1. Generally speaking, the view that "aggression is meritorious" is wrong and one-sided. This is because: (1) judging from the colonial invasion process of western powers, it did bring advanced ideas, culture, science and technology, management system and other so-called "civilized" things, but they were all by-products and accessories, and their main purpose was aggression, so they had to do so in order to realize aggression. (2) Judging from the purpose and result of the invasion by foreign powers, the purpose of the invasion is to colonize China and develop its own capitalism, not China's capitalism. Judging from the results, compared with today's civilization standards, the invasion of western powers did not bring China material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization. (Can be discussed) (3) Judging from the anti-aggression war of the people of China, if the western colonial aggression brought civilization to China, why should we resist it? Is it a boycott of civilization? Shouldn't we resist? Judging from the value of modern sovereignty and human rights, this cannot be said. Historically, some countries invaded by colonialism are still poor and backward, or developing countries, and most of them have not achieved modernization. Such as China, Indian and some African countries. (Examples can be given)

The essence of colonial aggression: turning China into a colony brought disaster, poverty and backwardness to modern China. Western colonial aggression is one of the important reasons for poverty and backwardness in modern China.

2. What are the root causes and lessons of China's failure in recent anti-aggression wars? There are two main reasons for the failure of China's modern anti-aggression struggle:

(1) Corruption in the social system. Mainly manifested in: feudal rulers did not understand the general trend of the world and did not know how to defend the enemy; Officials are corrupt, their salaries are deducted, and generals are afraid of death and run away when they get cold feet; Fear of invaders and betray the interests of the country and the nation for personal interests; Fear the people, suppress and undermine the anti-aggression struggle of the people and patriotic officers and soldiers.

(2) Economic and technological backwardness. Mainly manifested in: weapons and equipment are backward, the quality and combat effectiveness of the army are far lower than those of the invaders, and the comprehensive strength is far from the same.

The corruption of the social system is the more fundamental reason. It is precisely because of the corruption of the social system that the backward economic and technological situation has not been changed for a long time.

The lesson is 1. Adhere to the socialist road and vigorously develop social productive forces.

2.

The Westernization Movement has historical limitations, mainly manifested in its feudalism, external dependence and decadent management of Westernization enterprises. Because of this, the Westernization Movement could not find a way for China to get rid of poverty and weakness, nor could it avoid the fate of ultimate failure.

3. Limitations of the Boxer Rebellion: Because China people's understanding of imperialism is still in the perceptual stage, the Boxer Rebellion has common xenophobic mistakes; Due to the limitations of small-scale production, there are many superstitious and backward tendencies.

4. Lessons from the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898: (1) The failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 exposed the weakness of the national bourgeoisie, and at the same time showed that in semi-colonial and semi-feudal old China, it was simply not feasible to try to take the top-down road of improvement through the rulers. (2) To strive for national independence, democracy and prosperity, we must overthrow the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social system under the joint rule of imperialism and feudalism by revolutionary means.