Argumentative writing is a style that analyzes and comments on a certain issue or thing and shows one's own views, positions, attitudes, opinions and propositions. Argumentative writing has three elements, namely argument, argument and argument. A common style that directly expresses the author's views and opinions by putting facts and reasoning.

Argumentative writing, also called argumentative writing, is a style of analyzing things, discussing things, expressing opinions and putting forward opinions. By stating facts, reasoning and distinguishing right from wrong, the author can determine whether his point of view is right or wrong, and establish or deny a proposition. Argumentative writing should have clear thinking, sufficient arguments, concise language, reasonable arguments and strict logic.

Types (classified according to argumentation methods)

1. Make a paper

1. Definition: Pointers state their views and opinions on certain events or problems positively, and at the same time prove the proposed arguments with sufficient convincing arguments.

2. Requirements: (1) Have a correct view of the issues discussed; (2) Use sufficient convincing arguments; (3) Be reasonable and logical.

Step 2 refute the paper

1. Definition: Debate is to refute the other side's point of view and explain your own point of view at the same time.

2. Methods: (1) Propose the argument (2) Prove the argument (3) Summarize the argument.

3. Refute the combination of topics.

Definition: first point out the essence of the other party's mistake, then refute the wrong argument that has been pointed out, and at the same time or after refuting, put forward your own correct point of view to demonstrate.

Three elements of argumentative writing

quarrel

1. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. Sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as we study the relationship between these arguments, we can distinguish between master and slave.

2. How to find the central argument? Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete sentence in form. Location can be divided into: article title, article beginning, article end, article middle, and some need to be summarized by readers. (But in the exam, it's better to make the argument clear, because the marking teacher doesn't have much time to read it, so it's better to be clear at a glance. To prevent unnecessary points from being deducted)

1. Argument: It is the soul and commander-in-chief of an article. Any article has only one central argument, and generally there can be sub-arguments. The argument should be correct, clear and general, and it is a complete judgment sentence. Never be ambiguous.

(1) The meaning of argument: Argument is the point to be discussed and expounded in the article, and it is the point and proposition to be expressed by the author. When reading an argumentative essay, the first thing is to find, extract and understand the arguments of the article.

(2) There are multiple arguments: an article can have one or more arguments. If there is more than one argument, it is necessary to clarify the central argument. These arguments can be parallel or progressive, but they all obey the central argument of the whole paper.

(3) the position of the argument: the argument of the article can be arranged at the beginning, middle or end of the article, sometimes it is the title. In other words, it can be arranged anywhere in the article. But it is more often at the beginning of the article, and so is the paragraph argument.

(4) Presentation of arguments: Some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we just need to find them out; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences and need to be refined and summarized by readers themselves.

(5) The proposition and establishment of the argument should pay attention to:

(1) correctness: the persuasiveness of the argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, which in turn depends on whether the author's position, viewpoint, attitude and method are correct. If the argument itself is incorrect or even absurd, no amount of arguments can convince people. Therefore, the correct argument is the minimum requirement for argumentative writing.

2 significance: what is in favor of and what is against should be very clear and not ambiguous.

Novelty: the argument should be as novel and profound as possible, which can transcend other people's views. It's not repeating other people's platitudes, nor is it irrelevant and general. It should be as unique and novel as possible.

Position of argument

There are generally four: ① the title ② the beginning ③ the middle ④ the end of the article.

quarrel

(1) What is an argument? Argument is the material and foundation to prove the argument.

(2) types of arguments: ① factual materials as the factual materials of arguments can be a. specific cases, b. summarizing facts, c. statistical data,

(2) theoretical materials as the theoretical materials of arguments can be a. classic works and wise sayings of predecessors b. folk proverbs and common sayings c. scientific axioms and laws, etc.

(3) Requirements for using parameters:

(1) conclusive. We must choose those hard and typical facts. When citing theoretical materials that have been tested by practice as arguments, we must pay attention to the exact meaning of the cited theory itself.

② Typical. The cited examples should be widely representative, representing the general characteristics and properties of such things.

(3) the unity of arguments and arguments. The argument is to prove the argument, so the two should be closely related.

1. factual argument: the role of facts in argumentative writing is very obvious. Analyze the facts, see the truth clearly, and check whether it is consistent with the logic of the article. Representative examples, conclusive data, reliable historical facts, etc. Factual arguments include examples and data.

2. Theoretical argument: The theory as an argument is always familiar to readers or generally recognized by the society, and it is the result of abstracting and summarizing a large number of facts. Theoretical arguments include famous aphorisms, proverbs and aphorisms, and the author's reasoning analysis.

There are two kinds of materials used to prove arguments: factual arguments and theoretical arguments.

Pay attention to when choosing factual arguments:

(1) must be typical. Both ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. Most people know it, at least in newspapers and TV.

(2) It's better to be fresh. The statement of the argument should be accurate, the narrative should be summarized, and the argument should be proved.

When choosing theoretical arguments, we should pay attention to:

(1) can be a famous saying, motto, proverb, theorem, formula, etc. , but you can't choose novels.

(2) To be accurate and not to be tampered with or distorted. (3) It is necessarily related to the argument and can prove the argument.

set an example

(1) What is argument? Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments. The argument of argument is to solve "what to prove", the argument is to solve "what to prove" and the argument is to solve the problem of "how to prove". The purpose of argument is to reveal the internal logical relationship between arguments.

(2) Types of argumentative essays: argumentative essays are generally divided into argumentation and refutation.

(1) argument is a way to prove the correctness of the author's own argument with sufficient arguments; (2) Refutation is a way to refute others' wrong arguments with strong arguments. Argumentation and refutation are proofs, one is to prove oneself right from the front, and the other is to prove oneself wrong from the back. They can use basically the same argument method.

(3) Basic argumentation methods:

1. Demonstration with examples: cite conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument; (Function: Demonstrate opinions concretely and forcefully, and enhance the persuasiveness of the article)

2. Reasoning and argumentation: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, epigrams of famous people at home and abroad, and recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument; (Function: Strongly demonstrate opinions and enhance the authority and persuasiveness of the article)

3. Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in comparison; (Role: Highlight the point of view and be impressed)

4. Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. (Function: vividly demonstrate the point of view, so that the article is easy to understand and accept.) In addition, in refutation, the refutation methods of "spear belt, shield belt attack" and "reduction to absurdity" are often used. It is often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers.

5. Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complicated and related to the specific cited materials, including quotations, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. (Function: Specific analysis, such as quoting famous sayings, epigrams and authoritative data, can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read. )

3. Argumentation: the process of proving an argument with arguments.

① Basic types of argumentation: argumentation and refutation. Argument is discussed from the front, and rebuttal is discussed from the opposite side. We usually write argumentative essays mainly through arguments.

② The basic structural level of argument: syllogism structure.

Put forward the problem (what is it) → analyze the problem (why) → solve the problem (how to do it)

Namely: introduce the conclusion of this theory.

General parameter structure:

A. general branch structure b, control structure c, progressive structure d and parallel structure

The concrete embodiment of argumentative writing logic.

1. The basic structure is to ask questions (introduction), analyze problems (theory) and solve problems (conclusion).

2. The language of argumentative writing must be accurate, vivid, rigorous and targeted.

There should be a very clear logical relationship between paragraphs, such as total score, contrast, progression and parallelism. With the help of turning sentences, this relationship is highlighted. Such as: you, and although, but definitely, definitely, therefore.

2. If analyzed from the logical relationship of the content of the article, the specific structural forms of argumentative essays can be divided into two categories:

A. vertical style: discuss the structure step by step.

1. "Deepening layer by layer" type, first put forward the argument, then demonstrate it from the opposite side, and then further discuss it from the front.

2. "From beginning to end" type: the topic is broken at the beginning, which leads to the discussion of the problem (from); Then take the beginning and explain the problem (commitment) discussed; Is to prove the argument from all angles (turn); In the final analysis, it is (together).

3. Parallel structure.

B. horizontal style: parallel expanded discourse structure

There is a kind of "general-sub-theory-general" style, which first puts forward the argument, then expounds it from several aspects and finally summarizes it;

There is a style of "general theory-divided theory", which first puts forward arguments and then demonstrates them from several aspects.

There is a style of "divided theory-general theory". The things to be discussed are always analyzed in several aspects, and then a comprehensive conclusion is drawn.

In a word, to analyze the structure of an argumentative essay, we should first understand the internal relationship between paragraph levels, and also pay attention to the transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words that serve as a link between the preceding and the following.