Basic introduction Chinese name: Holodomor in Kazakhstan: time: 1930 rpm 1933 Country: Soviet Socialist Republic of Kazakhstan * * and country background introduction: ideological background promoted and promulgated by the country, policies of the first five-year plan, results, causes, process, death toll and background introduction. The cause of famine cannot be simply attributed to bad weather or poor harvest. On the contrary, the famine was the result of modernization policy and ideology driven by the state. According to the guiding ideology of the first five-year plan, Stalin tried to completely change the Soviet Union, including not only its society but also its economy. One of the goals of the first five-year plan of the former Soviet Union is to catch up with western capitalist countries and realize industrialization quickly. To this end, the former Soviet regime began to tighten the agricultural sector. As part of the "First Five-Year Plan", citizens are listed as collective farms and need to send meat and food to the country regularly. These policies led to chaos in most parts of the former Soviet Union and brought a lot of suffering to the people. Due to the implementation of the policy, at the end of 1930, in the western city of Guriev, local officials reported that more than 40,000 Kazakh hungry people were looking for food. Officials reported that thousands of people fled Kazakhstan because of food shortage and collectivization, and many people crossed the border into China. To this end, the authorities have strengthened the control measures for Kazakh people's cross-border exile, and the resulting armed conflict has caused thousands of nomads to die. Since the autumn of 1930, Kazakhstan has experienced drastic social changes. According to many people, this Republic has actually become a "society on wheels". The whole community and even the whole area became empty overnight. The Republic of China began a large-scale population migration. Kazakhs flocked to railway stations and city streets in Kazakhstan. The end of 1930 is a decisive moment. With the disposal of livestock, nomads are no longer nomads. However, without timely assistance from the state, they could not start to settle down at all. According to an official in People's Republic of China (PRC), these hungry Kazakhs have been "hanging around the neck of the country". In the cold and hunger of the Republic of China, neighbors launched a life-and-death struggle for survival. Social institutions began to be destroyed and the tragedy of eating children began to be staged. Even for a piece of bread, people will fight and kill each other. People living in Kazakhstan at that time noticed that some complete villages disappeared from the map and empty tents were everywhere on the grassland. During the Great Famine, if you take the train going north to Moscow, when you walk to the Kazakh prairie, you will find rows of bodies lying beside the railway tracks. The dead are the people who gathered near the railway station to look for food. Diseases broke out among hungry people, especially typhus, smallpox and cholera. In Kazakhstan, due to the outbreak of epidemics in many areas, party and government officials refused to go to these areas for field investigation for fear that they would die of disease infection. Grain purchase and collectivization caused this disaster. These short-term policy changes are the most important reasons for this famine. In this respect, the great famine in Kazakhstan is very similar to the collectivization famine in the western Soviet Union. These more serious and well-known famines are 1932- 1933 Great Famine in Ukraine and Great Famine in Don, Kuban and Volga rivers in Russia. In Kazakhstan, the nomadic life of Kazakhs in grassland had changed at that time, and the disastrous influence of Stalin's regime policy change was further strengthened. The main reason for the change of nomadic life in Kazakhstan is the expansion of the agricultural border of the Russian empire, or the large-scale peasant colonization of the Kazakh prairie at the end of 19. The ethnic policy implemented by Stalin's regime is constantly changing, which further worsens the consequences of the disaster. Because the policy itself is rough, it also creates possible conditions for the country to create violence. Local officials are either authorized or ordered to support national policies with the greatest enthusiasm. In the process of modernization promoted by the state, local cadres in Kazakhstan are the key factors in implementing the Soviet plan. The actions of these local cadres not only determine the nature of the disaster, but also determine the scale of the disaster. Many of these local officials are Kazakhs. Authorized by the state, they carried out violent actions against other Kazakhs. These officials will make decisive choices, such as the distribution of food purchases, such as who is the class enemy, and when they make these decisions, they will hardly be supervised or even do whatever they want. In Kazakhstan, the top leaders of the party and government are mainly Russians and Ukrainians, while in Kazakhstan, officials of grass-roots political power are almost all Kazakhs. Many Kazakhs were temporarily recruited to grassroots party organizations. Almost overnight, many people found themselves appointed as experts of regional agricultural committees or chairmen of collective farms. In other parts of the Soviet Union, efforts to promote collective agriculture were accompanied by efforts to destroy class enemies, which were more radical. Activists in Kazakhstan are committed to expelling the "rich peasants" who are exploiters of Russian communities. In the Kazakh community, they are committed to determining the identity of "August 1st". In a sense, the "Bayi" mentioned here is the rich peasants in Kazakh. Many officials have no official standards to decide who is a rich farmer and who is not. They either use this movement to solve personal grievances or use this movement to gain individual capital, and these efforts are often mixed with complicated blood relations. The new officials will use their power to punish members of rival tribes or reward members of their own tribes. On the surface, the confiscation efforts have a class foundation. The so-called Kazakh "poor" can decide to confiscate the food of some members of the community by voting. However, as one inspector reported, "the poor will go crazy when they see the food confiscated by Soviet power." The official report says that the clan composition of these poor groups is also very important, and some people use expropriation to attack the leaders of their own clan or other clans. In the former Soviet Union, Kazakhs were a minority. To some extent, the former Soviet Union's agricultural collectivization policy towards Kazakhstan can be regarded as a part of its ethnic policy. The ethnic policy of the former Soviet Union is both a process of creation and a process of destruction. Moscow supports the creation of national languages and cultures. In addition, the former Soviet regime also brought a large number of local cadres into its bureaucratic system. These efforts are believed to have corrected the mistakes made during the reign of the Russian Empire and helped non-Russian groups to accelerate the adoption of Marxism–Leninism's historical timetable. However, this policy has brought the opposite result. During the rule of the former Soviet Union, most members of these new nationalities were severely persecuted. In the process of Stalin's modernization, a large number of Kazakhs, Ukrainians and members of other ethnic groups died, many of whom died because of Stalin's collectivization policy during the "First Five-Year Plan" period, because this policy led to the subsequent great famine. Famine destroyed Kazakhstan. The central decision-makers in Moscow also found that they could not realize the comprehensive socialist transformation of Kazakh society in the way they hoped. Both in practice and in thought, the newly established Kazakhstan and the Soviet Union pose a real challenge to the Soviet regime committed to the socialist revolution. Some officials in the former Soviet Union believed that nomadic people could not develop such a vast country, and strongly advocated buying this goal from Russia through large-scale peasant colonization. Others believe that it is almost absurd to carry out revolution among nomadic people. Many Kazakhs joked with themselves: "You can't ride a camel into socialism!" In many cases, collective farms are organized according to clan relations. In a particular area, although there are many different clans, each clan has its own collective farm. On the other hand, many Kazakhs have returned to nomadic life, and collective farms have become furnishings. According to a rather contradictory statement, these farms are called "nomadic collective farms". According to observers, in these collective farms, the distance between herdsmen's tents is 2-3 kilometers, and the radius of the whole farm is close to 50-60 kilometers. This collective farm system actually retains the backward tendency of the so-called nomadic society that many party member cadres hope to eliminate. Process 1926 In Kazakhstan, 25% of people are engaged in agriculture; 38.5% people are engaged in animal husbandry; 32.2% of people are farmers and herdsmen; 10% people live a nomadic life. That is, two-thirds of people are engaged in animal husbandry. In other words, most Kazakhs make a living by animal husbandry. However, the Soviet Central Committee did not want to understand the traditional life of Kazakhs, and since its establishment, the Soviet Central Committee has been pretending that animal husbandry "has a backward nature that conflicts with social progress." 1929, the Central Committee of the Soviet Union held a meeting and made a resolution to speed up the process of collectivization and change from nomadism to settlement, requiring Kazakhstan's Ministry of Agriculture to complete the task of handing over1600,000 tons of grain every year from 1932. In order to accomplish this impossible task, "activists" began to work, with 1925- 1933 as the leader of the activists, Philip Goloshenko (Jew), who is in charge of the Kazakhstan Provincial Committee. They believe that the only way to complete collectivization in Kazakhstan is to let all herders settle down. 1930, the Central Committee of the Soviet Union of Kazakhstan shamelessly announced that at least 545,000 of Kazakhstan's 566,000 herdsman families had settled after the first five-year plan (to 1933). The so-called collectivization is a very hasty move. 1930 collective farms hastily established in the spring not only lack houses, building facilities, farm tools, but also lack cultivated land. Pastoral herdsmen are forbidden to raise their own livestock, so it is extremely difficult to raise livestock. Collective farms are built on barren beaches without water. People who are forcibly collectivized have no livestock and no property. Only 14% of the original planned house was realized. According to official data, Su * * * has only provided 2,500 houses for 320 million families so far, less than 100 bathrooms. At the time of collectivization, the Soviet Union directly sent armed forces to forcibly take away the livestock of herders, who were unwilling to give them to robbers for nothing. Driven by discontent, herders would rather kill all their livestock than hand them over to collective farms. Within a week after the implementation of collective farms, 50% of livestock in most areas were slaughtered, and the remaining livestock lost more than half in winter because collective farms could not provide feed for winter. If there were 6.509 million large livestock in Kazakhstan in 1928, by 1932, the number had plummeted to 960,000, less than15% in 1928; Sheep plunged from 65,438+895 million in 1928 to138 million in 1932, less than1%in 1928; However, the collective farms only reclaimed less than 15% of the original plan. So in the absence of agriculture and animal husbandry, there was a great famine in Kazakhstan, and nearly 3 million compatriots starved to death. Official Soviet data do not help to hide this. Finally, the Central Committee of the Soviet Union in Kazakhstan announced that 2 million compatriots died of famine, accounting for 42% of the total population of the Soviet Union. In fact, this data is revised, and the death toll should be much larger than this data. During this period, 65,438+065,438+million Kazakhs left their homes and migrated to China, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Turkey, Iran, Russian Volga River region, Ural Mountains and western Siberia. Most of them never returned to their native land. 1934, at the17th Congress of the Soviet Central Committee held in Moscow, the failure of collectivization in Kazakhstan was attributed to the herdsmen's unwillingness to live a stable life. Death toll 65438+The Great Famine in 1930s was the second famine in kazakh steppe, and the first famine occurred in 19 19 to 1922. The first great famine was also a great tragedy. If the death toll from the Great Famine in 1930s was 6.5438+0.5 million to 2 million, then the first Great Famine killed 6.5438+0.00 million, which means that half of the Kazakh population suffered a catastrophe in just 654.38+00-654.38+05, which is unique in the world history. Historian Taras Omarov: The Great Famine in 1930s directly led to the death of 2.3 million Kazakhs. In 2008, Russian historians claimed that 654.38+50 million people died in Kazakhstan.