On technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises (1)
Since 1990s, China's economy has entered a period of benign and sustained growth. From the perspective of industrial organization structure, the protagonist who promotes this economic growth is not a large state-owned enterprise in the traditional sense, but a small and medium-sized enterprise including township enterprises. According to statistics, as of 2002, there were about 29.3 million small and medium-sized enterprises in China, accounting for 99% of all registered enterprises; The gross output value, sales revenue and realized profits and taxes of small and medium-sized enterprises account for 60%, 60% and 40% of the total enterprises respectively; The value of its final products and services accounts for nearly 50% of China's GDP, and 60% of its total exports are also provided by small and medium-sized enterprises. However, with the rapid development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, various problems are increasingly exposed: insufficient innovation funds, backward technology and equipment, serious shortage of scientific and technological talents, and unfavorable policy environment. Technological progress and innovation have become the most prominent factors restricting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises has aroused widespread concern in the whole society.
First of all, technological innovation is the only way for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises
Since the last century, due to the rapid development of science and technology in the world, the social production mode and lifestyle have undergone tremendous changes, and the possession, allocation, production and application of knowledge and intellectual resources have become an important support for economic development. Great changes have taken place in the industrial structure, product structure and enterprise structure of all countries in the world, especially developed countries. The rapid development of emerging industries, especially the information industry, has prompted the traditional industries to change constantly, and new products have emerged one after another, and the proportion of high-tech products in social production is increasing day by day. In order to meet the tide of economic globalization and informatization and adapt to the new competitive environment and rules, all countries are stepping up to determine and adjust their development strategies, with the focus on improving their core competitiveness with technological innovation capability as the main indicator.
Faced with this new global economic situation, China's economic structure, including industrial structure, product structure and enterprise structure, is bound to accelerate the strategic adjustment. 1The Central Economic Work Conference held in June 1999 has clearly pointed out that adjusting and optimizing the economic structure is the fundamental measure to promote China's economic development and improve the quality and efficiency of economic growth. This is both a great opportunity and a severe challenge for China enterprises. Especially for a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, it is a critical juncture of life and death. If we can seize this opportunity to carry out innovation and reform, the development of enterprises will reach a new level. Otherwise, it will be ruthlessly eliminated.
W. Feldley, a world-renowned enterprise management scientist and professor of resources at the University of Washington in the United States, commented that without modern scientific knowledge, it is difficult for any enterprise to admit that it is an entity that creates social wealth. For enterprises that are market-oriented and aim at improving product competitiveness, technological innovation is an important factor to promote economic development. If an enterprise lacks innovative technology, the higher its labor productivity, the more products are overstocked and the more serious its losses are. Therefore, at present, I think the key to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises is not to improve labor productivity, but to improve the technological innovation ability of enterprises and improve the technical content of products. And market-oriented, in accordance with the requirements of the development of high-tech industries, and actively adjust the product structure. In short, the survival of the fittest, small and medium-sized enterprises only take the road of innovation, in order to fundamentally improve the competitiveness of enterprises, but also in the fierce competition to survive and develop.
Second, the status quo and problems of technological innovation in China's SMEs
In recent years, the enthusiasm of small and medium-sized enterprises in China to engage in technological innovation has been greatly improved, and technological innovation activities have also been improved to a certain extent. According to statistics, since the reform and opening up, about 65% of patents have been invented by SMEs, more than 75% of technological innovations have been completed by SMEs, and more than 80% of new products have been developed by SMEs. However, on the whole, the technological innovation level of small and medium-sized enterprises in China is still not high, and they are still at a low level in innovation consciousness, innovation ability, innovation input, innovation achievements and innovation benefits. R&D investment, the proportion of scientific and technological personnel and other indicators are not only far below the level of developed countries, but also below the level of large domestic enterprises.
At present, the obstacles restricting the further development of technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises in China are mainly reflected in the following three aspects:
(A), the shortage of technical personnel
Technical talents are the most precious resources of modern enterprises. Today, with the rapid development of technological innovation, the role of technical talents is particularly important. However, the lack of technical talents in small and medium-sized enterprises is a very common phenomenon all over the world.
The employees of small and medium-sized enterprises in China mainly come from rural surplus labor force and urban new labor force, and their education level is generally low, and most of them lack the skills training needed for their jobs. The number of scientific and technical personnel and management personnel is not only insufficient, but also the technical level and management level are relatively low. Moreover, what is more serious is that up to now, most small and medium-sized enterprises are still unattractive to all kinds of technical talents and management talents, and compared with foreign-funded enterprises, joint ventures and large state-owned enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises are still obviously at a disadvantage in talent competition.
According to the questionnaire survey of 200 enterprises in Zhejiang Province from July to September, 2003, the results are as follows:
The main difficulties in the technological development of enterprises:
Proportion of main difficult samples in the development of sorting technology (%)
1 Lack of technical personnel 9357.9
2 lack of funds 30 19.0
3. Insufficient technical information and market information 159 438+0
4 backward equipment 127.4
5 government policy restrictions 5 3.3
6 Others 5 3.3
(Excerpted from Economic Theory and Economic Management)
(2) Lack of funds
The shortage of funds is often the main obstacle to the technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises. From the external financing environment, whether it is direct financing or indirect financing, SMEs feel difficult, the main reasons are:
1. The source of funds is too single, and there are fewer and fewer financing channels.
Because the direct financing method has higher requirements and more restrictions on capital users, and there is no financing arrangement specifically for small and medium-sized enterprises in China's capital market, the obstacles for small and medium-sized enterprises to enter the capital market for direct financing are great, so they turn to indirect financing. According to the survey results of the National Information Center, 65.7% of SMEs mainly rely on various financial institutions for their sources of funds. However, with the reform of financial system, banks are developing towards large-scale and urbanization, and there are fewer and fewer financing channels suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises.
2. The bank credit policy is biased towards large enterprises.
With the gradual transformation of state-owned banks into commercial banks, in order to reduce the proportion of non-performing assets and strengthen competition with powerful foreign banks, banks have launched their own credit policies. At present, bank loans are mainly concentrated on personal loans and construction projects, while industrial loans are decreasing. And in the share of industrial loans, 90% of new loans are invested in AA-level large enterprises, less than 5%. For SME loans, banks generally think that most of them are working capital loans, which are scattered in small amounts, with heavy workload, high financing service cost and low income, and the credit guarantee mechanism and system are not perfect. Therefore, at present, the bank's credit policy is not inclined to small and medium-sized enterprises.
(C), the shortage of information resources
External information is an important basis for enterprises to understand technology and market opportunities. Large enterprises generally have more access to the services of libraries and information institutions and more information channels. Small and medium-sized enterprises lack funds and talents, and the universality, accuracy and timeliness of collecting external information are poor. Therefore, the information sources of small and medium-sized enterprises in technological innovation mainly rely on internal brainstorming and various suggestions, which often fail to effectively seize opportunities.
Third, to solve the technical innovation problems of SMEs countermeasures
(A), explore the innovation model of SMEs
1. Tracking technological innovation mode
Tracking technological innovation mode means that small and medium-sized enterprises should pay attention to and track the development trend of core technologies in time, imitate and develop similar new products at the fastest speed, and share a certain market share with lower development components with the help of market development achievements of leading enterprises. This technological innovation model is suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises with certain R&D capabilities, but insufficient funds and unwilling to take entrepreneurial risks. To implement this innovative strategy, we must make use of our own technical advantages and timely grasp of market information, make efforts to make a fuss about product differences, improve and perfect them, and increase after-sales service and advertising investment in order to share a better market share. Tracking the implementation of technological innovation should be a second innovation on the basis of learning and a creative activity that takes a step forward on the shoulders of predecessors.
2. Cooperative technological innovation model
For most small and medium-sized enterprises, the material basic conditions and technical capabilities of the technology window are relatively weak, and it is difficult to improve the innovative technical level in a short period of time by relying entirely on their own strength. It is a very wise choice to promote technological innovation through cooperation with other institutions. The cooperation strategy can be vertical cooperation-small and medium-sized enterprises cooperate with scientific research institutions and universities to accelerate the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements through the close integration of Industry-University-Research; It can also be horizontal cooperation-products and small and medium-sized enterprises with similar scale jointly contribute to the establishment of research centers, and * * * share risks and gain benefits. Cooperative technological innovation mode is an important means for small and medium-sized enterprises to optimize resource allocation and improve innovation effect and efficiency.
(B) Countermeasures to solve the financing difficulties of SMEs
1. The government has introduced various policies to encourage banks to lend to SMEs.
At present, the policy suggestions that have been put forward to encourage banks to lend to small and medium-sized enterprises mainly include: first, set up a special loan department for small and medium-sized enterprises in state-owned commercial banks to urge them to increase loans to small and medium-sized enterprises; The second is to allow state-owned banks to charge higher interest when lending to small and medium-sized enterprises, so that big banks can provide more loans to small and medium-sized enterprises; Third, the government or other organizations should set up special financing institutions for SMEs to better provide financing support for SMEs.
2. Establish and improve the SME financing credit guarantee system, and actively develop SME credit guarantee institutions.
At present, one of the obstacles faced by Chinese banks is the opaque information, unclear finance and irregular operation of SME loan market. Therefore, another important means to solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises is to establish a credit guarantee system supported by the government at the central and local levels. Gradually transform the SME loan guarantee institutions funded by finance into stock guarantee companies, operate according to the principle of marketization, and accept the supervision of government agencies. Judging from the pilot situation, such institutions account for 90% of all guarantee institutions.
(3) Vigorously promote the development of human resources and provide intellectual services for technological innovation.
China is a big country with human resources, so it is of great practical significance to vigorously develop human resources and promote the transformation of resource advantages into scientific and technological advantages for enhancing the technological innovation ability of enterprises.
1. Building an effective talent incentive mechanism
The key to gather and continuously expand the talent team of enterprises, and then maximize their intellectual potential is to establish an effective talent incentive mechanism. On the whole, the incentive mechanism includes both material incentives and spiritual incentives. It includes positive incentives and negative incentives. Among them, material incentive should be the basic connotation of incentive mechanism.
2. Optimize the talent pool environment
Within the enterprise, we should create an atmosphere of respecting knowledge and talents in various ways, including publicizing personality, not seeking perfection and not seeking perfection, and trying our best to meet the multi-level needs of talents; Fully decentralize, authorize and entrust with heavy responsibilities to realize the development space of personal value; Advocating and creating creative, independent and humanized enterprises will form a unique relaxed, harmonious and progressive cultural force, which will attract, unite and appeal outstanding talents, and then will show great creativity and competitiveness.
3. Vigorously strengthen the construction of intermediary service institutions.
Intermediary service institutions are an important link in the transfer of knowledge and technology, which can effectively solve the problem of difficult transformation of scientific and technological achievements and provide suitable places for the supply and demand of knowledge and technology. In recent years, the government has launched a series of measures to strengthen the transformation of scientific research achievements, so as to build a supporting service system for technological innovation.
2/kloc-today in the 20th century, under the interaction and influence of external factors such as the integration of new economy and global economy and China's entry into WTO, the internal and external environment of small and medium-sized enterprises has undergone substantial changes. This changed environment is both an opportunity and a challenge for small and medium-sized enterprises. On June 65438+ 10/day, 2003, the Law on Small and Medium-sized Enterprises was formally implemented. As a law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of small and medium-sized enterprises, it will relax the external environment for their development. In order to adapt to the changed external environment, small and medium-sized enterprises must innovate their operating mechanisms, seek opportunities in the process of change, overcome the "bottleneck constraints" in the development process, achieve further sustainable development, and then embark on the road of international operation.
On Technological Innovation of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (2)
Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises occupy a considerable proportion in the national economy, creating a large number of employment opportunities and technological innovation. It is one of the important sources of technological innovation and plays an important role in technological innovation. This paper mainly introduces the main types of technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises and their R&D activities, the role and influence of the government on technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises, the present situation of technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, and green technological innovation.
Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises; Technological innovation; Product innovation; Research and development status
Small and medium-sized enterprises occupy a considerable proportion in the national economy, creating a large number of employment opportunities and technological innovations. It is one of the important sources of technological innovation and plays an important role in technological innovation. This paper introduces the main types of technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises. This paper introduces the research and development activities of small and medium-sized enterprises, the role of the government, the influence of the government on the technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises, the present situation of technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises in China and the green technological innovation.
Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises; Technological innovation; Technological innovation; Current situation of research and development
Enterprises are the cells of modern society and the main body of market economy, and small and medium-sized enterprises, which account for the vast majority of enterprises, are the most active and dynamic components of this main body. Small and medium-sized enterprises occupy a considerable proportion in the national economy, creating a large number of employment opportunities and technological innovation. Moreover, the culture of small and medium-sized enterprises and their entrepreneurial spirit and risk awareness have become the essence of modern civilization and market economy, and become the basis for the continuous innovation and development of market economy system. In a sense, there is no market economy without small and medium-sized enterprises.
Innovation is the soul of a nation. At the critical moment at the turn of the century, as an important part of the national technological innovation system, the improvement of the technological innovation ability of small and medium-sized enterprises is very important for a country to maintain its competitiveness in the global market and maintain its sustainable economic development. In this context. Governments all over the world have taken measures to encourage and support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and their technological innovation activities.
I. Overview of technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises
Small and medium-sized enterprises are one of the important sources of technological innovation and play an important role in technological innovation, which may far exceed the expectations of ordinary people. The technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises not only occupies a considerable share in quantity, but also has the same level and influence as large enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises have created many industrial innovations that are considered to be the most important in the contemporary era. The technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises is similar to that of large enterprises, but it also has its own uniqueness. In particular, small and medium-sized enterprises are facing many unfavorable factors in the process of technological innovation.
(1) Main types of technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises
Due to the infinite diversity of industry, technical level, scale, development environment and enterprise system, the technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises will inevitably present different types, and with the development of economy and the progress of science and technology, the new types of technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises will be more colorful.
Product innovation
Product innovation refers to the innovative activities of small and medium-sized enterprises to improve, improve or invent their own products in the process of product production and operation. It can be divided into two categories: important innovation and gradual innovation. Generally speaking, important innovation has a great influence on the development of enterprises, while gradual innovation has a little influence on enterprises, but the former is often difficult to achieve and has a large investment; The latter is easier to do.
Service innovation
Service innovation is the result of the rise of service industry, especially knowledge-intensive service industry in recent years. It includes not only transforming new ideas and ideas into new or improved services, but also introducing new services by changing existing organizations. Emerging network service is a successful example of service innovation. Because the investment in service innovation is small and the market demand changes rapidly, it is one of the most suitable types of technological innovation for small and medium-sized enterprises.
technological innovation
Technological innovation refers to the research and adoption of new or significantly improved production methods to improve the production of existing products or improve the production efficiency of products. Because process innovation plays an important role in developing new products, improving original products and improving the quality and output of original products, it is as important as product innovation. Generally speaking, most technological innovations are gradual, and the scale and difficulty of investment are more suitable for the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises, so it is also one of the important ways of technological innovation for small and medium-sized enterprises.
Product (service) innovation and process innovation often interact, blend and promote each other, and are closely related to the direct business activities of small and medium-sized enterprises, so they are universal and occupy an important position in the technological innovation activities of small and medium-sized enterprises.
(2) Research and development
The research and development activities of small and medium-sized enterprises can be divided into independent research and development and cooperative research and development. Among them, self-research and development is limited by many factors, and the requirements for enterprises are relatively high, which are limited to some enterprises with good foundation (including human resources and financial support, etc. ), but improving their own research and development capabilities should be the main direction of technological innovation for SMEs; Cooperative research and development includes the cooperation between small and medium-sized enterprises and universities, and between research and development institutions and large enterprises. For small and medium-sized enterprises lacking information, talents and technology, cooperative R&D activities are more appropriate and common. Statistics show that small and medium-sized enterprises show greater efficiency and enthusiasm in using various public resources with the help of universities and scientific research institutions. In addition, active participation in government R&D activities is also an increasingly common form. For example, in recent years, the core of the EU SME policy is to guide more SMEs to participate in the EU R&D plan framework. In the future, with the development of high-tech industries, small and medium-sized enterprises will increasingly participate in high-tech research and development activities.
Second, the role and influence of the government on technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises
Although there is still much debate about the extent and mode of government's influence on technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises, almost everyone thinks that considering the great role of small and medium-sized enterprises in economic growth and technological innovation, as well as various unfavorable factors faced by small and medium-sized enterprises in the process of technological innovation, the role of government in technological innovation activities of small and medium-sized enterprises is very important.
(1) the necessity of government support for technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises
Small and medium-sized enterprises occupy an important position in modern society, but under the condition of unequal market competition, there are obvious defects in the market regulation of technological innovation activities of small and medium-sized enterprises, which urgently need government support for technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises. At present, many governments have taken promoting technological innovation activities of small and medium-sized enterprises as an important measure to maintain their competitive advantage in the international market.
Basic principles of government supporting technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises
Due to the different national conditions, governments have different policies and measures to support technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises. But in any case, the support measures taken by governments should follow the following basic principles.
The principle of giving priority to policy support
Principles of fairness and notarization
Disclosure principle
Guiding principle of classification
The principle of combining direct support with indirect support.
(2) The way the government supports the technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises.
The technological innovation activities of small and medium-sized enterprises are varied and have a wide range. In addition, the national conditions are different. Therefore, governments in different countries support SMEs in different ways. However, the ways that countries support the technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises mainly focus on the following aspects.
Legal norm
organizational management
Policy guidance
Fiscal and tax financial support
Provide services such as information, technology and personnel training.
Implement specific science and technology plans
Third, the status of technological innovation in China's SMEs
China is a country with many small and medium-sized enterprises, accounting for more than 99% of all enterprises, and most of them were born and developed after the reform and opening up. The rapid development of township enterprises and private scientific and technological enterprises is an important achievement of China's economic system reform and scientific and technological system reform. At the same time, they have greatly promoted the reform and opening-up process in China.
Statistical research shows that technological innovation plays a very important role in China's small and medium-sized enterprises. Tsinghua University Institute of Economics and Management's investigation and analysis of Chinese enterprises' technological innovation shows that among the 105 1 enterprises (including 229 large enterprises and 797 small and medium-sized enterprises), 93.2% enterprises have improved their labor productivity and increased their product varieties through technological innovation. 96.7% of enterprises have improved their economic benefits, 96% have expanded their markets, 965,438+0.5% have improved their product quality, 88% have increased their output, 77% have reduced their material consumption and 69.4% have reduced their energy consumption. Not long ago, the results of a survey on technological innovation of township enterprises jointly conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture, the State Science and Technology Commission and the the State Council Development Research Center showed that among the 4,530 enterprises surveyed, 70.7% were engaged in technological innovation activities, 34.4% were engaged in research and development activities, and 22% were engaged in research activities and development institutions. The technological innovation funds of township enterprises are mainly used to purchase machinery and equipment, accounting for 73.4% of the total expenditure on technological innovation, and the expenses for purchasing technology only account for 9.3%. The research results also show that the main driving force of technological innovation of township enterprises is market demand, and the main goal of innovation is to open up new markets; Among the main factors affecting innovation activities, the top three are the lack of funds and technical personnel and the lack of market information.
Fourth, something new-green technology innovation.
Green technology innovation began in the process of social and economic development, which attracted more and more people's interest and was recognized and promoted by people. Green technology innovation is the product of social and economic development and environmental protection. The research of green technology has gone through five stages: terminal technology, waste-free technology, waste minimization, clean technology and pollution prevention. E. Brown and D. Wedge put forward the concept of green technology in 1994. Generally speaking, green technology refers to technologies, processes or products that can reduce environmental pollution, reduce and save the use of raw materials and energy. It can be divided into two categories: one is green product innovation, which refers to products that are harmless to the ecological environment and human health and can be recycled during and after use. The other is green process innovation, which refers to the process technology that can reduce the generation and emission of waste gas pollutants, reduce the environmental pollution caused by industrial activities, and reduce the cost and material consumption. Since the reform and opening up in China for more than 20 years, the social productive forces have developed rapidly, but the environmental pollution problem has become increasingly serious. Only by taking the road of sustainable development can we solve this crisis. As the main body of sustainable development, enterprises should put green technology innovation on the agenda as a new growth point of economic development after fully realizing the importance of reducing environmental pollution and saving raw materials and energy use.
Although small and medium-sized enterprises play an important role in modern social and economic life, the research on technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises is far from enough. Further research needs the efforts of more researchers, thus deepening the theory of technological innovation and making it a weapon for the better development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Finally, I end this article with a quote from P.A.: "The relationship between innovation and market forces is complex. Many big manufacturers have made great contributions to research and innovation, which makes those who destroy big manufacturers or claim that big is absolutely bad hesitate. At the same time, small businesses or individuals have made some of the most revolutionary breakthroughs. In order to promote rapid innovation, a country should allow different methods and organizations to coexist. "
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I hope the above information is helpful to you!