First, grasp the arguments, arguments and arguments of the article, understand the relationship between the central argument and the sub-arguments, master the two basic forms of arguments, and identify and understand the commonly used argumentation methods.

Second, grasp the structure of the article and clarify the author's thinking.

Third, grasp the accuracy, vividness, generalization and image of argumentative language.

In the senior high school entrance examination, the focus of argumentative reading ability is mainly:

1. Be able to identify, judge, refine and summarize arguments;

2. Be able to understand the types of analysis and argumentation;

3. Be able to identify and understand common argumentation methods;

4。 Clarify and divide the structural level of the article;

5. Analyze and summarize the ideological content of articles and paragraphs;

6. Appreciate and understand the meaning of words and sentences;

7. Appreciate and understand accurate, vivid, general and vivid language.

First, the analysis of ideas and structure

Knowledge overview

The outline stipulates that junior high school students should "understand the thinking of the article" when reading argumentative essays.

Specifically, the knowledge and ability training points are:

1. Clarify the author's ideas, grasp the structure of the article, and grasp the full text as a whole;

2. Be able to correctly divide the level of argumentative writing and summarize the meaning.

View direction

(A) how to clarify the author's thinking, grasp the argumentative structure, grasp the full text?

Any article is a whole composed of several paragraphs or sentences. How do paragraphs or sentences connect and combine into a whole? This is a common problem to be considered when reading, and understanding these problems is to analyze the ideas of the article. In this regard, Mr. Ye Shengtao has an incisive exposition: "To read the whole article, we must understand the author's thinking. Thought has a path, sentence by sentence, paragraph by paragraph. The author of a good article is not going anywhere on this road. Reading an article depends on how it started and how it was written. Follow it and understand why it goes this way. For example, argumentative essays ask questions at the beginning, and then focus on one aspect of food from several aspects. Only a little is said in other aspects. Why do you want this arrangement? It must be meaningful. You should understand this when you read it. Further details, how to connect the second sentence with the first sentence, how to connect the third sentence with the second sentence, what is the relationship between the second paragraph and the first paragraph, what is the relationship between the third paragraph and the second paragraph, etc., must be made clear. " When we read an argumentative essay, we should follow Mr. Ye's instructions.

Understanding the structural characteristics of argumentative essays can help us better grasp the structure of argumentative essays and grasp the articles as a whole. The basic structure of an argumentative essay is to ask questions (introduction)-analyze questions (thesis)-solve problems (conclusion). Can be divided into two categories:

1. "Horizontal". In argumentation, the relationship between several levels and paragraphs of the article is developed side by side, which is the "horizontal" structure. There are three basic types of "horizontal" structure: ① "general theory-sub-theory-general theory", which first puts forward arguments, then expounds them from several aspects and finally summarizes them; (2) "general theory-sub-theory", first put forward the argument, and then discuss it from several aspects; (3) "theory of points-general theory", in which the problems to be discussed are divided.

2. "vertical". In the discussion, all levels of the article are in-depth and progressive, and the order of each level has strict requirements and cannot be changed at will. This is the "vertical" structure. (2) How to divide the level of argumentative writing?

There are two basic methods: one is divided according to the general structure of "putting forward problems-analyzing problems-solving problems". The other is to divide the levels according to different angles of the article. Second, grasp the central argument and sub-argument.

Knowledge overview

"Outline" stipulates that when reading a modern article, you should be able to understand the author's attitude or viewpoint from the content of the article, which is to grasp the central argument of the article and write an argumentative essay. Specifically, the knowledge and ability training points are:

1. can distinguish, judge, refine and summarize the arguments of the article.

2. Understand the relationship between the central argument and the sub-argument.

View direction

(A) how to find the central argument from the article?

Argument is the author's view or opinion on the issue under discussion. It should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view and a formally complete sentence. Specifically, there are several ways to find the central argument:

1. Find the central argument according to the position. Some articles put forward the central argument at the beginning, such as "talking about backbone" and straight to the point that "we China people have backbone"; Some articles put forward central arguments in the middle part, such as "from 30 thousand to 10 thousand"; Some articles summarize the central argument after discussion step by step, such as On Basic Truth; There are also articles, the title of which is the central argument, such as "Continue to maintain the style of hard struggle".

2. Find the central argument by analyzing the topic. Explanatory argumentative essays always expound and demonstrate a reason, viewpoint or problem according to a specific purpose or requirement, centering on what it is and how to do it. To read such an argumentative essay, we must first make clear what the author is saying, and then sort out the levels step by step to find out the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed, so as to grasp the central argument. For example, if you read the article On Basic Truth, you can grasp the topic and continue reading, while reading and thinking about the author's views on basic truth. At the end of the article, you come to the conclusion: "The word' basic' is basically useful, but not everywhere."

3. Find the argument by analyzing the argument. We know that the relationship between arguments is proof and proven, and we can find arguments by analyzing what arguments prove. For example, in the article "Talking about Bone", three examples are given: Wen Tianyang refused to reduce the yuan; Don't eat the food; Wen Yiduo was angry with the Kuomintang pistol. What are these three factual arguments to prove? It is to prove that "we China people have backbone", which is the central argument of the article. It should be noted that some articles do not focus on the central argument and cannot be found directly in the article. This requires reading the text carefully and understanding its content, so as to sum up the central argument. (2) What is the relationship between the central argument and the sub-argument?

An article often has several sentences expressing arguments, among which the main point is the central point of the article, and the point that can dominate the whole article is the sub-point of the article. The relationship between central argument and secondary argument is the relationship between command and controlled. For the central argument, the sub-argument can be regarded as its theory. Third, determine the argumentation materials and clarify the argumentation methods.

Knowledge overview

The syllabus stipulates that junior high school students should be able to "read the text according to the characteristics of different expressions and genres". As far as reading argumentative writing is concerned, it is mainly to grasp the three elements of argumentative writing, namely argument, argument and argumentation. For arguments and arguments, the main knowledge and ability training points are

1. Can understand and analyze the types of arguments.

2. Be able to identify and understand common argumentation methods.

View direction

(1) What are the basic forms of argument?

Arguments are used to prove the facts and authenticity of arguments. There are two basic forms of argument: factual argument and rational argument. Factual arguments include examples, historical facts, data, etc. Rational arguments include scientific principles, laws and accepted proverbs and maxims. The relationship between arguments is the relationship between proof and proof.

(2) What are the common argumentation methods?

Argumentation is the process and method of proving an argument with arguments, and it is the logical connection between arguments. Argumentation is to solve "what needs to be proved", argumentation is to solve "what to prove" and argumentation is to solve "how to prove". When reading argumentative essays, we must understand the argumentation process and analyze the argumentation methods. Common argumentation methods are:

(1) Illustration: Give conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument.

(2) Reasoning and argumentation: The thesis is proved by quoting the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, famous sayings and aphorisms from domestic and foreign celebrities, and accepted theorem formulas.

(3) Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in comparison.

(4) Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument.

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