Reasonable layout. Make the architecture logical
Writing for the first time is self-conception, but the meaning is innate, but it should be like peeling cocoons and reeling silk, exploring the secluded places in sequence and relying on a haircut. It is by no means rambling, nor is it a mess. Therefore, mastering the skills of rational layout is the first essence of the training of argumentative writing thinking ability.
The layout of an argumentative paper involves the overall layout and the text layout, and the overall layout is the structure of the whole article. Its basic model is generally "summary-analysis-induction" type: this is obvious and needless to say. The main layout is the "analysis" part in the middle of the article, which is the author's well-founded and orderly argument around the central argument. First of all, it involves the angle of argument.
There are usually three arguments: what, why and how. "What is it" focuses on explaining the connotation and significance of the central argument. The college entrance examination composition often takes this angle not to explain the connotation of the concept, but to clarify the significance of the argument. For example, according to the composition materials of 20 10 national volume 1, there is an excellent work in the examination room like this:
Even if there are fish to eat, it is a responsibility to mention mice.
Even if there are fish to eat, it is a state to catch mice.
Even if there are fish to eat, it is a character to catch mice.
These three arguments seem to be defined in the form of language, but they are actually expounding the practical significance of "catching mice even if there are fish to eat (stick to your post and do your duty)"
"Why" aims to reveal the causal relationship between the central argument and the sub-argument: for example, to demonstrate with the central argument that "persistence can achieve career and sublimate morality", it can be demonstrated from the following three aspects: ① persistence is a kind of persistence, which turns despair into hope; ② Persistence is a kind of belief, which ennobles the ordinary; Persistence is a responsibility, which makes the ordinary great. These three sub-arguments are all born from the perspective of "why". If you don't believe them, you just need to add "because" before the three sub-arguments and "so" before the central argument, and then read it again. By the way, when demonstrating every argument, there should also be a causal connection between arguments.
As for "how", it is from the perspective of methods. For example, after demonstrating that "persistence is very important", we will discuss "how to persist", which not only leads the discussion to a deeper level, but also makes the logical connection of the full text more rigorous. However, as an exam composition, the discussion from this angle is generally only carried out at the end of the article, and it is not fully developed.
After understanding the angle of argument development, we need to understand the mode of argument development, that is, the form of argument presentation. Generally speaking, there are three types: parallel type, progressive type and contrast type. The directions of parallel arguments are all at the same level and do not cross each other, such as the above three arguments about "persistence". Step by step, that is, the connotation of the argument is deeply rooted in people's hearts step by step, such as the three levels of "responsibility, realm and character" on the topic of "catching mice even if there are fish to eat". Contrastive type, that is, starting from the positive and negative aspects of the topic, draws a conclusion through comparative argumentation. Its advantages are simple structure and full demonstration. The simplest contrast is that after putting forward the viewpoint, one section demonstrates the viewpoint from the positive side, the other section demonstrates the viewpoint from the negative side, and finally draws a conclusion.
If the argumentative paper has such a detailed layout from the whole to the part, it will definitely set up a logical framework.
Dichroic attachment makes the argument rational
With the logical framework and appropriate arguments, it is necessary to use certain bonding skills to make it a whole. There are four main methods.
1 viewpoint+transition+case+analysis
The most important thing in this step is "transition" and "analysis". The so-called "transition" is to connect ideas with examples with appropriate words, thus connecting the literary atmosphere and making ideas and materials unimpeded in language form. The so-called "analysis" means that after the case is described, it is necessary to make appropriate analysis and comments on the case, point out its essential characteristics, and link the case with the argument in content. For example:
Knowing the goal, you can find the direction of life. The goal is the individual's psychological judgment of his own behavior scale; Without a goal, the understanding of everything cannot be transformed into a vector in the heart. Gou Jian was determined to avenge his death, and his tongue touched his courage. When I met the salary, I became a standard. I went to more than 3,000 armor and swallowed Wu. Han Xin is determined to be a general. Neither the ridicule of the teenagers in the alley nor the snub of the big fellow Tian Zi can erode his goal. In the end, he will send millions of soldiers to break the city thousands of miles away. A short-sighted person's understanding of "goal" is just a mandatory concept such as "task" and "deadline"; However, the real goal is a guide that is difficult to quantify.
There are four sentences in this passage. The first sentence is an argument, and the third sentence is two examples. The second and fourth sentences are "transition" and "analysis" respectively. It is because of these two sentences that opinions and examples stick together.
2 viewpoint+transition+demonstration+analysis+induction
This attachment method is to add an "induction" to the first one. The so-called induction is to extract the inevitable from multiple examples. Since it is necessary to extract from multiple examples, the "argument" part should be two or more. For example:
With an unshakable goal in mind, you will appear calm and firm when you move forward. Without persistence and persistence, any goal is just a mirage. Liu bang painted the mountains and rivers of the big fellow in his heart, so he fled calmly at the Hongmen banquet; Su Wu painted his motherland in the Central Plains, so he accepted it. Su Shi's goal is to seek happiness for the people, so he goes boating in Chibi and sings calmly. Pu Songling's goal is to pierce the darkness of the world, so he calmly writes fox ghosts. It is precisely because they have unshakable goals in their hearts that they will be calm and firm in the face of twists and turns and resistance.
This article has four sentences. The first sentence is to demonstrate, the second sentence is to make a transition, and the third sentence lists four examples. Every example is followed by an analysis to point out the similarities between * * * *, and the fourth sentence is to summarize the similarities between * * * *. The induction of this sentence (really "reasonable") greatly strengthens the power of argument.
3 Universal truth+individual truth is "deductive reasoning". The previous analysis and induction are from individual to general, and deductive reasoning is from general to individual. A method of proving a special argument with universal truth (argument). For example:
High-rise buildings have sprung up, but as we all know, high-rise buildings can only be built on a solid foundation; High-rise buildings cannot be built on sand, which shows how important it is to lay a good foundation and do a good job. Da? At first, Finch's teacher didn't teach him to create anything, but asked him to draw eggs. In fact, he is required to strictly observe the image with his eyes, accurately describe the image with his hands, and his hands and eyes are consistent, so that no matter what he draws, he can be handy. Is it because of da? After strict basic training, Finch finally created many immortal paintings and became a master.
This article consists of three sentences. The first sentence uses a metaphor, which leads to a general truth (argument): to do a good job, you must lay a good foundation. In deductive reasoning, this is called the major premise. What is the second sentence? Finch had a strict training under the guidance of the teacher, which is the so-called minor premise. The third sentence naturally draws the conclusion: Da? Finch owes his artistic achievements to his strict training. Such logical reasoning is convincing.
The three inferences are wonderful and make the discussion interesting.
Argumentative papers must be discussed, so as to see ideas in the debate and make sense in the argument. Therefore, one of the most effective ways to train thinking ability in argumentative writing is to make one or two subtle comments on the key points of the article. If this argument is just right, it has both the beauty of making the finishing point and the beauty of reason and interest.
So, how to discuss it? Objection to the elevator. After the pros and cons, if summarized in symmetrical sentences, the article will be sharp and interesting. For example, after discussing the proposition of "fear life", it was followed by a sentence: "Respect for life inspires us to live hard, and it will become eternal in a short time; The fear of life tells us that all things are created equal and life can enjoy dignity. "
The combination of reality and reality. The rationality of the article is "virtual" in the final analysis, so where is the "real"? In narrative, argumentative and visual description of prose. If there is a narrative that does not reveal the theme, there is no need to generalize the argument, and there is no description of philosophical sublimation, then narrative, argument and description are like stragglers and scattered sand. Therefore, the rational light of the article must shine between vivid narration, concrete arguments and image description. We should be able to analyze problems from the outside to the inside, from here to there, from point to surface. For example:
I ask you: "A drop of water, are you happy?" If you think that a drop of water expands your chest and becomes a part of the ocean, you say that he is happy; But if you think a drop of water will live in the roaring waves for a long time, you say it is unhappy.
Schopenhauer said: "The thing itself is unchangeable, and what changes it is people's views on things." The "view" here is thought; Thought is the source of happiness, but not all spring is happy. Because there is something wrong with the way of thinking, it may be more painful to remember. Do you remember worrying about the sky? Remember those Greek sages who got into wooden barrels and basked in the sun? They have been thinking, but they have been unhappy. Today, when we talk about "alarmism" and "cynicism" again, we should be alert: if we go the wrong way, we will enter a happy cemetery. First of all, the article reveals the importance of thinking mode by describing two states of a drop of water. Then, through two examples of "worrying about the sky" and "cynicism", the decisive role of thinking mode on happiness is directly and vividly revealed: "Take a wrong turn and you will enter the cemetery of happiness." As soon as this was said, the interest of the article was revealed. Specific analytical formula. The reason interest of the article is not generated out of thin air, but revealed in the analysis of specific materials. Therefore, the ability to analyze a material in many aspects itself makes the article have the beauty of reason and interest. For example:
Ancient poets in China wrote countless beautiful poems about the moon. Wang Wei said: "There is moonlight in the pine forest and crystal stone in the stream." Zhang Jishi says, "On a frosty night, Jiang Feng is worried about fishing and sleeping." Li Bai's poem: "Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he likes, and don't point his golden cup at the moon!" Su Shi's words: "When will there be a bright moon? Ask the sky for wine. " Why is the same moon, where different poets are, leisurely or sad? It turns out that this is caused by Wang Wei's ease, Zhang Ji's frustration and Li Bai's wild and broad-minded. Poets have different feelings and understandings about the same moon. In fact, feeling is a basic point of understanding things here. In Li Qingzhao, a poetess who is thinner than Huanghua, life is stable and husband and wife live in harmony, which leads to "returning to the boat at night, fighting for crossing, fighting for crossing, and starting a beach of gulls and herons". However, the vicissitudes of life have made her suffer from displacement and lost her husband's hatred. The ship has "not much to bear". The former's ship is the carrier of happiness, while the latter's ship has become the sustenance of sadness and pain. Did the ship change? No, things don't change, feelings change, things change. The argument to be discussed in this passage is that "the depth of understanding things has a great relationship with one's feelings." Firstly, the author analyzes the truth that "emotion is the basic point of understanding things" from a static perspective through different "moons" in the eyes of different poets, and then further analyzes the truth that "things change at any time" from a dynamic perspective with different "boats" in the eyes of the same poet. Detailed analysis like this is not only brilliant in literary talent, but also interesting in theory.
In a word, training students' thinking ability in argumentative writing must not be generalized, but from the whole to the part, from the content to the form.