One day, French mathematician Buffon invited many friends to his home and did an experiment. Buffon spread a big piece of white paper on the table, which was covered with parallel lines with equal distance. He also took out many small needles of equal length, the length of which was half that of parallel lines. Buffon said, "Please feel free to leave these small needles on this piece of white paper!" " The guests did as he said.
Buffon's statistics show that everyone * * * throws 22 12 times, in which the small needle intersects the parallel line on the paper 704 times, and 2210 ≈ 704 ≈ 3.142. Buffon said, "This number is an approximation of π. Every time you get an approximation of pi, the more times you throw it, the more accurate the approximation of pi is. " This is the famous Buffon Experiment.
Mathematical magician
198 1 One day in summer, India held a mental arithmetic competition. The performer is a 37-year-old woman from India. Her name is Shagongtana. On that day, she will compete with an advanced electronic computer with amazing mental arithmetic ability.
The staff wrote a long list of 20/kloc-0 bits, asking to find the 23rd root of this number. As a result, it took Shagongtana only 50 seconds to report the correct answer to the audience. In order to get the same answer, the computer must input 20,000 instructions, and then calculate, which takes much more time than Shagongtana.
This anecdote caused a sensation in the world, and Shagongtana was called a "mathematical magician".
Hua worked until the last day.
Watson was born in Jiangsu. He likes math since he was a child, and he is very clever. 1930, 19-year-old Hua went to Tsinghua University to study. During his four years in Tsinghua, under the guidance of Professor Xiong Qinglai, Hua studied hard and published more than a dozen papers in succession. Later, he was sent to study in Britain and got a doctorate. He studied number theory deeply and got the famous Fahrenheit theorem. He paid special attention to integrating theory with practice and traveled to more than 20 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions to mobilize the masses to apply the optimization method to agricultural production.
The reporter asked him in the interview: "What is your greatest wish?"
Without thinking, he replied, "Work until the last day." On the last day of working hard for science, he really fulfilled his promise.
Seven mathematical problems in 2 1 century
On May 24, 2000, the Clay Institute of Mathematics in the United States announced the results of many mathematicians' selection: each of the seven "Millennium Mathematical Problems" was awarded one million dollars.
Since its publication, Millennium Prize Magazine has had a strong response in the field of mathematics. These problems are all about the basic theory of mathematics, but the solution of these problems will greatly promote the development and application of mathematical theory. Understanding and studying the "Millennium Prize" has become a hot spot in mathematics. Mathematicians in many countries are organizing joint research. It can be expected that the "Millennium Prize Problem" will change the historical process of mathematics development in the new century.
Hua has been struggling in the national disaster all his life. He often says that he has experienced three disasters in his life. Poor from a small family, out of school, seriously ill, and disabled in both legs. During the second disaster in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, it was isolated from the world and lacked reference books. The third disaster was the "Cultural Revolution". His home was searched, his hand was lost, he was forbidden to go to the library, and his assistants and students were assigned to other places. In such a harsh environment, you can imagine how much effort you have to make and how much you have achieved.
As early as 1940s, Hua was one of the leading mathematicians in the field of number theory. But he is not satisfied, he will not stop, he would rather start a new stove, leave number theory and learn algebra and complex analysis that he is not familiar with. How much perseverance and courage are needed!
Hua is good at telling profound truth in vivid language. These words are concise, philosophical and unforgettable. As early as the SO era, he proposed that "genius lies in accumulation, and cleverness lies in diligence". Although Hua is brilliant, he never mentions his own talent. Instead, he regards "diligence" and "accumulation", which are much more important than cleverness, as the key to success, and repeatedly educates young people to learn mathematics so that they can exercise themselves all the time. In the mid-1950s, in response to the problem that some young people in the Institute of Mathematics were complacent after making some achievements, or kept writing papers at the same level, Hua put forward in time: "There must be speed and acceleration." The so-called "speed" means producing results, and the so-called "acceleration" means constantly improving the quality of results. Just after the "Cultural Revolution", some people, especially young people, were influenced by bad social atmosphere, and some departments were eager for success, frequently demanding grades, evaluating bonuses and other practices that were not in line with scientific laws, which led to the corruption of the style of study. Performance for shoddy, fame and fortune, wanton boasting. 1978, he earnestly put forward at the Chengdu conference in chinese mathematical society: "Early publication, late evaluation." Later, it was further put forward: "Efforts are in me, and evaluation is in people." This actually puts forward the objective law of scientific development and scientific work evaluation, that is, scientific work can gradually determine its true value after historical test, which is an objective law that is independent of human subjective will. "
Hua never hides his weaknesses. As long as he can learn, he would rather expose them. When he visited Britain at the age of seventy, he changed the idiom "Don't teach others an axe" to "teach others an axe" to encourage himself. In fact, the previous sentence is that people should hide their shortcomings and not expose them. Did Hua go to college to help others with their expertise, or did he turn lectures into formalism because he didn't specialize in others? Hua chose the former, that is, "wait a minute, and you will arrive at the door." As early as the 1950s, Hua compared mathematics to playing chess in the preface of Introduction to Number Theory, calling on everyone to find a master, that is, to compete with great mathematicians. There is a rule in chess in China, that is, "A gentleman does not regret watching chess without saying a word". 198 1 year, in a speech in Huainan coal mine, Hua pointed out: "Watching chess is not a gentleman, help each other; I regret the gentleman and change my shortcomings. " It means that if you see someone else's work problems, you must speak up. On the other hand, when you find something wrong with yourself, you must correct it. These are "gentlemen" and "husbands". In view of the fact that some people retreat when they encounter difficulties and lack the spirit of sticking to the end, Hua wrote on a banner for Jintan Middle School: "People cannot say that the Yellow River will not die, but I say that the Yellow River will be stronger."
When people get old, their energy will decline, which is a natural law. Hua knows that time waits for no man. 1979 when he was in England, he pointed out: "The village is old and easy to empty, and people are old and easy to disperse. The scientific approach is to abstain from empty and scattered. I am willing to stick to it all my life. " This can also be said to be his "determination book" to fight against his aging with the greatest determination, so as to spur himself. The patient with the second myocardial infarction in Hualuosuo still insisted on working in the hospital. He pointed out: "My philosophy is not to prolong life as much as possible, but to do more work during the day." If you are ill, you should listen to the doctor and have a good rest. But his indomitable spirit is still valuable.
In a word, all of Hua's expositions are permeated with a general spirit, that is, constant struggle and continuous progress.
Zu Chongzhi (429-500) had a grandfather named Zuchang, who was an official in charge of royal architecture in Song Dynasty. Zu Chongzhi grew up in such a family and learned a lot from childhood. People all praise him as a knowledgeable young man. He especially likes studying mathematics, and he also likes studying astronomical calendars. He often observes the movements of the sun and planets and makes detailed records.
When Emperor Xiaowu of Song heard of his fame, he sent him to work in a government office specializing in academic research in Hualin Province. He is not interested in being an official, but he can concentrate more on mathematics and astronomy there.
There have been officials who studied astronomy in all previous dynasties in our country. They made calendars according to the results of astronomical research. By the Song Dynasty, the calendar had made great progress, but Zu Chongzhi thought it was not accurate enough. Based on his long-term observation, he created a new calendar called "Daming Calendar" ("Daming" is the title of Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty). The number of days in each tropical year measured by this calendar (that is, the time between winter and sun in two years) is only 50 seconds different from that measured by modern science; It takes less than one second to measure the number of days for the moon to make one revolution, which shows its accuracy. In 462 AD, Zu Chongzhi requested Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty to issue a new calendar, and Emperor Xiaowu called ministers to discuss it. At that time, Dai Faxing, one of the emperor's minions, stood out against it and thought that it was deviant for Zu Chongzhi to change the ancient calendar without authorization. Zu Chongzhi refuted Defarge on the spot with his own research data. Relying on the emperor's favor, Dai Faxing said arrogantly: "The calendar was formulated by the ancients and cannot be changed by future generations." Zu Chongzhi is not afraid at all. He said very seriously, "If you have a solid basis, argue it out. Don't scare people with empty talk. " Emperor Xiaowu of Song wanted to help Dai Faxing, and found some people who knew the calendar to argue with Zu Chongzhi, but Zu Chongzhi refuted them one by one. However, Emperor Xiaowu of Song still refused to issue a new calendar. It was not until ten years after Zu Chongzhi's death that his Da Ming Li was put into practice.
Although the society was very turbulent at that time, Zu Chongzhi studied science tirelessly. His greater achievement is in mathematics. He once annotated the ancient mathematics book Nine Chapters Arithmetic and wrote a book Composition. His most outstanding contribution is to get quite accurate pi. After a long and arduous study, he calculated pi between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927, becoming the first scientist in the world to calculate pi to more than seven digits.
Zu Chongzhi is a generalist in scientific inventions. He built a kind of compass, and the copper man in the car always pointed south. He also built a "Thousand-Li Ship" and tried it in Xinting River (now southwest of Nanjing). It can sail 100 Li a day. He also used hydraulic power to rotate the stone mill, pounding rice and grinding millet, which was called "water hammer mill".
In Zu Chongzhi's later years, Xiao Daocheng, who mastered the Song Guards, wiped out the Song Dynasty.
During the Northern Song Dynasty in China, there was an outstanding scientist who read widely. He was Shen Kuo (103 1 ~ 1095).
Shen Kuo, Chinese character, was born in Qiantang, Zhejiang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) in the ninth year of Tiansheng in Song Renzong (A.D. 103 1). His father Shen Zhou worked as a local official in Quanzhou, Kaifeng and Jiangning. Mother Xu Shi is a well-educated woman.
Shen Kuo studied hard since childhood. Under the guidance of his mother, he finished reading at home at the age of fourteen. Later, he followed his father to Quanzhou, Fujian, Runzhou, Jiangsu (now Zhenjiang), Jianzhou, Sichuan (now Jianyang) and Kaifeng, the capital of China. He had the opportunity to get in touch with the society, understand the life and production of the people at that time, increase his knowledge and show his superhuman intelligence.
Shen Kuo is proficient in astronomy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, agriculture and medicine; He is also an outstanding engineer, excellent strategist, diplomat and politician. At the same time, he is knowledgeable, good at writing and proficient in other people's calendars, music, medicine, divination and so on. Meng Qian Bi Tan, written in his later years, recorded in detail the outstanding contributions of working people in science and technology and their own research results, reflecting the brilliant achievements of natural science in ancient China, especially in the Northern Song Dynasty. Meng Qian's pen talk is not only an academic treasure house in ancient China, but also occupies an important position in the history of world culture.
Japanese mathematician Kazuo Sanshi once said: People like Shen Kuo can't be found in the history of mathematics all over the world. Only China has such people. Dr Joseph Needham, a famous British expert on the history of science, said that Shen Kuo's Meng Xi Talk is the coordinate of the history of Chinese science.
Gauss is a German mathematician, astronomer and physicist. He is regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians in history, as well as Archimedes and Newton.
Gauss 1977 was born in a craftsman's family in Brunswick on April 30th, and 1955 died in G? ttingen on February 23rd. When I was a child, my family was poor, but I was extremely smart. I was educated by a noble. From 1795 to 1798, I studied at the University of G? ttingen, and 1798 transferred to Helmstadter University. The following year, he received his doctorate for proving the basic theorem of algebra. From 1807, he served as a professor at the University of G? ttingen and director of the G? ttingen Observatory until his death.
Gauss's achievements cover all fields of mathematics, and he has made pioneering contributions in number theory, non-Euclidean geometry, differential geometry, hypergeometric series, complex variable function theory, elliptic function theory and so on. He attached great importance to the application of mathematics, and emphasized the use of mathematical methods in the research of astronomy, geodesy and magnetism.