2) Localized design: Investigate the ecological factors in this area and the vegetation status and natural history in its surrounding environment, so as to make the design conform to the local natural conditions and reflect the local characteristics. The representatives are Simmons and Jensen.
3) Protective design-through scientific research and analysis of regional ecological factors and ecological relations, reasonable design can reduce the damage to nature, thus protecting the existing ecosystem. Joan Nassau, Willian Wilke and Billy Grace used this idea in their designs.
4) Restorative design-using various scientific and technological means in the design to restore the destroyed ecological environment. The representatives are K Hill and Agnes Dennis.
In recent years, the concept of ecological display design has been put forward, that is, to show local people all kinds of ecological phenomena, ecological functions and ecological relations of their living environment through design, which has attracted wide attention.
The research field of ecology is very extensive, and different ecological research scales have a roughly corresponding relationship with the level of green space system construction.
1, regional green space system
The meaning of region refers to urban agglomeration or urban-rural fringe. At the regional level, the construction goal of green space system should be to establish a regional ecological security pattern. This includes two levels: first, the material circulation mode of ecosystem and the water circulation in special areas; Secondly, the security pattern of biodiversity maintenance mainly lies in the security of landscape (ecological concept landscape) and biodiversity maintenance at the ecosystem level. Suburbs and urban-rural fringe, estuarine wetlands are important places to maintain regional and even global biodiversity, especially important habitats or migration sites for some birds and fish.
2. Urban green space system
The city here refers to the urban part. Urban space is a collection of various ecosystems, because its buildings often account for the largest proportion, which is completely different from the nature of natural systems. The material energy discharged by human activities has changed the local environment of the city, making the city an ecological island and developing in a direction unsuitable for human habitation. Therefore, the main function of urban green space is to buffer the tendency of islanding and try to make the ecological environment factors of the city close to the natural system.
The patch-corridor-matrix model in landscape ecology can be used to describe the basic model of urban spatial pattern. According to the ecological nature, the matrix is urban buildings, and the green space ecosystem constitutes patches and corridors. On the whole level of the city, the green space ecosystem composed of patches and corridors can cover up the building matrix. In an ideal state, the ecological nature of the bottom of the city is dominated by the green space ecosystem, which makes the city no longer an ecological island and integrates with the surrounding systems to create an outdoor environment suitable for human habitation. But green space ecosystem can't solve all ecological problems, such as carbon and oxygen balance. Some plans claim that the balance of carbon and oxygen is the basis for determining the amount of green (greening rate and coverage rate), but actually exaggerate the role of green space. It is impossible for cities to solve the carbon-oxygen balance by themselves. The carbon-oxygen cycle is at least determined by a large regional mechanism, if not by a global mechanism.
An important aspect of biodiversity protection is to rely on the diversity of ecosystems at the landscape level. Preserving patches in urban and rural natural systems often has special ecological significance, and some habitats and biological communities may be very unique or even unique. However, in order to completely rebuild the artificial green space, it is not necessary to overemphasize species diversity, as long as it meets the requirements of ecological regulation function-structure-species correlation and aesthetics. Desperately pursuing the orientation of species number is actually moving towards metaphysics. Biodiversity is not a simple superposition of species, and the potential threat of attracting a large number of exotic species has been recognized.
Corridor (forest belt) needs a certain width, but it is difficult to make a quantitative conclusion on the width standard. At present, there is a phenomenon of blind comparison between the urban forest belt around the city and the forest belt on the traffic trunk line, but the understanding of its function is very vague. The corridor of natural system mainly plays the role of biological passage, but should ecological passage be emphasized in cities? In the aspect of improving microclimate effect by forest belt, the research results of farmland anti-swelling forest are worth learning. Some viewpoints attach great importance to the relationship between forest belt and main wind direction. In fact, the change of linear forest belt to wind is limited to 3 ~ 5 times of the height of forest belt, unless the forest belt forms a network. Urban ecological characteristics should be considered in forest belt construction. Although great achievements have been made in the construction of shelterbelts in the three northern regions of China, there are also obvious mistakes. For example, in arid areas, water shortage is the main obstacle. After the completion of arbor forest belt, the transpiration of trees makes the groundwater level drop and the habitat more arid. For example, xerophytic shrubs and vegetation can fix the soil. The author speculates that China's concept of forest belt may partly come from China's concept of fence, just like the Great Wall in history, but the Great Wall of 10,000 can't stop foreigners from entering the Central Plains.
The aesthetic value of landscape is an uncertain problem with wide range, rich connotation and dynamic change. The aesthetic fashion of urbanites returns to nature and simplicity, but farmers who have lived in mountainous areas for a long time are most excited to see high-rise buildings. It can be used as a criterion to maintain the maximum ecosystem diversity and give the maximum information in the landscape.