experience
Confucius wanted to do something since he was in his twenties, so he was very concerned about world affairs, often thinking about various issues of governing the country and often expressing some opinions. By the time he was 30, he was already famous. In the twenty years of Lu, he visited Lu and summoned Confucius to discuss the question of being king with him, and Confucius got to know him. In the twenty-fifth year of Lu, civil strife occurred in Lu, and Lu was forced to flee to Qi. Confucius also left Lu for Qi, where he was appreciated and entertained by Qi Jinggong. He even prepared to seal the fields around Nishi to Confucius, but the doctor Yan Ying stopped him. In the twenty-seventh year of Lu, at that time, the doctor of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. When Confucius heard this, he turned to Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old and can still use it." Confucius had to flee to Lu. At that time, the state of Lu was actually in the hands of the doctor's retainer, which was called "ruling the country with the minister." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave them up until he was appointed as the capital master in 9 years. At this time, Confucius was 5 1 year old. Confucius was in charge of Zhongdu for one year, and his achievements were outstanding. He was promoted to a small ordinary, and soon he was promoted to a big sheep herder, taking photos to take care of Lu. 12 years, in order to weaken the Third Ring Road (the third-generation leader and uncle Heshi were called the Third Ring Road because they were three grandchildren), the state power of Lu at that time was actually in their hands, and some retainers of the Third Ring Road also controlled the Third Ring Road to varying degrees), and Confucius took measures to reduce the Third Ring Road (that is, demolishing the castle built by the Third Ring Road). Later, the action of capturing the three capitals was abandoned halfway, and the contradiction between Confucius and the Third Ring Road was also exposed. 13 years, Lu Dinggong, Qi sent 80 beautiful women to Lu, and Ji Huan's family accepted female music. The monarch and his subjects were addicted to singing and dancing and ignored state affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon, when Lu offered meat to the doctors after the sacrifice in the suburbs, he didn't give it to Confucius as usual, indicating that Ji didn't want to hire him any more. Confucius had to leave Shandong to find a way out and began to travel around the world.
Confucius first took his disciples to Weiguo, and Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. According to Lu's salary standard, he was given a salary of 60 thousand, but he was not given an official position and was not allowed to participate in politics. Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 10 months. Because someone slandered Wei Linggong, Wei Linggong became suspicious of Confucius, and sent someone to publicly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius left Weiguo with his disciples and planned to go to Chen. When passing through Kuangcheng, I was besieged for five days because of misunderstanding. I fled Kuangcheng, came to Dipu, met my uncle, a patriotic aristocrat who launched a rebellion, and was besieged again. After his escape, Confucius returned to China to defend his country. Wei Linggong was very happy to hear that Confucius and his disciples had returned from Dipu, and went to meet him in person. Since then, Confucius has gone abroad several times and returned to China several times. On the one hand, Wei Linggong had both good and bad feelings towards Confucius; On the other hand, after Confucius went abroad, he had nowhere to go and had to return.
In the second year (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left Wei, passed through Cao, Song and Zheng, and went to Chen, where he lived for three years. When Wu attacked Chen, the war broke out and Confucius left with his disciples. When the Chu people heard that Confucius had arrived at the junction of Chen and Cai, they sent someone to meet him. The doctors of Chen and Cai knew that there was something wrong with what Confucius did, and they were afraid that Confucius would be reused in Chu, which was not good for them. So they sent laborers to surround Confucius and his disciples in the middle of the road, not relying on the village in front or the shops behind. After eating all the food they brought, they were deprived of food for seven days. Finally, Zigong found the Chu people, and Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, so that Confucius and his disciples were saved from death. Confucius returned to Weiguo at the age of 64. With the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to Lu at the age of 68, but he was still respectful. Lu Aigong 16, Confucius was 73 years old and died of illness.
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He was a famous thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient China. According to legend, there are 3000 disciples and 72 disciples of saints. Confucius led his disciples around the world 14 years. Confucius is also the organizer of ancient literature. He once
He edited poetry books, defined rites and music, prefaced Zhouyi and wrote Chunqiu. Confucius' thoughts and theories have far-reaching influence on later generations.
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Confucius was an educator, thinker and half politician, but most importantly, he was a noble intellectual. He is upright, optimistic and enterprising, pursuing truth, goodness and beauty all his life and pursuing an ideal society all his life. His success and failure are related to his personality. His character has influenced China people for thousands of years, especially the intellectuals in China.
Angry and forgetful, happy and forgetful.
When Confucius was 63 years old, he once described himself like this: "You forget to eat when you are angry, but forget your worries when you are happy. I don't know that my old age is coming. " At that time, Confucius had led his disciples around the world for nine years and had gone through all the hardships. Not only did he not get the appointment of the governor, but he almost died. But Confucius was not discouraged, still optimistic, stuck to his ideals, and even knew that he could not do it.
Be content with poverty
Confucius said, "Being unjust and rich is like a cloud to me". In Confucius' mind, upholding justice is the highest value of life. When there is a contradiction between rich and poor and morality, he would rather be poor than give up morality. But we can't regard his peace and happiness as not seeking wealth, but seeking to maintain Tao, which is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Rich and expensive, people want what they want; You can't go anywhere unless you take the main road. Poverty and meanness are disgusting to people; If you don't take the main road, you won't go. " "Money is available, although there are many whips, I can do it. If you can't get it, just do as I say. "
Never tire of learning and never tire of teaching.
Confucius was famous for his eagerness to learn and showed great interest in all kinds of knowledge, so he was versatile and knowledgeable. He was very famous at that time, and was almost regarded as an omniscient saint, but Confucius himself didn't think so. Confucius said, "A saint cannot learn, but never tires of teaching." Confucius learned that there was no teacher. Whoever has knowledge and who doesn't understand will worship him as a teacher. So he said, "A threesome must have a teacher."
Follow the path of integrity-conduct integrity.
Confucius was upright in nature and advocated going straight. He once said, "I treat others, who will ruin my reputation?" If you are famous, you have to try. Simin also, the reason why the three generations went straight. "Historical Records records that Confucius asked Lao Tzu to be polite when he was in his thirties. When he left, Laozi gave a message: "Smart and thorough, close to death, considerate. Those who argue the broad masses are in danger, and those who are evil are also. A son should not have his own, and a minister should not have his own. "This is Lao Tzu's kind reminder to Confucius, and it also points out some shortcomings of Confucius, that is, he looks at the problem too deeply and speaks too sharply, hurting some people with positions and bringing great danger to himself.
help others
Confucius founded the moral theory with benevolence as the core. He is also a kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous. "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "A gentleman's adult beauty is not evil", and "Do your best until you die" are all his life principles.
Zhuangzi:
experience
Zhuangzi (about 369 BC-286 BC) was born in the eastern suburb of Mengcheng County (now Dongcheng Road, Chengguan Town). He used to be an official of the lacquer garden, a famous thinker and writer in the Warring States period. He worked as a small official in Mengcheng Paint Garden (the former site of the paint garden on the north bank of the Guohe River in this county), but he resigned soon. He lives in a humble alley and writes books. When life was hard to maintain, I borrowed food from Hou Jianhe. Chu Weiwang heard that Zhuang Zhou of China was a learned and moral man, so he sent messengers to the Lacquer Garden (Mengcheng) to prepare gifts for his daughter, and asked Zhuangzi to be the prime minister of Chu. After the emissary made it clear that the king of Chu thought that the phase was the will, Zhuangzi smiled and said to the envoy of Chu, "A thousand dollars is a heavy gift, and the phase is the highest. However, didn't you see the cows during the sacrifice? People fattened the cows and wore red clothes when they sacrificed. Didn't they take them to the ancestral temple and kill them as sacrifices? I would rather live in indifference than sacrifice cows. " Zhuangzi "talks like an ox" in a joke, and never became the prime minister of Chu.
In the early years of the Warring States, the princes and soldiers met with each other, with frequent wars and social unrest. In this social background, academic thoughts are unprecedentedly active and academic schools contend, forming his unique philosophical system and think tank, which are only a hundred miles apart, so it is also called "the study of Laozi and Zhuangzi".
In his later years, Zhuangzi often fished in Pushui (now Qiuhe River in the south of the city) and swirling water, swam in Haoliang (now southwest of Linhuai City in Fengyang, Anhui Province) and enjoyed a quiet and leisurely life with the fish and birds.
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Zhuangzi's articles are rich in imagination, changeable in style, full of romanticism, humorous and satirical in the form of fables, which have a great influence on the literary language of later generations. His works include Zhuangzi, also known as the South China Classic, one of the Taoist classics. There are 52 Zhuangzi articles recorded in the Records of Han Shu Literature and Art, and only 33 exist. Among them, there are seven chapters, which are generally designated as Zhuangzi; Foreign essays may be mixed with his disciples and later Taoist works.
Zhuangzi is of great philosophical and literary research value. Famous articles include Happy Travel, Theory of Everything, Master of Health, etc. Among them, My Clever Understanding of Cattle is especially popular in later generations.
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The word "benevolence" is regarded as a symbol of Confucianism, while the word "virtue" is the essence of Taoist thought. Zhuangzi's "Tao" is heaven, imitating nature's "Tao", not man-made harm.
In Zhuangzi's philosophy, "heaven" is two opposite concepts to "man". "Heaven" represents nature, and "man" refers to everything that is artificial and deviates from nature. The word "artificial" is a "fake" word when combined.
Zhuangzi advocated obeying the Heaven and discarding the "artificial" and "false" impurities in human nature. It is the "virtue" advocated by Zhuangzi that obeys the "heaven" and thus communicates with heaven and earth.
In Zhuangzi's view, real life is natural, and we don't need to teach or prescribe anything, but we need to get rid of what we have forgotten, forget what we have done, forget what we have done and forget what we have done. In this case, do you still need political propaganda, education on rites and music, and persuasion on benevolence and righteousness? Zhuangzi believes that all these propaganda, education and persuasion are "false" in human nature and should be abandoned.
As the ancestor of Taoist school, the philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi is the only one in China's philosophy that can compete with Confucianism and later Buddhism. Its position in the development history of China thought is by no means lower than Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.
Pu Songling
experience
(1640- 17 15, 13th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty-54th year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty), also known as Chen Jian, alias Liu Quan lay man, known as Mr. Liaozhai, an outstanding writer and novelist in Qing Dynasty, from Pujiazhuang, Zichuan County, Shandong Province (now hongshan town, Zichuan District, Zibo City). Born into a declining landlord family. 19 years old, a boy, famous for being the first in the three exams of county, state and road. He is a doctoral student. However, it was not until 7 1 that he became a tribute student. Forced by life, he was invited by Sun Hui, a fellow villager in Baoying County, to visit his home for several years. He mainly worked as a school teacher in Bijia, Xipu Village, the county, and worked as a scholar for nearly 40 years until he was 7 1 year old. 17 15 (fifty-fourth year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty) died in the first month. Known as "Mr. Liaozhai"
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Pu Songling was keen on imperial examinations all his life, but he was always frustrated. At the age of 72, he was a tribute student, so he was deeply touched by the irrationality of the imperial examination system. He completed 8 volumes of 49 1 Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in his life, with about 400,000 words. The content is rich and colorful, and the stories are mostly taken from folklore and anecdotes of unofficial history, personifying and socializing things in the world of flowers, foxes and ghosts, fully expressing the author's love, hate and good ideals. The works inherit and develop the excellent tradition and expression techniques of the legendary literature of strange stories in China literature, with fantastic plot, ups and downs, concise writing and orderly narration, and are regarded as the highest achievement collection of China's ancient short stories. Mr. Lu Xun said in "A Brief History of Chinese Novels" that this book is "the most famous one in the special collection"; Mr. Guo Moruo wrote an inscription for Pu's former residence, praising Pu's book "writing ghosts and writing demons is superior, stabbing greed and stabbing abuse"; Lao She also commented on Pu's "Ghost foxes have personality, which makes them laugh and scold".
After Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio was written, Pu Songling was unable to publish it because of his poor family, and it was not published until 1766 (the thirty-first year of Qing Qianlong). After repeated reprints, there are more than 30 versions at home and abroad. Famous versions include hanger-on Pavilion Edition and Zhu Xuezhai Edition, and nearly 20 countries have published their translations. There are 100 publications of Liaozhai in China, and 160 dramas, movies and TV series with the story of Liaozhai as their content. ?
In addition to Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, Pu Songling has a large number of poems, plays, folk songs, agricultural and medical works. Collection 13 volume, more than 400 articles; Poetry 6 volumes, 1000; Word 1 volume, 100 Yu Tan; Three plays (textual research)
Nine turn peddlers, Zhong Mei's birthday, make a scene); Folk songs 14 kinds (wall stories, ancient songs, compassionate songs, songs, disasters, harp music, Penglai banquet, Junye tea, poor Chinese words, ugly Junba, fast songs, envious spells, lucky fairy songs, and buxing Yunge), as well as Nongsang Sutra and Nongsang Sutra.
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Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is a collection of short stories in classical Chinese with unique ideological style and artistic style. Most novels talk about foxes and ghosts in the form of fantasy, but the content is deeply rooted in the soil of real life, reflecting the social contradictions and people's ideological demands in Pu Songling's era, and integrating into the writer's unique feelings and understanding of life. Pu Songling said in Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio: "It's no shame to gather your armpits and continue to record the ghosts;" In vain, I wrote a lonely and resentful book: it is sad to pin it on this! " In this collection of novels, the author reposes his deep loneliness and anger about real life. Therefore, we can't just read the strange and interesting story of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio as a book to relieve boredom, but we should deeply understand the love, hate, sadness and joy, as well as the real life and profound historical content that produce these thoughts and feelings. As Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is a collection of short stories that took a long time to complete, the story sources are different, the author's ideological understanding develops and changes before and after, and the author's world outlook itself is contradictory, so the ideological content of the book is mixed and complicated. But in general, excellent works account for more than half, and the main tendency is progress, which truly reveals the contradictions in real life and reflects the people's ideals, wishes and requirements. Praising the truth, goodness and beauty in life and attacking the false, evil and ugly is the overall artistic pursuit of Pu Songling's creation of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, and it is also the most prominent ideological feature of this collection of short stories.
Guo Moruo commented: "Writing ghosts and writing demons is superior, and greed and abuse are stabbed into the wood."
Lu Xun:
Experience and works
1898 changed its name to Zhou Shuren when studying in Nanjing. Lu Xun () is the eldest brother, Zhou Zuoren is the second, and Zhou is the third (the younger brother in Kite). "Lu Xun" was the pseudonym he began to use when he wrote New Youth on 19 18, and has since become the most respected pseudonym in the world. Born in a dilapidated feudal family. Youth was influenced by the theory of evolution, Nietzsche's superman philosophy and Tolstoy's thought of fraternity. 1902 went to Japan to study, originally studying medicine at Sendai Medical College, and later engaged in literary and artistic work, hoping to change the national spirit. 1905- 1907 participated in revolutionary activities and published papers such as Moro Poetry and Cultural Prejudice. During this period, I was ordered by my mother and wife Juan to return to China to get married. 1909 Co-translated the Collection of Foreign Novels with his brother Zhou Zuoren to introduce foreign literature. He returned to China in the same year and taught in Hangzhou and Shaoxing.
After the Revolution of 1911, he served as a member of the Nanjing Provisional Government and the Ministry of Education of Beijing Government, and taught in Peking University and Women's Normal University. 19 18 in may, the diary of a madman, the first vernacular novel in the history of modern literature in China, was first published under the pseudonym of Lu Xun, which laid the foundation stone of the new literature movement. He participated in the work of New Youth magazine around the May 4th Movement and became the leader of the May 4th New Culture Movement.
During the period from 19 18 to 1926, he successively created and published novel collections: Scream, Wandering, Essays, Grave, Hot Wind, Huagai Collection, Continued Huagai Collection, Prose Poetry Collection and Prose Collection. The True Story of Ah Q was published in June192165438+February.
1in August, 926, he was wanted by Beiyang government for supporting Beijing students' patriotic movement, and served as the head of the Chinese Department of Xiamen University. 1927 1 month, went to Guangzhou, the revolutionary center at that time, and served as the academic director of Sun Yat-sen University. 1927 10 arrived in Shanghai and began to live with his student Xu Guangping. 1929, son Zhou Haiying was born. 1930, successively participated in China Freedom Movement League, China Left-wing Writers League and China Civil Rights Protection League, resisting the dictatorship and political persecution of the Kuomintang government. From 1927 to 1936, he created most of the works and a large number of essays in the Collection of Historical Novels, which were included in Ji You, Sanxian, Erxin, Mobilizing from the South to the North, Pseudo-Free Book, Quasi-Romantic Talk and Lace. Lu Xun's life has made great contributions to China's cultural undertakings: he led and supported literary groups such as "The Unknown Society" and "Chaohua Society"; Editor-in-chief of literary periodicals such as National Newspaper Supplement (B), Mangyuan, Yusi, Running, Germination and Translation; Enthusiastic care and active cultivation of young authors; Translate foreign progressive literature and introduce famous paintings and woodcuts at home and abroad; Collect, study and sort out a large number of classical documents, compile A Brief History of Chinese Fiction, Outline of China Literature History, sort out Ji, compile Miscellaneous Notes on Old Books in Huiji County, Gougu Novels, Legends of Tang and Song Dynasties, Notes on Old Novels and so on.
19361kloc-0/9 in the morning, Lu Xun died in Shanghai. Thousands of ordinary people came to see him off, and his coffin was hung with a banner that read "soul of china" (Shen Junru's calligraphy). Buried in Hongqiao International Cemetery.
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Lu Xun's novels are few in number, but they are of great significance. Lu Xun focused on the bottom of society and described the daily life and mental state of these bottom people. This is inseparable from Lu Xun's creative purpose. Lu Xun said: "My materials are mostly taken from the unfortunate people in the morbid society, aiming to expose the suffering of the disease and attract the attention of treatment." How to start a novel with a southern accent and a northern accent? This creative purpose of expressing and improving life made him describe the most common tragic fate of some of the most common people, such as Kong Yiji, Hua Laoshuan, Shan Sisi, Ah Q, Xianglinsao and Ai Gu. These people live at the bottom of society and need sympathy, pity, care and love from people around them most. But in China society at that time, people gave them insults and discrimination, indifference and ruthlessness. Is such a society a normal society? Is this interpersonal relationship reasonable? What saddens us most is that they live in a loveless world and are tortured by life. But they also lack sincere sympathy for each other. They take an indifferent attitude of watching or even appreciating the tragic fate of their own kind, and vent their pent-up resentment when they are oppressed and bullied by bullies weaker than themselves. In Kong Yiji, there are short-sleeved guests who maliciously ridicule Kong Yiji; In The True Story of Ah Q, others bullied Ah Q, and Ah Q bullied a little nun who was weaker than himself. In Blessing, villagers in Luzhen appreciate Sister Xianglin's tragedy as an interesting story ... All this makes people feel a chill. Lu Xun's attitude towards them is "mourn their misfortune and anger their indisputable". Lu Xun loves them, but he wants them to realize that they can be self-reliant, independent and self-reliant.
In addition to the social figures at the bottom, Lu Xun also created some newly awakened intellectuals. These intellectuals have a need for progress, a good desire to improve society, sincere feelings for others and themselves, and sincere love, but the society at that time could not tolerate them. "Madman" cursed cannibalism, hoping that everyone would become a "non-cannibal" and a "real person". People around him regarded him as a madman and wanted to get rid of him quickly (Diary of a Madman). Yu Xia died for society. Tea drinkers called him a "madman", while Hua Laoshuan cured his son's illness (medicine) with his blood. Wei cared about China society, but society persecuted him. When he stopped caring about China society, people around him came to curry favor with him (the lonely man). Lu in On the Restaurant, Zi Jun and Juan Sheng in Mourning for the Past all pursued and struggled for the society and themselves, but in the stagnant and backward society of China, they all experienced a tragic fate.
Lu Xun has an abhorrent attitude towards powerful people and hypocrites. Ding in Kong Yiji, Grandpa Zhao in The True Story of Ah Q, Master Lu Si in Blessing, Guo Laowa in The Ever-burning Lamp, and the seven great men in Divorce are all such powerful figures. They are very powerful, but they have no sincere concern for the fate of others and no enthusiasm for social progress. They only care about their own power and status, selfish, hypocritical and cold, which hinders the progress and improvement of society. Siming in soap and Gao Li Gao are hypocrites and hypocrites. They claim to care about social morality, but in fact they are all immoral people.
Lu Xun's novels are about the ordinary life of ordinary people, without bizarre stories and fascinating plots, but full of infinite artistic charm. Where does this charm come from? It comes from his detailed description of people and life and his incisive description of people's subtle psychology. There is always a "joy of discovery" when reading Lu Xun's novels. The picture is an ordinary picture and the characters are ordinary people, but in such an ordinary picture and ordinary people, we can always notice the characteristics that we don't usually notice and perceive the psychological activities of people who don't usually notice. It is precisely because of this meticulous description and incisive psychological portrayal that the artistic charm of Lu Xun's novels has become more mellow as time goes by. In youth, we are not deeply involved in the world and have no more personal life experiences. Lu Xun's novels enter our sensory world as a whole, but we can't fully feel how rich the connotation hidden in the characters and pictures we feel. With the increase of our social experience and the deepening of our life experience, the connotation of these characters and pictures will continue to sprout from it. In order to reveal the different meanings of different life scenes and the fate of different characters, the structure of Lu Xun's novels is changeable, with almost one style and one writing style. Diary of a Madman is different from The True Story of Ah Q, Kong Yiji is different from White Light, hometown is different from Blessing, and lonely people are different from Mourning for the Past. Not only the structural style is different, but also the pitch rhythm is different. Kong Yiji is so simple and cold, while Mourning for the Past is so tortuous and profound. Lu Xun's novels are novels and poems, with deep artistic conception, cold outside and hot inside, and the use of national language skills to achieve perfection.
While creating Scream and Wandering, Lu Xun also created a collection of essays, Flowers in the Morning and Flowers in the Evening, and a collection of prose poems, Weeds. The former was published in 1928 and the latter in 1927. If the novels in Scream and Hesitation are Lu Xun's grim portrayal of real social life and are intended to alert the sleeping people, then the prose in Morning Flowers is Lu Xun's warm memories and deep memory of the people and things that nourished his life. When I was a child, Mr. Fujino, the nanny's mother, gave him sincere care in a discriminated environment. Fan Ainong, an old friend with a rough and arrogant life, gave him a "Herbal Garden" full of infinite fun, as well as folk dramas and folk entertainment activities that attracted his curiosity ... All these revealed bright colors and warmth in this sinister world background, which nourished Lu Xun's life. These essays are lyrical, narrative and argumentative, sometimes like a calm harbor, sometimes like a rolling sea, sometimes like a rushing river, and sometimes like a winding stream, which embodies the artistic achievements of Lu Xun's prose creation. Different from the clear and meticulous prose in Morning Flowers and Evening Picks, the prose poetry in Weeds presents an ethereal and fantastic artistic conception. They are like clouds of emotion, spinning and floating in the air, changing into various unexpected shapes. Lu Xun's inner anguish turned into a dream and a transcendental imagination, which made Wild Grass a wonderful flower in China's modernist literature. Lu Xun once said to others, "My philosophy is all in Weeds." Lu Xun's deepest emotional experience and the most mysterious philosophical sentiment are conveyed through this peculiar artistic means. Lu Xun's artistic creativity is amazing.
Lu Xun's essays should first fully reflect his creative spirit and creativity. "Essays" have existed since ancient times, and similar examples can be found in foreign essays. However, only in the modern cultural history of China, in the hands of Lu Xun, did the "essays" show its unique artistic charm and great ideological potential. Lu Xun's essays can be said to be an "epic" of China's modern culture, which not only records the achievements of Lu Xun's life's fighting, but also records the ideological and cultural history of China at that time. When modern intellectuals in China want to create a new culture and new ideas suitable for the modern development of China, they are slandered and attacked by different classes, different figures, different angles and different ways. Lu Xun's essays are naturally formed in this ideological and cultural struggle with no fixed front and no fixed enemies. From the May 4th Movement, Lu Xun began to struggle against various arguments against the new culture in the form of essays, but he was not conscious at that time. Later, some people began to laugh at him as an "essayist", and he became more aware of the power of "essays" and began to consciously engage in essay creation. Lu Xun said that essays are "nerves of induction" and can "react or fight against harmful things immediately", thus opening up a tortuous road for the development of new culture and new ideas in the thorns of old culture and old ideas, so that they can exist, develop and grow. Lu Xun wrote 65,438+in his life, such as Grave, Hot Wind, Collection of Gai Hua, Collection of Continued Covering Flowers, Three Ji Xian, Collection of Two Hearts, Mobilizing the South to the North, Pseudo-Free Book, Quasi-Romantic Talk, Lace Literature, Essays on Cutting Pavilion, There are ruthless revelations, angry accusations, sharp criticisms, bitter satires, witty humor, meticulous analysis, decisive judgment, passionate expression, painful cries, cordial encouragement, enthusiastic praise, brush strokes, flying words and various forms and changes. It freely and boldly expresses the feelings and emotional experiences of modern people, and opens up a broader road for the development of China's prose. The status of Lu Xun's essays in the history of modern literature in China is undeniable.