When copying a paper, it also includes an abstract, because the abstract is a part of the paper and plays the role of opening the whole paper. When writing an abstract, try to write it in your own way to avoid repetition. If there are a large number of quotations in the abstract, you must use the quotation format correctly to pass the test.

The abstract of the paper should be concise and to the point, and avoid being lengthy. Don't use some phrases, jargon and technical terms, which will make it difficult for readers to read and understand. Don't insert some pictures and charts in any form, which will make the summary look long and messy.

Classification of abstract:

1, indicative abstract: The writing of the abstract mainly introduces the research object, purpose, methods and main conclusions, but does not give specific results. Indicative abstracts are suitable for documents with many topics, complex contents and long length.

2. Introduction summary: a short article that explains and summarizes the contents of the paper, and perfects and condenses it. Guidance is applicable to academic papers with a unified theme, and is generally used for papers published in academic journals.

3. Reporting-indicative abstract: The combination of reporting abstract and indicative abstract not only reports the most valuable information in the paper, but also summarizes the research results of the paper. Concise, to the point, leading the whole paper. Most papers published in academic journals adopt this abstract form.