In the references, [M] stands for monograph, [J] stands for periodical article and [N] stands for newspaper article.

Reference is the whole reference or quotation of a book or a paper in the process of academic research. The cited documents have been noted in the notes and no longer appear in the following references.

Types of references: monographs [M], essays [C], newspaper articles [N], journal articles [J], dissertations [D], reports [R], standards [S], patents [P], and precipitated documents in the collection of papers [A].

Types of electronic documents: database [DB], computer [CP], electronic bulletin [EB]

The carrier types of electronic documents: Internet [OL], CD [CD], magnetic tape [MT] and disk [DK].

2. Different label formats

Monograph [m]

[serial number] Principal. Title of the document [Document Type ID]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. Starting and ending page numbers (optional)

For example: [1] Liu Guojun, Chen Shaoye. Library catalogue [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1957.438+05- 18.

Journal papers [j]

【 Serial number 】 Principal responsible person. File title [J]. Publication name, year, volume (issue): page numbers.

For example: [1] He Lingxiu. Read the history of Nanming [J]. Study on the History of China, 1998, (3): 167- 173.

Newspaper articles

【 Serial number 】 Principal responsible person. File title [N]. Newspaper name and publication date (edition)

For example: [8] Xie Xide. Create new learning ideas. People's Daily,1998-12-25 (10).

Extended data

Writing format

On August 20, 2007, the symposium on the arrangement standard of comprehensive humanities and social sciences academic journals was held in Tsinghua University, and it was decided that some journals would start to implement the new standard "Technical Specification for Citation of Comprehensive Journals" from 2008.

This technical specification summarizes the "annotation" style and "author-publication year" style of literature citation. The word "reference" is no longer used. These two kinds of literature description or citation norms have great influence in China, and the latter is mainly used in higher-level academic journals of humanities and social sciences.

⑴ The description rule of bibliographic references is GB/T 77 14-2005, which is applicable to bibliographic references cataloged by authors and editors but not used by librarians, cataloguers and index editors.

(2) The specific arrangement of sequential coding system. References are continuously coded with Arabic numerals in the order in which they appear in the text, and the serial numbers are placed in square brackets. If the file is referenced repeatedly, it is marked with the same serial number in the text.

Generally speaking, the page number (or page number range) of a document cited once is listed in the following references. The format is "publication year" of the work or "year, volume (issue)"+":page number (or page number range) of the periodical.

For documents cited many times, list the page number or page number range of each reference in the serial number tag (some publications also regard the information that can indicate the location of the cited documents as page numbers) and put them in square brackets (only numbers are listed, without words and characters such as "P" or "page"; The line in the middle of the page number range is a half-word line) and marked with superscript.

If the serial number of a reference appearing as text needs to be followed by a page number or a page number range, the page number or page number range should also be superscript. Authors and editors need to carefully check the serial numbers of references under the sequential coding system, so that the serial numbers are consistent with the list of references after the marked documents are exactly the same. In addition, the page number or page number range of references should also be accurate.

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