Topic selection of scientific papers
On the one hand, we should choose the subject to be solved in this discipline, on the other hand, we should choose the most advanced subject in this discipline. At the plenary meeting of the Science and Technology Committee of the Ministry of Water Resources held in 2006, Minister Wang Shucheng emphasized ten issues that should be paid attention to in the future water conservancy scientific research work: first, river health standards; The second is dams and ecology; Third, artificial intervention in river evolution; Fourth, the restoration and construction of river ecology; The fifth is the criterion of river water allocation, that is, the allocation of initial water rights; Sixth, the system construction of water-saving society; Seventh, the ecological impact of inter-basin water transfer; Eighth, the problem of ecological scheduling; Nine is disaster insurance and social management; Ten is the reservoir land acquisition and resettlement. These are all good topics for the thesis. There are many good topics around building a harmonious society, sustainable utilization of water resources, drinking water safety and food safety.
After the topic is determined, it is necessary to decide the topic. The topics are big and small, difficult and easy. It's too big, because of the lack of academic ability, it's easy to write superficially, superficially and comprehensively, and a problem has not been discussed in depth and solved. The paper is still weightless, flashy and difficult to complete; It is too small. It's simple. When writing, you should set an angle and narrow down the topic. Therefore, to determine the specific topic and argumentation angle of scientific papers, we should do what we can, seek truth from facts, don't aim too high and be insatiable, and just try to do a topic that we are incompetent and have no foundation and preparation. Of course, the size of the topic is not absolute. Big problems can be smaller, and small problems can be bigger. The key lies in how to determine the specific angle, such as grasping an important minor problem, the key problem in the discipline, being able to deeply understand its essence, grasping the key points, expounding thoroughly from all aspects, having original ideas, finding out the difficulties and crux of this problem, and solving it scientifically, then the paper is very weighty. Therefore, we should proceed from reality and do what we can. To determine the theme and argument, we should not only do what we can, but also pay attention to what we have a foundation and understand.
For example, the editorial department has received such contributions, and some grassroots authors have written very big topics, such as water resources management in China, the idea of South-to-North Water Transfer and so on. The topics of this kind of submission are very large and extensive. Judging from the information they have, it is difficult to do research on such a big topic, and the papers written are also very empty, lacking their own unique opinions, and some viewpoints lack theoretical basis, so it is difficult to adopt such submissions. There are also some laymen who write the Yellow River directly, and the manuscripts they write lack understanding of water conservancy knowledge, unfamiliar with the things they study and lack theoretical basis, so it is difficult to adopt such manuscripts.
Preparation of scientific papers
After determining the topic selection and argumentation angle of scientific papers, we should do a good job in collecting information, try our best to understand the views expressed by predecessors on this issue, the achievements we have made, the correct ones we can learn and inherit, and the detours we have gone through and the mistakes we have made can be avoided and prevented. We should learn from the experience of our predecessors to solve the new problems that our predecessors have not solved. In the process of searching for relevant materials, we should always think about these materials with our own topics as the center, distinguish their correctness from mistakes, find out their insufficient arguments and places that need to be supplemented and developed, and gradually form our own opinions in the process. The process of collecting materials is the process of investigating, thinking, studying and forming arguments. When the process of material collection and research is completed, the outline of the paper is naturally completed.
Making an outline can help us to establish the overall concept, and from the overall point of view, test the status and functions of each part, whether there is a logical connection between them, whether the space occupied by each part is commensurate with its status and functions in the overall situation, whether the proportion between each part is appropriate and harmonious, whether every word, sentence, paragraph and part is needed by the overall situation, whether it is coherent and coordinated, and whether it can serve the theme. Therefore, the advantage of writing an outline is to help you focus on the overall situation, establish the basic skeleton of the whole paper, clarify the levels and key points, be concise and specific, and be clear at a glance.
The collected materials should be analyzed and refined, and the explanatory materials that can explain the argument should be retained. Small principles should obey big principles, and parts should obey the whole. From a certain part alone, some arguments and examples may be wonderful, but from the basic development route determined by the overall situation, they can't be inserted and used, so they can only give up.
Scientific papers should be convincing. In order to be convincing, there must be virtual reality, arguments and examples, the combination of theory and practice, the logical process of argumentation and the hierarchy of the paper.
Writing of scientific papers
Once the outline of a scientific paper is determined, the first draft should be written. In principle, we should be concise, point out problems, explain problems and analyze problems. The outline is only a preliminary outline, and it is impossible to consider every detail. When writing, follow the thinking of writing. For details such as arguments, examples and demonstration steps, it is likely that some ideas in the original outline are inappropriate and need to be revised and adjusted. It is found that some arguments, examples and arguments are not exact for the time being, so we should consult books again, think, consider, scrutinize and supplement them. Of course, you should write fluently and colorful. Use rhetorical devices such as parallelism and repeated emphasis to highlight key points and pour feelings into readers, so that they have a special feeling, or they are not stingy with pen and ink. In short, the long is the long, and the short is the short. It is the basic principle to tailor the content, serve the content, not empty sentences, and not waste words.
After the first draft is written, it should be revised repeatedly to check whether it meets the requirements. In fact, people's understanding is not completed at one time, and it is difficult to reach a perfect and appropriate level at one time. After careful examination and repeated revisions, we will always find that there are still inappropriate and imperfect places, ranging from whether the problem is clear and to the point, to whether the arguments and examples are convincing, whether the structural level is rigorous, whether the text has been revised, whether the language is accurate, vivid and vivid, and so on. We will always find that there are still many places that need to be revised, and we will find many problems that cannot be seen in the outline and problems that could not have been predicted. Need to review and revise the first draft repeatedly.
? There's a reason to hold it. It makes sense? It is the minimum requirement for scientific papers. Holding reasons is the basis of facts; It makes sense to be clear and clear. The standard of truth lies in practice, only? There's a reason to hold it. It makes sense? It may not be correct, but it must stand the test of practice, that is, put it into practice and achieve the expected effect. In short, you can say that? Success? , which is the actual effect of success.
A good scientific and technological paper is not only prominent in theme and clear in argument, but also rigorous in structure and distinct in levels. When arranging the structure, the following five principles should be followed:
First, around the theme, select representative and typical materials, and make appropriate arrangements according to the needs, so that the theme ideas can be clearly and prominently expressed.
The second is to clear our thinking and correctly reflect the laws of objective things, that is, we must reflect the actual situation of objective things and their internal relations, which is in line with people's cognitive laws.
Third, the structure should be complete and unified, in line with the actual situation of objective things; The development of objective things must go through three stages: beginning, middle and end. Similarly, every article has to go through three stages.
Fourth, we should have an orderly structure. The most important thing in the article structure is hierarchy. Hierarchy is the order of materials in an article. When writing an article, divide the selected materials into several parts, arrange them appropriately according to the needs of the theme, prioritize them, express them in turn, and express the theme coherently and vividly.