? (1) argument
(1) What is an argument? Argument is the viewpoint to be discussed and expounded in the article, and it is also the viewpoint and proposition to be expressed by the author. When reading an argumentative essay, the first thing is to find, extract and understand the arguments of the article.
(2) There are multiple arguments: an article can have one or more arguments. If there is more than one argument, it is necessary to clarify the central argument. These arguments can be parallel or progressive, but they all obey the central argument of the whole paper.
(3) the position of the argument: the argument of the article can be arranged at the beginning, or at the middle or end of the article. In other words, it can be arranged anywhere in the article. But it is more often at the beginning of the article, and so is the paragraph argument.
(4) Presentation of arguments: Some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we just need to find them out; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences and need to be refined and summarized by readers themselves.
(5) The proposition and establishment of the argument should pay attention to:
① correctness. The persuasiveness of an argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, and the correct reflection of objective things depends on whether the author's position, viewpoint, attitude and method are correct. If the argument itself is incorrect or even a lie, then no matter how it is argued, it can't be convincing. Therefore, the correct argument is the minimum requirement for argumentative writing.
② Significance. What is for and what is against should be very clear, not ambiguous.
3 novelty. Arguments should be as original and profound as possible, and can transcend other people's views. They should not repeat other people's cliches, nor should they be irrelevant and superficial. They should be as novel and unique as possible.
The difference between an argument and a topic:
1, with different definitions. Argument is the author's viewpoint and view on the problem discussed, and the topic is a proposition to be proved. It's just a question or object of discussion. The former is like "profound academic attainments come from diligence", while the latter is like "talking about modesty".
2. Different requirements. The argument should be correct, clear, targeted, in line with objective reality, scientific truth and Marxism-Leninism, with clear views, for or against, unambiguous and clear-cut attitude. The establishment of the topic has no author's views and opinions, and it can be a one-sided wrong understanding or phenomenon.
3. Different forms. Judging from the topic, the presentation of the argument is generally a relatively complete judgment sentence, such as "self-taught candidates should have knowledge of literature and history", and the appearance of the topic is often phrases, such as "thinking and acting", "asking questions" and "talking about bones".
4. Different positions. The position of the argument is flexible, which can be in the title, at the beginning of the article or at the end of the article; The position of the topic is generally at the beginning of the title or text.
(2) arguments
(1) What is an argument? Argument is the material and foundation to prove the argument.
(2) Types of arguments: ① factual materials ② theoretical materials.
(1) As the factual material of the argument, it can be A. Specific cases B. Summarized facts C. Statistical data D. Personal experiences and feelings.
(2) As theoretical materials for argument, it can be A. The classic works and wise sayings of predecessors B. Folk proverbs and sayings C. Scientific axioms, laws and so on.
(3) Requirements for using arguments: ① certainty. We must choose those hard and typical facts. When citing theoretical materials that have been tested by practice as arguments, we must pay attention to the exact meaning of the cited theory itself. ② Typical. The cited examples should be widely representative, representing the general characteristics and properties of such things. (3) the unity of arguments and arguments. The argument is to prove the argument, so the two should be closely related.
? (3) Demonstration
(1) What is argument? Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments. The argument of argumentation is to solve the problem of "what to prove", while argumentation is to solve the problem of "what to prove"
Proof is to solve the problem of "how to demonstrate". The self-purpose of argumentation is to reveal the internal logical relationship between argumentation and argumentation.
(2) Types of argumentative essays: argumentative essays are generally divided into argumentation and refutation.
(1) argument is a way to prove the correctness of the author's own argument with sufficient arguments; (2) Refutation is a way to refute others' wrong arguments with strong arguments. Argumentation and refutation are proofs, one is to prove oneself right from the front, and the other is to prove oneself wrong from the back. They can use basically the same argument method.
(3) Basic argumentation methods: including induction, example, deduction, analogy and comparison.
① induction. Inductive argument is an argument method from individual to general. It draws a general conclusion through many individual examples or arguments, and then summarizes their characteristics. Induction can give examples before drawing a conclusion, or it can put forward a conclusion and prove it with examples. The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call example. Example method is an argument method to prove the argument with individual and typical concrete examples.
② Deductive method. Deductive argument is a kind of argument method from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the relationship between its premise and conclusions is necessary. There are many forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning, but the most important one is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. Such as the major premise that all metals can conduct electricity, iron is the minor premise of metals, and iron can conduct electricity.
③ Comparative method. Comparative argument is an argument method from individual to individual. Usually divided into two categories, one is analogy and the other is comparison. Analogy is a method of comparing different things with the same or similar properties and characteristics in some aspects, so as to draw a conclusion. Contrast is a method to prove an argument by comparing different things whose nature and characteristics are opposite or opposite in some respects.
(4) Refutation method: There are three ways to refute an argument, namely, ① refuting an argument, ② refuting an argument, and ③ refuting an argument. Because argumentative writing is composed of arguments, arguments and arguments, refuting arguments or arguments has the same effect as directly refuting arguments. A rebuttal paper can combine several rebuttal methods to strengthen the strength and persuasiveness of refutation.
(1) Refuting an argument, that is, directly refuting the one-sided, false or fallacy of the other party's argument itself, is the most commonly used method in refuting. (2) refuting the argument, that is, revealing the mistakes of the other party's argument, in order to achieve the purpose of knocking down the other party's argument; Because the wrong argument will inevitably lead to the wrong argument. (3) Refuting the argument, that is, exposing the logical errors of the other party in the process of argument, such as the contradiction between major premise, minor premise and conclusion, the contradiction between the other party's arguments, the contradiction between arguments and so on.
Argumentative writing order (steps):
1. Suggested title: Including the key contents in the materials-concepts and their relationships.
The titles are argumentative topics (only concepts without arguments, such as "xx, xxx") and argumentative topics (including concepts and their own opinions).
2. Beginning: Lead to the topic: some through celebrity quotations, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes. If the material is concise enough, you can copy it. In short, it should be related to the material and the point of view you discussed, and supplement the argument. The function is generally to put forward the central argument, always lead the full text, concise and to the point, 100-200 words.
3. Demonstration part: thinking: what, why, what to do/ask questions, analyze and solve problems.
1, that is, what concept are you demonstrating? Different personal understanding means different meanings, which are different at all times and in all countries. You must have a deeper meaning on the basis of superficial meaning. If the concept has concrete symbolic meaning, it needs to be restored. The restored ontology is your understanding, including your understanding of the world, the whole society, the relationship between people, human nature, culture, philosophy and so on.
2. Why are the reasons for the problems that have been raised, including social reasons, human reasons and so on. Plus celebrity quotes, celebrity cases, and of course metaphorical arguments (vivid images);
This part is the subject, which is preferably progressive and logical: from the outside to the inside, from the phenomenon to the essence, from the small to the big, from the individual to the big (the whole society and mankind);
3. Solving the problem is the last part. Personally, I think how to do this part reflects your level, that is, you usually want to read the works of excellent writers. Don't make a fuss if you can't figure it out. You can make a fuss about supplementary theory.
Note: In the process of in-depth argument, don't forget to add some related words to make your argument logical.
4. Supplement: It is to supplement the defects of your argument and start from the opposite side-is the opposite side of your argument necessarily wrong? Is your opinion really completely correct? Because according to dialectical materialism, everything has its two sides, and only one thing stands out under the conditions or circumstances you consider. Again, if you can make up a little, make up a little, don't force it. Or you can look back at all kinds of drawbacks in today's real life, analyze the reasons and make a phone call.
5. Conclusion: Repeat and deepen the central argument, issue a call and exhort mankind, and supplement it to make the argument more rigorous. You can use famous sayings or adaptations to play a humorous and fresh personal style, which is concise, clear-cut, focused, ambitious, not retarded, implicit and meaningful, and makes people think deeply.