Teaching hypothesis: 1. Learn to use materials as arguments.

2. Appreciate the exercises and stimulate students' enthusiasm for writing.

Clue:

Experienced people know that writing must have material. The process of writing is actually the process of establishing opinions and finding materials. Farmers often say "don't panic when you have food in your hand", but for us, "don't panic when you have material in your hand". As long as you pay attention to accumulating rich writing materials at ordinary times, you can easily write good articles no matter what topics you encounter.

It is very important to choose materials as arguments in writing argumentative essays. Appropriate use of material arguments, otherwise it will be difficult to be convincing.

Let's take a look at the requirements of the examination syllabus for writing materials.

The requirements of composition examination are divided into two levels: foundation and development.

1, basic level:

① Meet the meaning of the question ② Meet the stylistic requirements.

(3) Sincere feelings and healthy thoughts; (4) The content is substantial and the center is clear.

⑤ Fluent language, complete structure ⑤ Standard writing and correct punctuation.

2. Development level

1 profound. Through the phenomenon going deep into the essence, the causal relationship of the problem is revealed.

2 rich. Rich in materials, full of images and profound artistic conception.

3 literary talent. Vivid words, flexible sentences, good use of rhetoric and meaningful sentences.

4 there is innovation. The conception is novel, the materials are fresh, the conception is ingenious, and the reasoning and imagination are unique and personalized.

Summary: ④ Both "basic level" and "development level" mentioned the requirements for materials.

According to the requirements of the examination syllabus, we comment on the following articles. Find out the advantages and disadvantages.

Read the following materials and write as required.

In the biological chain, wolves are the natural enemies of sheep. Without the wolf as an opponent, sheep will face disaster. In human society, opponents can be said to be salt in human life. Without it, life would be boring. In the journey of life, everyone will meet his opponent. How to treat an opponent is often related to the success or failure of life.

Requirements: write an article on the topic of "opponent", which is not limited to style, and has a self-made topic, not less than 800 words.

Thank you for your hand.

(1) On July 3, 2006, at the plenary session of the International Olympic Committee 1 12, Beijing defeated Toronto, Osaka, Paris and Istanbul and won the right to host the 29th Olympic Games. The whole country cheered for it, but the host Shui Junyi said an unforgettable sentence: "We want to thank our opponents."

(2) Yes, it is with such a powerful opponent as Toronto that Beijing has a sense of urgency and pressure, which makes our bid more solid, meticulous and perfect. Such an opponent can make China stronger and have higher prestige in the world. In this sense, we really want to thank our opponents.

(3) The world is full of competition, and competition is everywhere. Where there is competition, there will be opponents, and only when there are opponents can we defeat our opponents and become strong. Survival of the fittest, survival of the fittest, this is competition, and this is the fundamental reason for defeating opponents.

(4) There is a story in animal protection magazine: In Peru's national forest park, there is an endangered young jaguar in the world. In order to protect tigers, Peruvians deliberately opened up a forest of nearly 20 square kilometers in the park as a tiger garden, and carefully designed and built a luxurious tiger house to let it live freely. Tiger gardens are densely wooded, with lush green grass and flowing water in gullies, and there are groups of artificially raised cattle, deer and rabbits for tigers to watch. People who have visited Tiger Park say that such a wonderful environment is really a paradise for jaguars. Strangely, however, no one has ever seen a jaguar catch "live food" specially prepared for it, and no one has ever seen its kingly demeanor. It just hangs its head, eats and sleeps, and looks like a listless bear. So the government rented a tigress from Colombia through diplomatic channels to raise her company, and the result was still the same. One day, a zoologist came to visit the park and saw the jaguar look lazy. He told the keeper that the tiger was the king of the forest. In its living environment, we should not only put a group of animals that only eat grass but don't know how to hunt, but also put some hunting animals with it. Otherwise, jaguar will not be able to lift its spirits anyway. The keeper listened to the zoologist's words and soon introduced several jaguars into the tiger park. This move really worked. Since the day jaguar entered the garden, jaguar can no longer lie down. Every day, it either stands on the top of a high mountain and growls angrily, or swoops down the mountain like a hurricane, and the tiger's fierce and overbearing nature is awakened again. It has become a real tiger again. In this vast tiger garden, it has become the real king of the forest.

(5) In the northern part of the United States, people kill wolves in order to enjoy the life with deer. As a result, the deer's physique is getting weaker and weaker, and their vitality is gradually declining. Later, wolves were introduced into the herd. Wolves are rivals to deer. The deer escaped in the process of being chased, and then it learned that only by running faster can it not be eaten by wolves. The next result is that it keeps running, then surpasses itself and keeps multiplying, and its physique and vitality are stronger from generation to generation. The same is true of wolves. In order to kill the deer, they ran and ran, and their descendants became stronger opponents than the descendants of the deer.

(6) When Xu Beihong, a master painter, first came to study in France, an overseas student arrogantly slandered that "China people are too ignorant, and they are a conquered people by nature". Xu Beihong was very angry and immediately challenged Yang: "I represent my motherland and you represent your motherland. Let's have a competition." Since then, despite the ups and downs of life, Xu Beihong has always kept his promise in mind in the difficult years, studied hard and practiced hard, and finally showed his talents in the painting world and became famous at home and abroad. In the tragic era when China people were backward and beaten in the late Qing Dynasty, if Xu Beihong's patriotism had not been aroused by the pungent words of overseas students, perhaps he would never have made up his mind to maximize his potential and make a difference for China people. Xu Beihong told me: "Pay attention to your opponents, because they help you constantly tap your potential."

(7) Animals will become lifeless if they have no rivals; Without opponents, a person will be content with mediocrity, develop inertia, and eventually become useless, and will lose vitality and vitality because of too much interdependence; Without opponents, a regime will gradually slack off and even go to corruption; Without rivals, an industry will lose its will to make progress, and it will gradually decline because it is content with the status quo. Jaguar has regained its lost prestige because of its rivals like Jaguar. Deer herds have maintained their lives for a long time because they have rivals like wolves. With an opponent, there will be a sense of crisis and competitiveness; Only when you have an opponent can you know the challenges and pressures you face; With an opponent, you have all the strength and courage to surpass yourself; With an opponent, you have to work hard, innovate and forge ahead. Otherwise, the only thing waiting for you is to be annexed, replaced and eliminated.

(8) In real life, many people regard their opponents as a menace, an enemy, an alien, a thorn in their side and a thorn in their flesh, and wish to get rid of them immediately. In fact, if you think about it carefully, you will find that having a strong opponent is a blessing, an accident, a strength, a shot in the arm, a propeller, an afterburner and a warning whip. Because a strong opponent will make you feel dangerous all the time, inspire you with more vigorous energy and fighting spirit, let you overcome all difficulties and obstacles, and let you do your best to surpass and win.

(9) Because of this, we want to say: Thank you-opponent!

Advantages of analysis:

Students' summary: (1) The language is fluent, and rhetorical devices such as metaphor, parallelism and contrast are used; (2) Abundant examples; (3) Rigorous structure; (4) Ingenious introduction.

Insufficient analysis:

Teacher: Is there anything wrong with the narrative method in the fourth paragraph?

Student: Not concise, lacking in generalization.

Teacher: Narrative is good at vivid narration, which needs to be vivid, concrete and vivid; Argumentative writing is good at demonstrating incisively, and the purpose of giving examples in narrative writing is to prove the point. The narrative needs to be highly summarized, as long as it can prove the point.

Induction: 1, and the materials should be concise and summarized.

Modification method: (1) Delete descriptive sentences.

(2) Change direct speech into indirect speech.

In Peru's national forest park, there lives an endangered tiger cub. There are artificially raised cows, deer and rabbits for it to enjoy. A tigress is rented from Colombia to accompany it, but it just lowers its head, sleeps and eats, and looks like a listless bear. No one has ever seen its kingly demeanor. Later, several jaguars were released, and the jaguar couldn't lie down any longer. It either stands on the top of the mountain and growls angrily every day, or swoops down the mountain like a hurricane, and its powerful and domineering nature is awakened again. It has become a real tiger and the king of the forest in this tiger garden.

Teacher: Is this material relevant?

Not to the point. Only "opponents" were detained, but "thanks to opponents" were not detained.

Teacher: Argumentative writing can't just stay on the simple description of the material, but also use reasoning appropriately to make the material and viewpoint form a whole, rather than being at arm's length.

Theoretical argumentation is to analyze the facts, prompt the internal relationship between the case and the center, and prove and deepen the argumentation.

Induction: 2. Strengthen reasoning and use argumentative sentences to deduce the topic.

Deduce the topic by reasoning: "Jaguar has a sense of crisis and anxiety because of an opponent like Jaguar, and only then has it regained its lost prestige;" Thanks to jaguar, it makes us re-understand what the real king of the jungle is. "

Thinking: This paper uses two materials, Jaguar and Wolf, to demonstrate "Thank your opponent", OK? Is this article to demonstrate "thank your opponent" or to reveal the mysteries of nature? Do you want to add, "Rabbits should thank those carnivores. Without them, their hind legs will be shorter and their tails will be longer?

Not so good. If you put this material at the beginning of the article as an introduction, you can increase the novelty of the article. However, the main part of the article should choose more typical examples that are more closely related to people's lives. If the whole article quotes natural examples, then the article lacks depth.

Materials are the flesh and blood of the article. What kind of material to choose is very important to the realm of the article. If an article wants to have a higher level, it must be focused, that is, the material should not only have noble taste and aesthetic taste, but also fully demonstrate the point of view. The choice of materials should have profound connotation, that is, materials can reveal the theme, explore its social significance through the appearance of things, and give people warning and enlightenment.

Summary: 3. Try to explore the profound meaning of materials. That is, in the outline, "the phenomenon goes deep into the essence and reveals the causal relationship of the problem."

The beginning of this article is very good. We can only give up what we love, and delete this material and the following example of Deer and Wolves. What a pity that the paragraph we worked so hard to revise just now is gone! It's not a pity. As long as you can't stick to the main idea, it's not a pity to delete it.

Does Xu Beihong, a master painter, stick to his own point of view?

When Xu Beihong, a master painter, first came to study in France, an overseas student arrogantly slandered that "China people are too ignorant and born to be conquered". Xu Beihong was very angry and immediately challenged Yang: "I represent my motherland and you represent your motherland. Let's have a competition." Since then, regardless of the ups and downs in his life, Xu Beihong kept his promise in mind in difficulties, studied hard and practiced hard, and finally showed his talents in the painting world and became famous at home and abroad. In the tragic era when China people fell behind and were beaten in the late Qing Dynasty, if Xu Beihong had not been aroused by the bitter words of overseas students, perhaps he would not have made up his mind to maximize his potential and win a sigh of relief for China people. Xu Beihong told me: "Pay attention to your opponents, because they help you constantly tap your potential."

Thinking: Can this material fully demonstrate "Thank your opponent"?

No. This material shows that "people should have backbone". "International students" are not "opponents", but the author just skillfully tilts the materials to the end to "thank the opponents". In argumentative writing, we should pay attention to the consistency of the main points, that is, the arguments and arguments should be consistent, that is, the materials should be highly consistent with the center and not deviate from the theme. Deviation from the theme is a common problem in writing. The theme must be firmly grasped from beginning to end. At first, it can't be grasped, but it gradually deviates from the style of writing, leading to side issues.

Induction: 4. Materials should stick to the point of view.

Teacher: This is the supplementary material of this article. Let's see if these materials are close to the point of view.

(1): Let's drink to your enemies.

On the 60th anniversary of Emperor Kangxi's accession to the throne, a "grand banquet" was held to celebrate. At the banquet, Kangxi offered three glasses of wine: the first glass was to the Queen Mother Xiao Zhuang, thanking Xiao Zhuang for assisting him to ascend the throne and unify the whole country; The second cup is to propose a toast to the ministers and the people all over the world, and thank the ministers Qi Xin for their cooperation and loyalty to the court. All nations bow down and the world prospers. When Kangxi took the third glass of wine, he said, "Here's to my enemies, Wu Sangui, Zheng Jing, Gerdan and Ao Bai." The ministers were dumbfounded, and Kangxi went on to say, "They forced me to make great contributions. Without them, there would be no me today, and I thank them. "

A man's value depends on his opponent. Opponents will always bring you pressure, forcing you to throw yourself into the "struggle" and strive to be a winner. Only in the confrontation with opponents can we really hone ourselves. In this sense, your enemy is the driving force for your progress and the catalyst for your success.

Analysis: stick to the theme, but not concise enough. Descriptive sentences (that is, bold) can be deleted, and then direct speech can be changed into indirect speech.

(2) Fishermen who catch crabs often cover the lid tightly after catching one crab, and don't cover the lid after catching the second crab. Because there are two crabs, dragging each other, no one can climb out of the cage. Who will know how to be modest in the face of competition? Animals are animals after all, but people are different. Human beings are spiritual, know how to compete, be open and aboveboard, and take pride in respecting their opponents. Opponents are not enemies, and we can't live without them. As the saying goes, "Born in sorrow, died in happiness".

Analysis: This material cannot demonstrate "Thank your opponent". His statement is to thank the "enemy" for keeping them from climbing out of the cage.

(3) When a reporter asked Liu Xiang, "In every competition, there are always many world-class players around. Aren't you afraid if you are nervous? " Liu Xiang calmly replied: "Although there are strong players like clouds, it is because of their existence that I can play better." It is this self-confidence that helped Liu Xiang finally stand on the highest podium of the Olympic Games. Our life is also a race, and everyone has to face different opponents every day. Facing your opponent, you can only face it confidently. If you lose confidence, it means that you left before the game started.

Analysis: This material demonstrates that only "self-confidence" can defeat the opponent.

The president of material (4)372 1 once said, "competitors are like a grindstone. They sharpen me, and then I cut my opponent off." What we need is such competitors, who inspire us to fight bravely and eventually surpass ourselves, and finally make our opponents' grindstones thinner and sharper. Therefore, it is important to have an opponent, and it is more important to have a strong opponent.

Analysis: The use of argumentative essays makes the materials very relevant.

An English adventurer got lost in the jungle. He can't find a way to survive. In despair, he lost his desire to survive. Suddenly, a leopard rushed at him. He ran as fast as he could, running left and right. Coincidentally, the leopard was caught by the mechanism set by the hunter and he was able to escape. Finally, he insisted on crossing the forest and was reborn. Without leopards, explorers might be buried in the jungle; The appearance of the leopard just stimulated his desire for survival. In fact, the opponent is such an "animal", which inspires you, stimulates you, helps you grow and helps you succeed.

Analysis: the material is very accurate.

(6) I have seen some reports that "Australian swimmers put crocodiles in the pool during training" and "Kenyan long-distance runners train with lions" ... It is cruel for coaches to train athletes like this, but if there is no strong opponent, can they stimulate people's greatest potential? In fact, there is no opponent in this world. If there is an opponent, it is only yourself. If you can't beat yourself, you can't beat any other "opponents."

Analysis: You can't prove that you "thank your opponent" and the "opponent" becomes yourself. How can you thank him?

Teacher: The highest level of using materials is to skillfully use without traces. Incorporate the materials into the article organically, and avoid blunt quotation, thus leaving paste marks.

We can skillfully use the materials by sketching and add some content to this article to make it more substantial and convincing.

Induction: 5. Clever use of materials

Methods: Choose a sentence from one case, two or three cases to form a set of parallelism sentences.

Life needs motivation, and the opponent is energy; Life needs melody, and the opponent is a note; Life needs taste, and its opponent is salt. With opponents, there will be a scene of co-prosperity between Confucianism and Mohism, and a scene of co-prosperity between Legalists and Taoists, and a spring and autumn period in which a hundred schools of thought contend. With the opponent, Cao Cao's great talent and treacherous nature were revealed, and Kong Ming's resourcefulness and resourcefulness were set off, and the heroes of the Three Kingdoms period came forth in large numbers and were magnificent. With opponents, history will be so colorful.

If a team has no opponents, it will become fragmented and self-defeating; If a person has no opponent, he will also inflate himself and destroy himself. So, in a sense, we should thank our opponents. Without an opponent, there is no self.

To sum up, today we learned some requirements for argumentative writing, which can be summarized as five points.

1, the material should be concise.

2. Strengthen reasoning and use argumentative sentences to deduce the topic.

3. Try to explore the material meaning.

4, the material should be closely related to the point of view.

5. Clever use of materials

6, materials should be novel (keep up with the pulse of the times, old materials and new ideas);

We must also be good at using fresh materials, even old materials, and be good at turning decay into magic and making materials shine.

In fact, in life, who really likes our opponents? We can also conceive from the perspective of "longing for a quiet life and not wanting any opponents".

Method of still using chemical materials:

"Liu Zongyuan is far away from the secular, away from' opponents' and loves landscapes, thus depicting a beautiful poem of' a boat with a leaf, a bamboo coat, an old fisherman cold river-snow'; It is precisely because Tao Yuanming alienated his secular opponents that he realized the leisure of "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" For those who want to' be poor and be alone', life is still less fierce opponents and more intimate friends. Isn't this a leisurely life? "

Please comment on other students' articles.

example

Illustration refers to a method of using typical cases as arguments to prove arguments in the process of argumentation. This method is very convincing because it uses objective facts to prove the argument.

The most commonly used skills in illustrations and argumentations should pay attention to the following points when selecting materials:

First, the material is highly consistent with the center;

Second, the materials should be representative;

Third, the materials should be novel (keep up with the pulse of the times, old materials and new ideas);

Fourth, try to explore the profound meaning of the materials;

Fifth, material selection and refining;

Sixth, the correct use of materials (from the correct point of view, good materials may not explain the argument)

Theoretical demonstration

Theoretical argumentation refers to the method of proving and deepening the argument by analyzing the facts contained in related problems and prompting their internal relations. This logical method is very theoretical. The author neither sets facts nor quotes classics, that is, he does not resort to other means, but directly reveals the relationship between arguments and arguments by analyzing things and problems, and establishes arguments. This method uses deductive reasoning. The key to demonstrating in this way is to conduct rigorous reasoning and find the connection between universal laws and topics, thus revealing the essence of the argument and its universality and regularity, and making the argument logical and reliable.

The means of reasoning is analysis and generalization.

The core of using this method is to find the causal relationship of things, or to find the cause from the cause or to find the cause from the cause, so this method is also called causal analysis.