Legalist thought is the foundation and important part of Buddhist ethics, which also contains knowledge and wisdom, and prestige is the external expression of legalist ethical thought.
Paper Keywords: Buddhism; Legal ethics thought; An impressive and solemn way.
First, the basic meaning of Buddhist legal ethics
What do we usually say? Law? It can be an essential and inevitable connection between things, or it can be said to be a basic law and norm, which runs through all things in the universe. Therefore, it is very important and essential for anything, no matter from which aspect. Everything in the universe, from the movement of celestial bodies to the reproduction of birds, animals, insects and fish, to the growth of plants and flowers, can be said to be the result of the existence of a natural law. As far as human beings are concerned, as big as society and country, as small as race and group, it is also the result of a tangible or intangible law's restraint and normative role, so as to exist, continue and even develop. It can be seen that no matter what is in the universe or all sentient beings, if they don't follow certain laws and regulations to regulate and restrict them, they can't exist, let alone reproduce and develop. This method, embodied in Buddhism, is a precept that regulates and restricts the life of monks and even all their activities. It is precisely because of this norm and constraint that Buddhism adapts to the precepts of the Buddhist group, the Buddhist group can be maintained and existed, and the Buddhist species can be continued and developed. It can be seen that Sakyamuni Buddha's formulation of precepts to protect monks has something in common with the existence and operation of the universe and has a great relationship with the harmony of all beings.
Sakyamuni once said that the past three Buddhas, the corpse Buddha, the corpse Buddha and the floating Buddha, only focused on the enlightenment of being tired of leaving this world, failed to explain it widely and universally to disciples, did not set up a learning place (precept) for disciples, and did not immediately talk about Borotti Mu Cha. In this way, after the death of the Buddha and his great disciple Nizan, the Sanskrit of his disciples will decrease rapidly and they will not be able to stay long. Therefore, the Sanskrit of the first three Buddhas has not been handed down and has been handed down for a long time. Then, Three Buddhas, Sun Buddhas, Muni Buddhas and Kaya Buddhas were widely talked about. They set up a study office for their disciples and said Mu Cha. Therefore, although they passed away, due to the norms and constraints of the law, the Sanskrit of each disciple will not disappear. It can be seen that rituals are closely related to the existence of Buddhism in the world, and the long-term existence of Buddhism is based on the formulation of commandments to protect monks.
In Buddhism? Law? A word refers to the rules of body, mouth and mind (action, thought). The activities of body and mouth are horology as body language, and the mind is brain industry. But Buddhism believes that body language movements are caused by the command of the heart. Visible. Thought plays a leading role in the movement of the body and mouth. Therefore, the purpose of Sakyamuni's law-making is not only to control, but also to unify everyone's thoughts, that is, to restrict and standardize people's body language activities.
There are many concepts related to law in Buddhism, and they all explain the idea of Buddhist law from different angles and sides. Just because? Law? The meaning of "Nanshan Dharma" can best express the Buddhist thought and spirit about law. Law? To name it.
In terms of Sanskrit transliteration, there are mainly the following concepts about law in Buddhism:
1, Pini: also translated as Bi Naje, Nasay, etc. , are based on the difference between Sanskrit light and heavy sounds. The corresponding meaning is law. Its basic meanings are as follows:
(1) law or extinction: law is named after religion, and its basic meaning is law, while the basic meaning of law is crime and non-crime, in which crime includes lightness and heaviness. The differences between lightness and heaviness include causality, missing edges and open systems. Extinction means abstinence can destroy all evil laws.
(2) Good governance: Good precepts can cure all diseases and eliminate all evils. Because according to the Buddhist point of view, all sentient beings are The six great divisions in the wheel of karma, which causes chaos and great pain, because there is no discipline as their dam. On the contrary, if there are cool commandments to control the body and mind, then all troubles will not happen, and life and death will be avoided.
2. Bramati Mu Cha: Also translated as Borodi Mu Cha and Boradi Mu Cha. China? A ring? The meaning of is similar to it. It mainly has the following meanings:
(1) Don't get rid of: it refers to the external behavior that depends on physical precepts (killing, stealing, fornication) and verbal precepts (lying, swearing, strange words), which is different from the precepts aimed at mind or spirit (specifying * * * precepts and Tao * * * precepts), hence the name. Don't be idle, okay? .
(2) Freedom everywhere: This can be analyzed from two aspects. On the one hand, I have stopped working in the near future, and I can get rid of each other in an ordinary place and in a position step by step. On the far side, its purpose is to get rid of chaos and be in the position of the Holy Road, especially in the position of fruit. Its purpose is to break the chaos.
In addition, the word also refers to the precept book (precept book), which reads out various provisions in front of monks on the day of Busa (once every half month) so that monks can repent.
3. Corpse Luo: also translated as Corpse Luo, has the following meanings:
(1) ring:? The dead Luo turned into a ring this time. ? (Volume 1) The commandments here are named after sex, including good, evil and forgetfulness. Its basic meaning is prohibition and vigilance. Good precepts can prevent non-evil, and instigate three industries to cultivate good.
(2) coolness: evil can make the body and mind hot, and abstinence can make the body and mind comfortable, so it is called coolness.
4. Youpo Ricardo Roberto Barreto da Rocha: Also translated as Youpolo Confession, which means law. However, there are some differences between Fa and Pi Naje, and this name is rarely used in Confucian classic theory. For example, the law set can also be called? Pine Iezzo? , but not? Youpo Luocha Cang? This statement.
Although the names of the above four Sanskrit transliteration (only three are more common) will be different, in fact, the basic meaning is the same, and they can all be called? Law? Or? Commandments? . The following analysis of legal thought is mainly carried out in this sense.
Second, the internal spirit of Buddhist jurisprudence
As we all know, there are many sects of Buddhism, and there are great differences among them, but there are also similarities. In the teaching methods of various sects, we can control them by context, action and effect; In the working methods of various sects, everything can be contained in the order of words and deeds, determination and wisdom. From this we can see the importance of abstinence and wisdom in Buddhism. This is as Master Daoan said:? There are three reasons for the Buddha's teaching method: first, discipline; second, meditation; third, wisdom; third, humanity; and fourth, mud. ?
We have explained the basic meaning of subject thought in detail. As for the meeting, its simple definition is as follows: it is defined as six major elements involved in the environment; Wisdom is empty in the mind, but it can see everything. In addition, some sects add this item to the three studies of abstinence and wisdom in judging whether they really practice, and become body, abstinence, stability and wisdom. As far as the order and method of practice are concerned, this is indeed reasonable. In fact, according to Buddhism, the second order of various laws is born of the mind. The same is true in this respect, because you observe the body and keep the precepts, because you keep the precepts, you are born, and because of meditation, you produce wisdom. Originally, the body was composed of four elements (fire, water and wind) and five elements (color, thought, action and knowledge). But ordinary people cling to me and what I do, which leads to endless confusion, so they are greedy for life and death and can never be freed. Abstinence and wisdom are the supreme ways to make people escape from this kind of suffering and get rid of it. In short, because of the strictness of abstinence, the mind is not moved by the realm of five desires, so it is repaired. Leave desire through modification, and become wise through modification. With wisdom, you can conquer your inner troubles and get rid of suffering.
Specifically, first of all, fixed learning and intelligent learning can be unified in subject learning. For example, the names of the commandments listed in Sapodupini Piposha are the precepts of Boroti Mu Cha, the precepts of Zen Buddhism and the precepts without omission; It is called "separation from the law" and "quiet thinking and living the law" in "All Houses", and there is no omission. In fact, meditation is learning, and learning without leaking is wisdom. But how are they usually called commandments? The reason is that when you enter meditation, the three industries can naturally adjust the good, so you can't do evil. If you have proved that you have no wisdom, you will naturally not break all the commandments. Therefore, they are called * * * talisman and * * * talisman respectively. The theory of increasing precept, mind and wisdom mentioned in the four-point method refers to the theory that can unify the rules and wisdom in the theory of precept.
However, Borotti's Mu Cha commandment is different from the two commandments of Zen, which can be fully explained from the following aspects: First, in terms of time, Mu Cha's commandment is very rare because it was born in Buddha. The precepts of * * * and Tao * * * can be obtained through meditation and Taoism even before the Buddha is born, so they are common. Second, from the environmental point of view, Mu Cha forbade love and affection, and forbade harboring crimes. From this point of view, it is more extensive and therefore superior. However, an exhaustive Zen precept is only empathy, not impersonality, and can only prohibit sexual evil. In terms of scope, they are narrow, so they are not as good as Mu Cha's commandments. Thirdly, from the perspective of mind, Mu Cha's abstinence can be the cause of Buddhism and Taoism. However, all-inclusive Zen comes not from kindness, but from meditation and wisdom. It can only be selfish, not altruistic, in order to win people's hearts. Fourthly, from the functional point of view, Mu has two advantages compared with the precepts of Zen Buddhism: First, there are a large number of sentient beings, which can be compared with the seven people. Second, if the abbot of Mu Cha wins (works hard), he can continue to multiply it by three times. For these two points, Zen is inferior to Mu Cha. 5. From the human point of view, only Buddhist disciples can have Woodenhead's precepts, even if they are heretics, they can get colorless and fixed Zen precepts. Besides,? Borotti's Mu Cha commandment is obtained from teaching; Zen has no precepts, but learning without teaching. ? (Volume 1) Therefore,? My husband can maintain Buddhism with many scholars all over the world, and take the results of Buddhism for three times, continuously, taking Borotti Mu Cha as the foundation, and there is no omission or discipline in Zen. (Volume I)
As can be seen from the above analysis, from the broad sense of law, determination and wisdom, that is, Zen has no leakage, determination and precept can all be called precepts. In a narrow sense, only Borotti Mu Cha can call it a discipline. Moreover, Brahman is the root, which comes from the pro-teaching of Buddha. Zen without leakage is not fundamental, and heretics can also be * * *. In addition, although it is necessary to rely on wisdom to get rid of troubles and get rid of life and death, this leak-free wisdom can only happen on a fixed basis. So, set? This is a convenient way to practice the concept of wisdom. Without positive definite, wisdom cannot be cultivated. Like a deep, seamless quiet room, light a candle, and then the light can be bright and powerful, breaking the darkness. This metaphor shows that by? Settings? From where? Hui? , is the true wisdom, can really get rid of troubles. If it is a candle in the wind, swaying, then its power to break the darkness will certainly not be strong. This proves that wisdom is weak and can't get rid of troubles. Therefore, to cultivate wisdom, we must study first.
However, there is a difference between positive definite and negative definite. If you want to practice positive definite, you must rely on the net ring. If there is no net precept, it is not easy to get it? Settings? Even if you get it? Settings? , it will definitely become evil. According to Buddhism, evil must be an obstacle to liberation and nirvana. People who practice regularly should pay special attention to this. Therefore, in order to get positive definite, we must strictly abide by the net precept. The precept is an effective way to prevent the seven branches of the body and mouth from breaking the law, and it is the decisive factor for winning. So? When pure precept, meditation and wisdom merit occur, the law is the cause and the Tao is the result. ? (Volume 1) Wisdom is born by observing precepts, which is a universal causal relationship.
In a word, only by strictly observing the net precepts can we learn and be smart. Therefore, abstinence from learning comes first, and learning wisdom comes second. Is this what Master Daoan said? When you become a monk at home, you must always use this as your base address. "} It can be seen that the relationship between precepts and wisdom is: first keep clean precepts, and then you will gain wisdom. Just like alchemy. Refine the rough scale first, and then refine the real gold. Abstinence and wisdom are in the same order.
Third, the external performance of Buddhist jurisprudence.
Through the above analysis of commandments, we can see that the rules contained in body language and mind are commandments. And the behavior that conforms to this law is dignity. Dignity should be revealed from the law, and the law should be expressed through dignity. If a person can strictly abide by the law, then he will certainly have dignity; If his dignity is not lacking, then his morality is complete; When the moral precepts are completed, you can achieve noble aspirations.
Body and mouth are both expressions of form and harmony, and the demeanor shown, if appropriate, is dignity. However, the posture of body shape, the wording of words and the dignity shown externally must be based on inner self-cultivation. So keep your body, mouth and heart clean, and everything is in line with the rules, and then behave. Smile, smile, there is a degree. When the inner virtue is exposed, it can become an example for others and make people admire it. This is dignity, also known as behavior. However, intangible moral principles must be filled in the heart, and tangible moral behavior is obvious on the outside, in order to become a prestige. Just like that, right? What's inside, what's outside, what's in your heart and what's in your words? The reason is the same.
Anyone who knows a little about Buddhism knows that the whole truth of Buddhism is really a very subtle and vast knowledge. There are clear-headed and perceptive Confucian classics, as well as the laws of taking care of the mind and acting. This has formed a self-cultivation method of both internal and external cultivation, which presents a form of absolute dignity from the inside out, just like saying: A gentleman who is not heavy is not strong. . Confucius said that? Not heavy? Is that what Sakyamuni said? Not suitable for holidays? . Confucius said again:? See no evil, don't listen to evil, don't talk evil, don't move evil? Is this what Confucianism values? Za？ , that is, Sakyamuni emphasized? Festival? . Therefore, we should strictly observe our dignity and make our behavior suitable for the current festival. In this way, the body language will not be presumptuous, the mind will not be scattered, and it will gradually adapt to meditation. This is from the outside to the inside. In this way, the inside and outside can be inherited and the inside and outside will be consistent. Neither of them can be neglected, nor can they be neglected. The ultimate goal of Sakyamuni's law-making is here.
Therefore, discipline is dignity and dignity is discipline. The two must be the same and can be used for each other. It is really not possible to respect sexual tools and rebuild morality. Because sex doesn't happen without practice, and it can be done through practice. Are those who turn bad feelings into good virtues those who show their sexual virtues in Xiu De? That's what I said.
Now, let's make a metaphor to illustrate this truth: cultivating moral character is like reading, and reading is like grinding jade and metallurgy. Jade must be polished before it appears; Gold must be forged to be pure. If you don't ponder, jade and stone can't be separated; Without forging, gold and sand are mixed together. Only after pondering can there be beautiful jade; There is pure gold after forging. This is a required course for grinding jade and metallurgy. The same is true of learning, as the saying goes? Jade is not cut, not a tool; Unless you learn, you will become an animal. ? That's the truth. Now, if you want to be a saint in all walks of life and treat people with ill feelings, you must practice the precepts like grinding jade, metallurgy and reading, so that you can obtain supreme bodhi.
In the eyes of Buddhists, originally, all beings have the virtue of nature, but their nature cannot be revealed because they are covered by miscellaneous feelings. Therefore, if we want to show virtue, we must correct bad feelings. Just like minerals and stones, there are gold and jade hidden, which need forging and pondering before they can be revealed. When practicing Buddhism and Taoism, this manifestation depends on dharma. Because you have statutes, you can practice body, language and mind, and you have all the good things; Conquer all evil, so as to eliminate all evil. Moreover, curing evil can produce good, and conversely, good life can also cure evil. Law can produce good and cure evil. In this way, both positive altruism and negative egoism can be fully displayed.
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