(A) theoretical guidance

1, go

There are more than one way to start an argumentative essay, but the cheapest way to start an argumentative essay is to write an argumentative essay, and the best way to start an argumentative essay is to get straight to the point, and the most direct way to get straight to the point is to construct the opening mode of "introduction-evaluation-viewpoint". The number of words should be controlled between 50- 150.

"Material introduction" link:

Simply quoting the material at the beginning can better prevent the phenomenon of digression and digression in writing, and at the same time give the marking teacher a message that my composition is written around the material.

Citation materials are summarized in concise language according to the needs of the central argument after examination, and must reflect the characteristics of "short, flat, fast, precise, accurate and cruel" Among them, the summary focuses on a "clever": the number of words to be summarized should be clever, no more than 80 words at most; Cleverly summarize the content and pay attention to the following basic points:

Conciseness-procrastination will cause disgust (the teacher is familiar with the material). You can quote key sentences or introduce them in your own language. Note: only state, not discuss.

Moderate-close to the topic, selective, clear thinking and complete structure;

Integration-flexible citation of materials, so that the relationship with the article is like salt into water.

"Material Evaluation" link:

Post-citation analysis materials. Materials are generally conceived and written from multiple angles, so we should make a directional analysis of materials around the ideas we are going to draw, so as to make a better transition and connection between materials and ideas. This can further prevent the phenomenon of digression and digression, and also give the marking teacher a message-my opinion is obtained after analyzing the materials, not simply copying them.

After introducing the materials, there should be concise comments on the materials as a bridge to the central point of view. In this way, the conclusion of the viewpoint will not be abrupt, and readers will feel that it is logical and logical to move from the material to the central viewpoint.

"Central Point of View" link:

After quoting the analysis materials, you should clearly put forward (draw) your own views, be clear-cut, highlight key points, and be centralized and unified.

The basic requirements of demonstration:

Deduct materials-the established argument must be based on materials;

Accuracy-argumentation should be based on the central meaning of the material or the main angle and main aspect of the material, not on the non-central meaning, secondary angle and secondary aspect of the material; Need to find the point of convergence between the concept angle and social reality.

Stability-the argument should conform to the basic principles of Marxism–Leninism, the basic viewpoints of materialist dialectics and the moral norms and consciousness of society;

Be different-the language should be clear and concise, and try not to use lyrical and descriptive language.

2. Paragraph 2

In the second paragraph, I clearly put forward my views again to ensure that they are clear, prominent and focused.

Be careful not to copy the quotation in the first paragraph, and clearly put forward (draw) your own views after analyzing the materials, so as not to give people the feeling that the second paragraph simply repeats the end of the first paragraph. (The second paragraph is about 50 words)

Step 3: the ending

At the end of the composition, you should pay attention to bring a little more material and your own opinions. This can make the article echo from beginning to end, and the structure is complete. At the same time, it can give the marking teacher a message at the end of the article-my composition has always been written around the material. (The last paragraph does not exceed 100 words)

Question 2: How to write an argumentative essay in high school materials;

It is a form of writing according to the given materials and requirements. The characteristic of material composition is that candidates are required to conceive and conceive according to the materials, and the center reflected by the materials is the source of the center of the article, so they can't write without the center revealed by the materials. Therefore, material composition is also called "destiny composition", which belongs to self-proposition.

Proposition composition and material composition;

Material composition generally points out that the questioner only gives some words or pictures, and asks the candidates to write their own propositions according to the contents of the given words or pictures. Material composition is to give materials without giving topics, and the determination of topics depends entirely on the examinee's own understanding and grasp of the given materials. From the perspective of proposition, propositional composition is actually his proposition, while material composition is self-proposition, which is the main difference between them.

Writing strategies:

(1) Citation: Cite the materials appropriately, starting with the materials, but also rebate the materials during the argumentation process (not all of them can be copied). After analyzing the materials, you can summarize or summarize them in a few words.

② Discussion: It is to analyze and discuss the information provided in the materials, analyze the relationship between people, predict the results, and put forward the reasons. , paving the way for comments. This part can't be too long, just a hundred words or so.

(3) mention: put forward an argument (or viewpoint), be concise and clear in one or two sentences.

④ Connection: This is the key to the article, which can be pushed away with materials, connected with historical figures and stories, and connected with real life. You can give positive examples or negative proofs; You can put facts, or you can make sense. At least two examples should be cited, one is ancient and one is present, the other is positive and the other is negative, and the central argument can be expounded profoundly and forcefully from many angles and sides, which can be as long as three or four hundred words.

⑤ Depth: In-depth analysis. How to deeply analyze the reasons, explain the benefits (or hazards) and find out the crux.

Conclusion: the whole article is connected and summarized. We should deepen the issues discussed, do not pretend to be amazing, emphasize refinement and strength, and do not gild the lily.

Before the topic composition appeared, the material composition was a form of composition examination that often appeared in the senior high school entrance examination papers. In topic composition, the material is only the background of the topic, and the relationship between the material and the article is alienated. The material in the material composition is an important carrier of the composition point of view and the basis of writing content selection and conception. Candidates must extract an idea from the material to write, and if they leave the material, they will digress. Articles and materials are closely related. Therefore, when writing material compositions, we must adopt effective writing strategies according to the characteristics of "material importance" in order to better write high-quality exam compositions. Specifically, we should pay special attention to the following three aspects:

First, read the materials and master them comprehensively.

Reading materials is an important prerequisite for material composition writing. If you don't look at the materials, you will inevitably blur your composition, resulting in digression or digression. When reading materials, we must fully grasp them and never take them out of context. Instead, we should grasp the key points, understand the content, clarify the relationship, and understand the center, so as to lay a good foundation for the topic examination.

To fully grasp and understand the material, we can't start from a certain part, but only grasp the fragments, otherwise it will be easy to digress. However, it is very helpful to grasp the key words or sentences in the material and deeply understand their essential meanings.

Second, strive for accuracy and novelty.

Material composition is also a "life composition", and the quality of conception directly affects the profoundness and innovation of composition. Therefore, when writing materials, we should try our best to be accurate and innovative on the basis of reading materials.

The so-called accuracy means grasping the content of the material, bearing in mind that the theme must come from the material and must not be separated from the material, otherwise it is easy to write a failed work.

The so-called innovation means trying to break through the mindset and go beyond the usual thinking of ordinary people. We should say what people have never said, strive to achieve "no one has me, no one has me" and work hard on the word "new". Only in this way can the articles written hopefully glow with creative brilliance.

Third, the use of materials is appropriate and ingenious.

In terms of material composition, the use of materials in the article is also a problem that cannot be ignored. Generally speaking, there are two forms of quoting materials, namely direct quotation and indirect quotation. According to different styles, the materials used are also different. Generally speaking, when writing an argumentative essay, it is best to quote materials at the beginning in order to better put forward your own views; Other styles can't be completely divorced from the material, so we should quote the material directly or indirectly in the right place, otherwise it will easily lead to the feeling of material alienation.

Material type:

Story type

Outline, fragment, fable ...

Debate type

Famous aphorisms, philosophies and argumentations >>

Question 3: How to write citation at the beginning of senior high school composition? I remember when I was in primary school, if the teacher asked us to write for ten minutes between classes, everyone would be happy to write, and they might all write without exception: "Some students are playing, some students are running, some students are jumping, so happy!" In fact, this writing is only to meet the teacher's requirements. At that time, we were no different in class and stratum, so we naturally didn't feel particularly happy. ...

Now the teacher still loves to let us write for ten minutes between classes, but we won't be happy to write any more. Maybe most of us will write that our classmates are studying math problems hard! Of course, this is also to meet the requirements of the so-called teachers, but now our rare recess is very Zhong Zhen, which can make us happy. Why?

Since I entered middle school and sat in a classroom with bright windows during the day, we have given our whole body and mind to the teacher. In 45 minutes, all kinds of knowledge appeared in my mind like a lantern: it was just the battlefield of "Chu and Han contending" and suddenly entered the "country of cherry blossoms"; The appreciation of "humble room" is not over in this section, and the hall of "proving parallelism" begins in the next section. We were so absorbed in the tour guide with our teacher that we were nervous. To tell the truth, it is impossible to treat our study without "concentration" ... Of course, teachers always procrastinate, which makes our scarce rest time very little. ...

You see, every teacher has his own trick to procrastinate: if the Chinese teacher hears a little voice that makes him dissatisfied in the next class, he will immediately start his "procrastinate" and say to us with a sly smile: "Everyone knows that teachers never procrastinate, but a classmate forces the teacher to procrastinate, so let's go to K after class. "After that, the teacher who pushed the responsibility away talked about his class with peace of mind ... or do it tonight?" Oh, it's too difficult. Of course, everyone will choose to let the teacher continue to talk, but the price we have to pay is that the break time is ruined ... As soon as the political teacher came in, he said to us, "Students, I found the students in 15 class very cute. They didn't tell the teacher when the bell rang! " "We are cute, too." "I won't tell you." Instinctively, we all answered the teacher noisily. But as soon as the words came out, we regretted it, because it was not a "disguised" delay. ……

Why do we have less and less time between classes? I really hope that there will be enough ten minutes between classes, with laughter and singing, to accompany us to grow up healthily. ...

Question 4: How to write an argumentative essay based on the materials at the beginning? Do the materials need to be copied down? There are many ways to write at the beginning. I hope Xueba can help you solve it in detail. As for whether you can copy the material, it depends on how you copy it. If you copy it directly, it will definitely be said by the teacher, but you can quote it a little in the article.

Question 5: How to write at the beginning of argumentative essay in high school? Requirements at the beginning of argumentation 1. "Ming" must closely follow the main content and central idea of the full text and serve to highlight the center. That is, at the beginning of the article, the central argument should be made clear.

For example, our childhood was probably spent in "100,000 whys". I like to point my finger at the milk and ask angrily, "What is this?" This is entirely out of our curiosity. What is curiosity? For me, there are only three words: good, strange and heart. (08 Jiangsu full score composition "Curiosity")

At the beginning of an argumentative paper, it is required to be "concise", that is, the language should be concise, exquisite, not sloppy, and it is best to go straight to the subject.

Example 1: There is a kind of tolerance, which comes from courage. (Beijing Volume Tolerance, 2004)

Example 2: Life is full of twists and turns. Enthusiasm to run, to surpass, and then to pick up the calm after setbacks, unyielding after setbacks, and calm after difficulties. (2005 Hunan Volume "Brave Running, Brave Transcendence")

3. The argument requires "beauty" at the beginning. The beauty at the beginning of the article refers to having certain literary talent, ideas or skills (such as setting suspense, using allusions, quoting famous sayings, posing phenomena and highlighting goals).

For example, as the old saying goes, "There are three disciplines, one is simple, the other is easy, and the third is not easy". Isn't it the same for common sense? We live in common sense, "spring blossoms" and "autumn is crisp", and we use it without thinking, for simplicity; The same thing has different manifestations at different times, changing endlessly, and changing for the sake of change; Common sense comes from life, and long-term application is not easy. Therefore, Zhuang Ziyun said, "Tao is defecating." Because of common sense and life, we are calm.

Question 6: How to start the material composition 1? Be sure to write clearly! Remember! It doesn't matter if the handwriting is not beautiful, but it must be clear! This determines your grades. In addition, words should be written in capital letters.

If you are not particularly good at writing, remember to write carefully at the beginning and end. It is certain that it is impossible for a teacher to read all the compositions, mainly the beginning and the end, when he really corrects the test paper.

The idea may not be profound, but it should not be too old. If you put the old materials on, you are doomed to fail the exam.

(I believe that few people write that when they get sick at night, their mother carries her to the hospital ~ ~ ~)

Finally, the real skill is coming ~ ~!

The following wonderful paragraphs should be read every day, and it is no problem to plagiarize the whole paragraph during the exam (the standard of plagiarism in the senior high school entrance examination is that 70% of the articles are the same, so don't worry about plagiarism). Put a paragraph at the beginning and end of the senior high school entrance examination. The teacher who corrected the paper must think that you are a master of composition and dare not deduct points easily!

Please read the following every day and get familiar with it:

1, please keep it simple and make yourself more friendly to others and less indifferent and numb; Please keep a simple one, so that you can have more happiness and less mental fatigue in your life; Please keep it simple, so that you have more strength to forge ahead and less pretentious profundity.

2. Success is the red rose in your dream, and frustration is the acupuncture around you. Happiness is the fruit of your efforts, and sadness is the seed before maturity.

The sky contains every cloud, no matter its beauty or ugliness, so the sky is boundless. The earth embraces every inch of land, whether it is rich or not, so the earth is vast. The ocean accepts every river, big or small, so the ocean is boundless.

4. When Jane Eyre said: We are equal, I am not a machine without feelings, I understand the self-esteem as a woman; When petofi said: If you are free, you can throw both away, I understand the value of being a man; When Lu Xun said: If you don't break out in silence, you will perish in silence. I know that people should have the spirit of resistance; When Browning said: Take away love and the world will become a grave, I learned the importance of giving love to others.

5. The building stands tall because it has strong pillars, and ideals and beliefs are the pillars of the building of life; Ships sail through the waves because there is a compass to point out the direction, and ideals and beliefs are the compass of life ships; Trains run thousands of miles because there are rails to guide them. Ideals and beliefs are the tracks on the train of life.

6. What is happiness? Happiness is the face of fruit farmers looking at the fruit covered with branches in the orchard, the touching smiling face of students looking forward to the future in the classroom, the new eyebrows of scientists in the laboratory, and the tears of athletes looking up at the national flag Ran Ran on the podium. Happiness is the crystallization of struggle and a monument to hard work.

7. How can we know the value of sunshine avenue without going through rough and muddy difficulties? How can you appreciate the loveliness of sunny days without experiencing snowy nights? How can we feel the joy of victory and success without experiencing the test of setbacks and hardships? It is not easy to say that you hate setbacks. ...

8. Happiness is always around you. If you take over the work from your mother and feel warm, that is happiness; If you read a friend's letter under the lamp and taste friendship, it is happiness; If you sit alone in the corner, quietly listening to music and meditating, that is happiness.

9. Some people say that happiness is the interweaving of delicacies in star-rated hotels. Some people say that happiness is dancing in the high-end stage hall and moving melody; Some people say that happiness is riding an Audi and a BMW in a crowded street; It is also said that happiness is to stay in the secret room and count stacks of hundred-dollar bills; However, I want to say: having these doesn't necessarily mean really having happiness!

10, the bird in the distance, the eternal concern is Lao Lin; Wandering boat, always thinking about the harbor; Travelers, whether they come back in a hurry at night or run away from home, are inextricably linked and always miss that place or home.

1 1. What is happiness? Is it successful and respected? Is it quiet, carefree and carefree? It's a wedding, with children and grandchildren around their knees? I said: happiness is ...

Question 7: How to write argumentative materials and how to write argumentative writing methods.

First, the three elements of argumentative writing:

1. Argument: It is the soul and commander-in-chief of an article. Any article has only one central argument, and usually there can be sub-arguments.

Arguments should be clear, accurate and general, and never be ambiguous or unpredictable. There are generally four kinds of positions in the debate:

(1) the title such as "transform our study" and "against stereotyped Party writing"

(2) Opening remarks such as "changing our learning style"

(3) Intermediate articles, such as "Taking Doctrine" and "On Accumulation and Storage"

(4) At the end, such as "On Qin", "Benevolence is not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different."

2. Arguments The materials used to prove arguments include factual arguments and theoretical arguments. Facts speak with facts, and theoretical arguments win with classics. The argument must revolve around the central argument, which is the most basic requirement. If the selected examples are inconsistent with the arguments, it will inevitably weaken the persuasiveness. For example, if memory can be transplanted in the composition of 1999 college entrance examination, we must make clear the difference between "memory" and "memory" when writing argumentative essays. Some candidates obviously made the mistake of deviating from the argument, citing Guo Moruo's Dream of Red Mansions as an example, which greatly reduced their persuasiveness.

When choosing factual arguments, there are several points to pay attention to:

Parameters must be typical.

Typical means that the argument should be representative.

(2) The argument must be novel. Many students' argumentative writing is inseparable from some old examples. For example, writing about the relationship between failure and success seems to be inseparable from Edison's invention of the light bulb. To write about adversity, you have to write about Zhang Haidi. Similar content does not mean that you can't use it, but that you use it, others use it, and everyone uses it. Whose composition is different?

(3) The statement of the argument should be concise, which is different from the narrative. It only needs to express the content related to the argument.

3. Argumentative writing is an important part of argumentative writing, which contains a lot of content.

① Basic types of argumentation: argumentation and refutation. Argument is discussed from the front, and rebuttal is discussed from the opposite side. We usually write argumentative essays mainly based on arguments.

② The basic structural level of argument: syllogism structure.

Put forward the problem (what is it) → analyze the problem (why) → solve the problem (how to do it)

Namely: introduce the conclusion of this theory.

General parameter structure:

A, summation structure b, control structure c, progressive structure d and parallel structure

The flexible use of the multi-level argumentation structure between paragraphs and sentences in the article will make the argumentative paper more active.

③ Common demonstration methods:

First, the example method, using typical cases as arguments to prove the argument.

Brief Writing and Repeated Writing: The fragment of "Song Wu Beats the Tiger" in Water Margin, the mountain temple in Jingyanggang, and the "broken" scenes that make the realm desolate are all displayed one by one. The two words here are millions of words, which can be described as extremely simple. In the same work, when the author writes about the benefits of many strokes, he cites the examples in the short story "Social Drama", which has to be said to be extremely typical.

When using examples, we should pay attention to the method of case narration. Pay attention to the order of several parallel cases and the arrangement of details. Write well-known materials, and write detailed materials that are not well-known.

Metaphor strengthens the image demonstration of the works.

When using metaphor, we should pay attention to the similarity between ontology and vehicle. Lu Xun's "takenism" compares cultural heritage to a big house, and lists a young man's attitude towards a big house to express the author's attitude towards cultural heritage, which is vivid and impressive.

C. Comparative argumentation: This method can enhance the significance of argumentation and make readers know what the author is for and against.

An excellent composition topic of this year's college entrance examination is "Four Acts of Drama", and the second act of the drama wrote this paragraph:

Background: In a small restaurant, two people sat face to face at a table, and there was half a doughnut in each plate in front of them.

A: Alas! Oh, my God, there's only half a doughnut left. (A looks helpless)

B: Oh, my God! That's great. There's half a doughnut. (b looks happy)

This passage written in the article is in sharp contrast, and the pessimism and optimism about life are vividly on the paper. As the author of this article said, an optimist will say what a beautiful flower is after being stabbed by a rose, and a pessimist will say how bad it is when he sees the thorn. I choose the beauty of roses, so I choose the former.

D. quoting, in addition to quoting famous sayings of celebrities, I suggest that students accumulate more famous sentences in classical poetry. On the one hand, it can strengthen the power of argument; On the other hand, it can enrich the content of the article and enhance the literariness of the argumentative paper.

There are no famous sentences in the college entrance examination in the past two years ... >>

Question 8: If you are given a material, how to write an argumentative paper? I found a way to write argumentative essays, which you can refer to.

First, the characteristics of argumentative writing

(A) the elements of argument

1, three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation. Its main features are: first, the three elements of argumentation are complete and outstanding; Second, the demonstration structure is rigorous and conforms to the normative model; Thirdly, the language conforms to the style of argumentative writing, and an accurate, general, logical and standardized argumentative writing structure is the key to writing this kind of argumentative writing.

Arguments in argumentative essays should be clear, accurate and general. It is best to explain the central point with specific sentences and judgments at the beginning of the article. Arguments, the materials used to prove arguments, should be typical, novel, concise and concise. If an argumentative essay wants to convince people by reasoning, it must analyze and reason the problem, discuss it thoroughly, that is to say, it must be fully demonstrated. Arguments should be logical and concise.

For example, "reason and emotion are two footprints in human life, and every growth of human beings on the road of cognition is related to their reason and emotion." (Jiangsu examinee "Balance and lyre")

Comparing reason and emotion to two footprints in human life, the first sentence is to the point, which vividly illustrates the internal relationship between emotion and reason-emotion and reason have an important impact on cognition. This kind of beginning is very quick, speculative and refreshing.

2. The basic structural level of argument: syllogism structure. There are also common argument structures: A, total score structure B, contrast structure C, progressive structure D and parallel structure.

3. Common argumentation methods: A, example method, using typical cases as arguments to prove arguments. When using examples, we should pay attention to the method of describing cases, the order of several parallel cases, and the details of arrangement. Familiar materials should be omitted, and unfamiliar materials should be written in detail. Metaphor enhances the vividness of the argument. When using metaphor, we should pay attention to the similarity between ontology and vehicle. Let readers know what the author supports and opposes. D. Citation, in addition to quoting famous sayings of celebrities, students should accumulate more famous sentences in classical poems, which can strengthen the power of arguments on the one hand, enrich the content of articles on the other hand, and enhance the literariness of argumentative papers. Argumentation methods include extended argument and causal argument, so I won't repeat them one by one.

4. Learn to choose factual arguments. Please note the following points:

Parameters must be typical. Typical means that the argument should be representative.

(2) The argument must be novel. Many students' argumentative writing is inseparable from some old examples, such as the relationship between failure and success, which seems inseparable from Edison's invention of the light bulb. To write about success in adversity is to write about Zhang Haidi. Similar content does not mean that you can't use it, but that you use it, others use it, and everyone uses it. Whose composition is different?

Arguments should be concise and clear, which is different from narratives. It only needs the content related to the argument.

Question 9: How to write the speech at the beginning of the material 1 argument? Understand how to introduce and evaluate materials at the beginning of material demonstration; (Answer) 2. Practice with the method of "introduction-evaluation-viewpoint" at the beginning of the composition. (Difficulties) Teaching process: (Introduction: Ouyang Xiu, a great writer in the Song Dynasty, once wrote a poem: If you want to put pen to paper, discuss it first, and break the stone into treasure. This means that when writing an article, you should pay special attention to where you start writing. If you break through the ground at the beginning and emerge the essence, then the whole article will be like a cliff, and the momentum will be like a flood. Xie Zhen, a poet in the Ming Dynasty, also said: At the beginning of a sentence, it sounds like firecrackers. It is also emphasized that the opening should be shocked by the sudden sound of firecrackers. How to write the opening paragraph of an argumentative essay? Let's discuss this problem together today! )