is certainly branded with the feudal ruling class, but it also reflects the traditional characteristics of the Han nationality.
1950, I taught a special course on Shi Mao in the university for one year. A famous teacher (Mr. Feng Wenbing) lent me his lecture manuscript, and there is a passage about Guan Ju that has been passed down to this day. I would like to copy it down as the end of this short article:
"Xing" is a realistic skill, not bad. This poem is a matter of rivers and continents, obviously a folk product; The life of ancient working people (probably women) was seen in Cai You. We are strangers to picking, but we can understand the life of picking lotus, lotus root and diamond. Go down the river first, then take it to your hand, then cook it and serve it. It means that although a small thing is not easy to do (this is the real spirit of labor), it symbolizes the mood and twists and turns of a gentleman asking for a wife. When uncooked rice is cooked, it's time to "drum and play music", which means how long! At the same time, this kind of work is an immediate fact, not a virtual fantasy. It is both realistic and symbolic, which is a correct example of Bi Xing, and Bi Xing is the power of China's poetry. The queen is virtuous, but in the place where they dream of gathering pheasants, they may not see pheasant doves flying with me. However, this "Taishi" finally has a good eye for poetry. Unfortunately, the ancients did not know how to "learn from the people". (Xiaoru Publishing House: This passage comes from one of my post-robbery testimonials. It was written as my own words at that time, so it may be slightly different from the original text, so readers can learn it. )
Attached "Guanju":
Guan Heming's osprey, accompanied by the small continent of the river. A beautiful and virtuous woman is a good spouse of a gentleman.
Mix shepherd's purse and salvage it from left to right. A beautiful and virtuous woman wakes up to pursue her.
If you can't pursue it, the black nightclub misses her during the day. Miss Long, I can't sleep over and over again.
Mix shepherd's purse and choose from left to right. A beautiful and virtuous woman came to her with a couple and a couple.
Pull shepherd's purse from left to right. A beautiful and virtuous woman rings the bell to please her.
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