A style in ancient China, which emphasized literary talent and rhythm, was both poetic and poetic. It is characterized by "spreading articles, writing things and writing ambitions", focusing on writing scenery and expressing emotions through scenery. It first appeared in hundred schools of thought's essays and was called "short fu"; Qu Yuan's "Sao Style" is a transition from poetry to fu, which is called "Sao Fu". The style of Fu was formally established in the Han Dynasty, which is called "Ci Fu". After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it developed in the direction of parallel prose, which was called "parallel prose". In the Tang dynasty, it changed from parallel style to regular style, which was called "law fu"; In Song Dynasty, Fu appeared in the form of prose, which was called "Wen Fu". Famous Fu include: Fu of Epang Palace by Du Mu, Fu of Autumn Sound by Ouyang Xiu, Fu of Thousand Chibi by Su Shi, etc.

parallel prose (prose written in the parallel style)

Originated from the Han and Wei Dynasties, it was formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and prevailed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It appears alternately with four characters and six characters, and is called "Liu Siwen" in the world. Parallel prose often affects the expression of content by accommodating sentence patterns and piling up words. After Han and Liu advocated the ancient prose movement, parallel prose gradually declined. The most famous is The Book with Zhu written by Wu Liangjun in the Southern Dynasties.

origin

The original intention is the ancient argumentative style. This style is a fundamental investigation and discussion of a certain theory, proposition, political system or social custom, and it is highly theoretical. Such as Han Yu's Original Extinction and Huang Zongxi's Original King.

argue

"Debate" is to argue about right and wrong, not true and false. This style is characterized by refuting a wrong argument or discriminating some facts. For example, Han Yu's Debate on Taboo and Liu Zongyuan's Debate on Dong Xiong.

say

The floorboard of ancient argumentative articles. It was not much different from Lun, so it was later collectively referred to as reasoning analysis. On the preface to the essay, it says: "The speaker explains, explains the meaning, and explains with his own meaning." The articles of this genre we have studied include On Teachers, On Horses, On young chinese, On Snake Catchers, On Huang Sheng's Borrowing Books, etc.

discuss

A style of writing, according to "Yun": "Commentators discuss things". "Selected Works of Zhaoming" said: "There are two theories. One is the theory of history, which is the judgment of good and evil made by loyal ministers at the end of biographies. For example, Tai Shigong said after Historical Records. Second, in political theory, it is fallacious for a bachelor and doctor to talk about ancient and modern figures or comment on classics and history. " For example, The Six Kingdoms and Guo Qin.

Emperor/throne memorial

Ancient ministers collectively went to court. Including play, discussion, reconciliation, expression, countermeasures and so on. Preface to the article: "Before the Seven Kingdoms, they were all called books, and Qin changed books into plays. There are four kinds of ceremonies in Han dynasty: one is to say thank you; Second, play until it collapses; Three expressions of feelings; Four days of deliberation, there is deliberation. "

(1) sparse. It means detailed report. For example, Jia Yi's On Accumulation and Sparse Storage.

(2) table. Just stating a point or something. Such as Zhuge Liang's "model".

(3) countermeasures. In ancient exams, the topic was strategy, so that candidates could answer strategies, and the articles that candidates answered were called countermeasures, such as Su Shi's "Teaching War and Defending Strategies".

Preface (postscript)

Foreword is also called "preface" or "introduction", just like today's "introduction" and "preface", it is an article that explains the intention, arrangement style and author of writing or publishing a book. It can also include comments on writers' works and research on related issues. "Preface" is usually written in front of a book or article (some are listed in the back, such as "Preface to Historical Records"), and those listed in the back of the book are called "Postscript" or "Postscript". This kind of article belongs to expository or argumentative according to the content, and it is expository that explains the writing purpose, style and content. Comments on the author's works or explanations are argumentative. The prefaces we have studied are: the preface to Scream, the preface to Rural Investigation, the postscript to the South Record of Returning to Germany, and the Biography of Lingguan.

Gift order

Stylistic name. In ancient times, poetry was used to bid farewell, which was called the preface of giving and answering. For example, Han Yu's Preface to Sending Stones to Chu Shi: "Therefore, all Dudong people ... hence the name" Six Rhymes of Songs and Poems ",which is sent to the preface cloud. After that, all farewell articles, which are not attached to the poem, are also called prefaces, and their contents are mostly words of praise or encouragement. We studied Song Lian's Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Yang in the Ming Dynasty.

inscription

In ancient times, words carved on objects to warn themselves or describe merits were called "Ming". Inscriptions carved on cards and placed on the right side of the case to protect themselves, such as Liu Yuxi's "My Humble Room", are called "mottos". An epitaph is carved on a stone tablet to describe the life of the deceased and praise the memory. Such as Han Yu's epitaph of Liu Zihou.

Funeral speech

Articles read when offering sacrifices to the dead or gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and rivers. There are two genres: verse and prose. The content is to remember the main experiences of the deceased before his death, to praise his main moral character and achievements, to mourn and to inspire the living. Such as Yuan Mei's "Sister-in-law".

Random notes

Including:

(1) Miscellaneous Notes on Mountains, Scenery and Personnel. Descriptions of mountains and rivers, scenery and people, such as "Little Stone Pond" and "Mount Tai".

(2) Precautions. Mainly notes, characterized by short length, about 1000 words; Rich in content, there are historical anecdotes, heritages, literary essays, people's essays, science novels, textual research, reading miscellaneous notes and so on. Shi Shuo Xin Yu and Meng Qian Bi Tan are such styles.

travel notes

Travel notes are a form of prose describing travel experiences. Travel notes have a wide range of materials, which can describe the beauty of famous mountains and rivers, record the peculiar richness of local customs, reflect the daily life of a person and a family, and also record the major events of a country and express the author's thoughts and feelings. The style of writing is relaxed, vivid and informative, giving people rich social knowledge and good feelings. Travel notes are argumentative essays, such as Yueyang Tower and You Bao Chan. There are scientific ones, such as the Three Gorges in Li Daoyuan; Some are lyrical, such as Liu Zongyuan's The Story of Little Stone Pond.

lie

A children's literature. Through rich imagination, fantasy and exaggeration to shape characters, reflect life and educate children ideologically. The language of fairy tales is popular, vivid, vivid, bizarre, tortuous and full of interest. The anthropomorphic description of natural scenery can adapt to children's psychology and interest, stimulate people's imagination, and is conducive to their acceptance and transformation. Fairy tales selected as teaching materials are: Andersen's The Emperor's New Clothes and Ye Shengtao's The Stone Statue of Ancient Heroes.

folk story

The literary form formed by the oral creation of the masses has been passed down orally and has been continuously revised and processed by many people. The characteristics of folk stories: strong story and vivid plot; Spoken, simple and lively; Imagination is strange and rich; Often use exaggeration and metaphor, which has a strong artistic appeal. In content, it comes from the people and mainly reflects the folk life. Some folk stories often have mythical fantasy plots and are full of magical colors. For example: fisherman's story, Cowherd and Weaver Girl, etc.

fable

This is a persuasive or ironic story. "Entrust" means "Entrust". Fables usually contain profound truths in simple stories, so that they can be used to describe each other, see the big from the small and compare the present with the ancient. They are used to personification. The language is concise and sharp. Famous fables in European literature include Aesop's fables in ancient Greece. Fables prevailed in China during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and there were many fables in Zhuangzi, Han Feizi and other works, such as Zheng Ren buys shoes (Han Feizi), Fighting between snipes and mussels (Warring States Policy) and Carving a Boat for a Sword (Lv Chunqiu).

One legend is that ...

Stories of historical figures, events or natural objects with some legends and fantasies that have been circulated among the people for a long time. For example, the legends of the legend of heroes, lake legend and Yellow Crane Tower. Some are based on specific historical facts, while others are purely imaginary. Legends of people and things are mostly eulogies and praises, reflecting people's ideals and ambitions; The legend of natural scenery is close to beautiful narrative prose, such as fleeting clouds.

Myth; legend

One of the novel genres. Named for its bizarre and magical plot. Generally used to refer to short stories written in classical Chinese by people in Tang and Song Dynasties. Such as Biography of Liu Yi, Idle Clouds and Biography of Conan. Because "legends" are mostly based on later rap and drama, Song and Yuan operas, Yuan zaju operas and Ming and Qing operas are also called "legends". For example, Tang Xianzu, a playwright in the Ming Dynasty, wrote Peony Pavilion, and Kong in the early Qing Dynasty wrote the legendary drama Peach Blossom Fan.

Modern literary genre: editing

Xin Yuwen

New poetry is a genre of modern popular literature, mainly in vernacular Chinese (writing scenery and expressing feelings). It does not pay attention to whether the sentence is fluent or not, whether the rhetoric is gorgeous or not, but only whether the ending rhymes or not, whether it can show the artistic conception and the author's voice. If the two are complete, it can be called a good new poem. It is characterized by rhyme at the end of the sentence. For example, Li Yunpeng's "New Creation of Rhyme-Poems that Stay Up All Night".

Novel drama

Novel drama is the fifth largest literary genre, which combines the advantages of novel and drama. It absorbs the freedom and flexibility of the novel and the compactness and conciseness of the drama, and eliminates their shortcomings through the combination of the two, so that the literary genre can accommodate the vast content in a short space. The formal characteristics of novel drama are that the content framework is mainly narrative, and the plot development and characterization adopt the way of drama dialogue, which greatly reduces the volume of the work, improves the readability and greatly accelerates the development of the plot. The teenager in red roams at the end of the day, like a detective in China.