Author: Huang Tingjian
I live in Junnanhai, Beihai, and I can't send geese to deliver books.
Peach and plum spring breeze, a glass of wine, ten years of night rain.
Housekeeping, but with four vertical walls, does not cure diseases.
I want to study, my head is white, and apes cry over streams.
Send some letters to Huang is a poem by Huang Tingjian, a writer in Song Dynasty. This poem praises Huang Jifu's integrity, ability and eagerness to learn, but deeply regrets his old age and sinking situation, expresses his warm feelings of missing his friends, and expresses his grievances and indignation at his friends' lack of talent. The whole poem is sincere and touching. However, it shows the characteristics of Huang Tingjian's poems in making good use of books, taking the old as the new, inheriting the ancient as the law, and twists and turns, which can be called Huang Tingjian's masterpiece.
Appreciate:
"I live in the North Sea and the South China Sea", and the situation is very sudden. Writing about the "north" and "south" of each other's lives has already shown the meaning of missing friends and looking at them without seeing them; Each one is decorated with the word "sea", which is even more boundless. The author attached this cloud: "After several meetings in Guangzhou, I will be in Deping Town, Texas, and it is all by the sea."
"Send a goose to pass a book to thank you for failing", this sentence naturally gushed out from the first sentence, in people's minds; But there are some unexpected things. When two friends arrive in the North Sea and the South China Sea, when they miss each other, they naturally think of writing letters. The allusion of "delivering a book to a goose" is also handy. Li Bai's Poem at the End of the Sky was written by Du Fu in Qinzhou. The poem said, "There is a cold wind blowing in the distant sky. What are you thinking, old friend? ? The geese don't answer me, and the rivers and lakes are full of rain! " To emphasize, when I finally got to the music book, I said, "geese don't answer me when they pass." Huang Tingjian used a different expression: "Send a goose to deliver a book-thank you." I asked Yaner to post the letter, but Yaner declined. "Send a Goose to Pass a Book" is too familiar, but the following sentence "Thank you for not being able to help" immediately becomes mature. Huang Tingjian pays attention to the method of "turning stone into gold", and Wang Ruoxu criticizes: "Our poems have metaphors of" replacing bones with fetuses "and" turning stone into gold ",which is a famous saying in the world. In order to check, especially plagiarism. " There are certainly cases like "plagiarism", but we can't generalize. The poem mentioned above can be regarded as a successful example.
As an allusion, "sending a goose to send a book" actually means sending a letter. But according to legend, the wild goose flew south and stopped in Hengyang. Wang Bo's "Preface to the Farewell of Qiu Hongfu Wang Tengting" says: "The cold is shocked and the sound breaks Hengyang Pu." Qin Guan Ruan Langgui said, "There are still geese in Hengyang, but there are no geese in the morning sun." Huang Tingjian's poems also agree with this idea. But it's more interesting to personify geese.
The second couplet was very famous at that time. The words used in these two poems are so common that they can even be said to be "old words" rather than "strange". Zhang Lei called it "strange language", of course, on the whole; Unfortunately, he didn't say why or where. In fact, it is Huang Tingjian's wording that creates such a fresh and meaningful artistic conception and gives people a strong artistic appeal.
Ren Yuan seems to have made a mistake when he said that "two sentences are the joy of recalling the past life". According to Huang Jifu's epitaph, Huang Jifu was "an old classmate, born in Xining for nine years (1076) and transferred to another hometown"; It is exactly ten years since I wrote this poem. From the perspective of poetry, Huang Jifu met the author in Beijing when he was a classmate, and then he left for ten years. Of these two poems, the first recalls the joy of meeting in Beijing, and the second expresses the depth of lovesickness after parting. The poet got rid of the usual situation and didn't say "we met in those days" in general, but came up with the word "a glass of wine". "A glass of wine" is too ordinary, but it is only ordinary and can give people rich hints. Shen Yue's "Don't be fascinated" said: "Don't say a bottle of wine, it will be difficult to hold it tomorrow." Wang Wei's "Send Yuan Er An Xi" says: "There is no reason to go out to the West for a glass of wine." Du Fu's "Memories of Li Bai in Spring" said: "When is it important to drink a bottle of wine and write a detailed discussion?" When old friends meet, talk or write papers, they always have some wine. With a glass of wine, I wrote down the scene of two people meeting. The poet also chose the words "peach and plum" and "spring breeze". These two words are also familiar, but it is because of familiarity that we can summon the smoke scene of Yangchun to readers at once, and use these two words to set off a glass of wine and show the joy of friends meeting each other.
In fact, it is not so easy to write two people's parting and feelings in seven words. The poet chose Jianghu, Raining at Night and Ten-year Lamp, and made touching descriptions. The word "Jianghu" can be associated with circulation and vagrancy. Du Fu's "Li Bai's Dream" said: "From rivers and lakes-storms, shipwrecks, fear is a boat." "Rain at night" can arouse people's feelings. Li Shangyin's "Sending Friends to the North on a Rainy Night" says: "Ask Jun to return, and the rain will rise in the autumn pool at night." Listening to the "rain at night" in the "Jianghu" adds a sense of desolation. It rains at night, so we need to light a lamp, so we chose the word "lamp". "Lamp" is a common word, and "Ten-year lamp" is the author's initiative. The connection with "Jianghu in the rainy night" can stimulate readers' imagination: two friends, each wandering in the Jianghu, are alone with the lamp every rainy night, missing each other and can't sleep at night. This scene has been going on for ten years.
In the late Tang Dynasty, without using verbs, only some nouns were selected to cooperate properly, and two poems, Maodian Chicken Crows and Moons Fly, Banqiao Frost, were written, which truly showed the scene of "going up the mountain early" and were praised by later generations. Ouyang Xiu is interested in learning. In the poem "Send Zhang Gui Zhuang's Secret School", he wrote a couplet of "Birds singing in Meidian, Bridges raining in spring". He finally felt that it was within the scope, and he was not satisfied with it himself (see "Poetry Talk" and "Poetry Talk in Cunyutang"). This couplet by Huang Tingjian absorbs the syntax of literature and poetry, but creates a unique artistic conception. "Peach and plum", "spring breeze", "a glass of wine", "Jianghu", "rainy night" and "Ten-year lantern" are all nouns or noun phrases, each of which can make people imagine a specific scene and a specific situation and show an intriguing art world.
At the same time, these two poems are still in contrast to each other. In addition to their own scenes, the two poems also show a lot from their comparison. The first sentence and the second sentence are obviously the scenes in the next decade, including the immediate scene; Then, the last sentence is naturally written ten years ago. Therefore, there is no need to say "we met that year" in the previous sentence, but it has already shown this meaning by comparing with the next sentence. Second, the meaning of "Jianghu" is not only the meaning mentioned above, but also the meaning relative to the capital. The so-called "being in the rivers and lakes, being in Wei Que" is an obvious example. The word "spring breeze" has another meaning. Meng Jiao's poem "After Graduation" said: "In the past, filth was not enough to boast about, but today it is full of debauchery. Spring breeze is proud of horseshoe disease, and you can see Chang 'an flowers all in one day. "Compared with the next sentence, the time, place, scenery, events and feelings written in the previous sentence are faintly visible: time, spring ten years ago; Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty; Scene, spring breeze blowing, peaches and plums in full bloom; Things, friends "classmates", booze; Love is full of beautiful and happy moments.
Spring Breeze of Peach and Plum and Night Rain in the Rivers and Lakes are the contrast between "happiness" and "sadness"; "A glass of wine" and "Ten-year lamp" are the contrast between "one" and "many". "Peach and plum spring breeze" and * * * drank a glass of wine, and the party would be extremely short. Every pair of "Ten-year Lights" in the "Jianghu Night Rain" has been wandering for a long time. Pleasure and disappointment, temporary reunion and long-term separation, old friendship and present yearning are all manifested in the strong contrast of time, place, scenery, events and feelings, which is intriguing. It is no accident that Zhang Lei was named "Strange Language".
The last four sentences show Huang Jifu's behavior and situation from three aspects: "housekeeping", "treating diseases" and "reading".
"Do housework-but there are four walls" and "cure diseases-don't worry about it three times." These two sentences are also in contrast to each other. As the head of a county, there are only four walls at home, which not only shows that he is honest and upright, but also shows that he has devoted all his energy and thoughts to "treating diseases" and "studying" and has no mind and time to run his own comfort zone. Translate the sentence "treating diseases" into an ancient idiom recorded in Zuo Zhuan's Thirteen Years of Ding Gong: "Three folds of the arm make a good doctor." It means that if a person breaks his arm three times, he can be concluded to be a good doctor, because he must have accumulated rich experience in treatment and nursing. Here, of course, I am not saying that Huang Ji is good at "governing the country", but that he is good at "governing the country". In today's Mandarin, there is a proverb that "saving lives is second". Huang Tingjian also said in the poem "Send Van der Rue to Qingzhou" that Fan Zhongyan "has a living national plan all his life and wants to bury nine capitals". The author says that Huang Ji is good at "treating diseases", but he doesn't need "triple". The implication is that he has achieved political achievements and demonstrated his ability to govern the country and save the people. Why doesn't he reuse it and keep him stumbling down there?
The couplet begins with "I want to see" and matches the first sentence "I live in the North Sea and the South China Sea". In the author's imagination, the ideal friend who talked about wine in Beijing and China in Peach Blossom Garden ten years ago is now white-haired and still as eager to learn as before. He "finished his studies" and only worked as a county magistrate at the seaside. Whether his reading sound is as cheerful and pleasant as before, and his writing is unclear, but it brings a bleak atmosphere to the whole picture under the background of "the ape cried over the stream"; The voice of injustice and the meaning of sympathy are also included.
Huang Tingjian admired Du Fu and took him as an example, especially the Seven Laws. But relatively speaking, his study focuses on formal skills. He said: "When Lao Du wrote a poem, he retired from the composition, and there was no place for a word. Because later generations don't read much, it is said that Han and Du have heard about it. The ability of the ancients to write articles can really cultivate everything. Although ancient characters enter calligraphy, they are like a panacea. " (Answer to Father Hong Ju) Du Fu's outstanding performance is mainly reflected in his passion of "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years", which artistically reflects the broad reality before and after the Anshi Rebellion. The language of poetry is also rich and colorful, and Yuan Zhen appreciates the side of "pity the canal to the time, not worrying about the ancients". Of course, many of Du Fu's metrical poems also pay attention to the use of allusions. Huang Tingjian pushed this point to the extreme, and pursued "no words and no place", which was blunt and obscure and hindered the vivid expression of true feelings. But this cannot be generalized. For example, this song "A few yellow replies" can be said to be "everywhere". But I don't find it obscure; In some places, the flexible use of allusions enriches the connotation of poetry; The introduction of prose language in Zuozhuan, Shiji and Hanshu into poetry has brought a rich and simple atmosphere to modern poetry.