Seven grandfathers: Du Ganguang, Qi Situ, You Changshi.
Sixth ancestor: Du Xian, the magistrate of Liangbiancheng.
Fifth ancestor: Du Shupi, secretariat of Zhou Xia in Northern Zhou Dynasty.
Gaozu: Du Shiyu, secretary of Hanoi County (Huaizhou) in Sui Dynasty, was awarded jia county County Order.
Great-grandfather: Tang Yongzhou Taishou, Luozhou Gongxian Du.
Grandfather: Du, Luoyang County Cheng, Jizhou Cishiluo joined the army, and was a foreign minister in the grain department.
Du Fu's early life is rarely recorded, mainly from his poems. Du Fu was born in July1February1February, and was born in Gong County (now gongyi city). Du's grandfather was a famous politician and poet in the period of Wu Zetian. "With Li Qiao, Cui Rong and Su Weidao as four friends, the world number is' Cui, Li, Su and Du'", and his father was an official in the county magistrate of Sima and Fengtian in Yanzhou (now Shandong). "When you are careful, you are idle and idle." Du Fu's mother, Qinghe Cui Shi, died shortly after Du Fu was born, and his father, Du Xian, continued to marry Lu of john young. Du Fu didn't get much maternal love from Lu, but his second aunt took on the role of mother and raised little Du Fu, so Du Fu grew up with his aunt in Luoyang, and he showed great literary talent. Du Fu wrote a poem that shocked Luoyang City when he was nine years old. Du Fu has one brother who died young, three half-brothers and one half-sister Du Fu often mentioned them in his poems, but Du Fu never mentioned his stepmother in his poems.
Du Fu has been eager to learn since he was a child. At the age of seven, he was able to write poems. "At the age of seven, I thought I was strong, and I sang the phoenix with my mouth open." He is interested in "making the monarch Yao and Shun, and then making the customs pure." It can be seen that Du Fu is a precocious child. Du Fu was very naughty when he was a child. "I remember my fifteen-year-old heart was still a child, as healthy as a yellow calf." Pear and jujube are ripe in August before the court, and the tree day can return to a thousand times. "However, this precocious child's super memory and outstanding literary talent left a deep impression on people." Li Yong seeks knowledge, and William Wang is willing to be a neighbor. "
Du Fu roamed several times in his youth. Nineteen-year-old, traveling in Yixian, Shanxi. Twenty years old, roaming wuyue for several years. In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan (735), he returned to Gong County to participate in the "rural tribute". Twenty-four years in Luoyang to take the Jinshi exam, ranking first from the bottom. His father was Sima in Yanzhou at that time, and Du Fu went to Yanzhou to visit relatives and began a trip to Qi and Zhao. This time, I am happy and comfortable. During this time, I mainly hunted and sang: "I was dissolute in Zhao, and Qiu Ma was quite frivolous. Haruka Congtai, next to the winter hunting castle peak. " In the 29th year of Kaiyuan, he returned to Luoyang and built a house in shouyangshan. Around this time, he married Yang Yi's daughter, a farmer and a young woman. In April of the third year of Tianbao (744), Du Fu met Li Bai, who was given gold by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, in Luoyang, and they met on a trip to Liang and Song Dynasties. Later, Du Fu went to Jizhou (now Jinan, Shandong). In the autumn of four years, I went to Yanzhou to see Li Bai. They visited Taoist temples together, talked about poetry and paper, and forged a profound friendship of "getting drunk in autumn and walking hand in hand". At the end of autumn, the two shook hands and said goodbye. Du Fu ended the Qi-Zhao tour of "wild between Qi and Zhao, wild horses in autumn" and "carefree * * *, heading west to Xianyang". At that time, it coincided with the prosperity of Kaiyuan, and the tide was rising everywhere. Du Fu's feelings during this period were poured into his poems, which were bold and conceited, passionate and open. This is the characteristic of Du Fu's early poetic art..
In the sixth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong called the "all-rounder" of the world to Chang 'an to take the exam, and Du Fu also took the exam. Because the Minister of Electric Power Li directed a farce of "leaving no legacy", all the students who took the exam lost the election. The road to the imperial examination is blocked. In order to realize his political ideal, Du Fu had to turn to the door of the powerful and give gifts, but nothing came of it. He lived in Chang 'an for ten years, rushing around to give gifts, depressed and frustrated in his official career, and living in poverty.
In the first month of the tenth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong held three ceremonies to worship Taiqing Palace, ancestral temple and heaven and earth. Du Fu then presented three "big gifts" in the winter of the ninth year of Tianbao, which was appreciated by Xuanzong. However, he only got the qualification of "participating in the selection order" and waited for distribution. As the examiner is still Li, he didn't get the official position. It was not until 14 years ago that he was awarded a small official in Hexi Wei, but Du Fu didn't want to be appointed as the official position of "not being Hexi Wei, being miserable is bending over", so the court changed him to a right-back to command the government soldier Cao (a junior official who was responsible for guarding the armor and managing the access key). Du Fu stayed in Chang 'an for more than ten years because he was 44 years old. In order to make a living, he accepted this useless job. In November, Du Fu went to Fengxian to save his family. When he first entered this country, he heard crying, because his children starved to death. Based on ten years' experience in Chang 'an and his experiences along the way, he wrote the famous "From Beijing to Fengxian, reciting 500 words".
Du fu in stamps
Just this month, the "An Shi Rebellion" broke out. In June of the following year, Tongguan fell and Xuanzong fled to Chengdu. In July, Prince Hengli was established in Lingwu as Su Zong. At this time, Du Fu had moved his family to Qiang Village in Yinzhou (now Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) to take refuge. When he heard that Su Zong ascended the throne, he immediately went north alone in August and defected to Lingwu. Unfortunately, he was captured by the rebels on the way and brought to Chang 'an. Wang Wei, who was captured with him, was closely supervised, but he was not imprisoned because of his small official position. The poet witnessed the ruin of the country and the cruelty of the rebels, and felt sad at that time, and wrote immortal poems such as Spring Hope, Mourning the Head of the General and Mourning the King's Sun. In April of the second year of Zhide (757), Guo Ziyi's army came to the north of Chang 'an. Du Fu ventured out of Chang 'an from Jinguangmen in the west of the city, crossed the opposing two armies, and came to Fengxiang (now Fengxiang in Shaanxi) to join forces with Su Zong. "Ma Xie saw the son of heaven, and his sleeves showed two elbows." On May 16th, he was conferred Zuo Shiyi by Su Zong, so he was called Du Shiyi. Unexpectedly, Du Fu quickly angered Su Zong by saving the house, and asked the Third Division for questioning. Fortunately, Prime Minister Zhang Gao saved him. 1February, Su Zong recalled Du Fu to resume his post. In May of the seventeenth year of Tianbao, Helan Jin Ming framed the house, and Du Fu was implicated and alienated from Su Zong. In August, I released my home in Yunzhou Province. In June of the first year of Gan Yuan (758), he was demoted to join the army and left the court forever.
That winter, Du Fu went to Luoyang from Huazhou. In the spring of two years, I returned to Huazhou, which coincided with the battle of Yecheng. Tang Jun was defeated by 600,000 troops, and the court seized Ding to supplement its military strength. Du Fu wrote his famous poems "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" according to what he saw and felt along the way. In July, Du Fu abandoned his official position and went to Qin Zhou (now Tianshui, Gansu), where he began the arduous journey of "hanging in the northeast alone and wandering in the southwest between heaven and earth". During the wandering journey, Du Fu's family worked hard and were once on the verge of despair. In October, Du Fu, who was short of food and clothing, left Qin Zhou with his family and went south to Tonggu (now Chengxian County, Gansu Province) to solve the problem of food and clothing. Unexpectedly, after arriving in the same valley, the living conditions have not improved, but they have completely fallen into a desperate situation of hunger and cold. In his poems, Du Fu recorded the most difficult years with every word of blood and tears. "Men are old when they are not famous and hungry for three years. How many years have Chang' an been together, and wealth should be healthy early. Confucian scholars in the mountains have known each other for a long time, but words hurt the past. Alas, seven songs ended sadly, and I looked up at the speed of the sky. "
/kloc-In early February, Du Fu fled again in despair, leaving the same valley with his family for Shu, and arrived in Chengdu at the end of the year. He was a good friend of Du Fu, then Yin of Chengdu. He gave Du Fu a lot of help and Du Fu's life began to settle down. "Wu and Fu are old and have a long course of treatment." Du Fu called it "how to work hard and work four times a year" because he was wandering from place to place and constantly fleeing during this year. In the spring of the first year of Shangyuan (760), Du Fu's family, with the help of relatives and friends, built a hut near Huanhuaxi in the western suburbs of Chengdu, which is the famous Chengdu Du Fu Caotang. Du Fu sent Yanwu to Mianzhou (now Mianyang, Sichuan). Xu was forced to live in Zizhou (now Santai, Sichuan) and Langzhou (now Langzhong, Sichuan) because the soldiers and horses of Jiannan let Xu know about the rebellion. In the first year of Guangde in Tang Daizong (763), the court called him to make up for Jingzhao Gongcao, but he didn't go to work. In the first month of two years, Yanwu went to work in Chengdu again and wrote several times to hope that Du Fu would come back. In June, Yanwu recommended Du Fu as a member of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, hence the name "Du Gongbu".
In the first month of the first year of Yongtai (765), Du Fu withdrew from the Yanwu shogunate. In April, Yanwu died, and Du Fu lost his dependence. In May, I left Chengdu and went south by boat, passing through history (now Leshan, Sichuan), Rongzhou (now Yibin, Sichuan), Yuzhou (now Chongqing) and Zhongzhou (now Zhongxian, Chongqing) to Yun 'an (now Yunyang, Chongqing), and moved to Kuizhou (now Fengjie, Chongqing) at the end of the following spring, even taking the boat as my home. Flying around, what am I like? But sandpipers in the vast world! Du Fu lived in Kuizhou for nearly two years and wrote more than 400 poems.
In the first month of the third year of Dali (768), Du Fu left the Three Gorges with his family, passed through Jiangling and Gongan, and arrived in Yueyang at the end of winter. After that, the poet wandered in Hunan, suffering from poverty and illness, and was on the verge of despair. Five years in Dali (770? Month? In winter, Du Fu died on a boat in Xiangjiang River at the age of 59. Du Fu died of "wind disease".
Du Fu's death has always been a topic of academic discussion. Some experts believe that Du Fu died of diabetes and found evidence in Du Fu's poems, "I have missed the imperial court for a long time. The lungs are too thirsty to linger in Gongsun City. " Evergreen disease refers to diabetes in Sima Xiangru. It is said that Du Fu was besieged by floods in Leiyang and didn't eat for more than ten days. Later, Nie County Magistrate of Leiyang hired a boat to pick him up and gave him a lot of beef and white wine. Du Fu ate up all night and died. Guo Moruo thinks that Du Fu ate "hot meat rotten" and died of food poisoning. Du Fu's coffin was parked in Yueyang, in the eighth year of Yuanhe (8 13), and was buried by Sun Zidu in shouyangshan, Henan. But now there are eight graves of Du Fu, which are distributed in gongyi city, yanshi city, Leiyang (now leiyang city) and Pingjiang.
There are more than 1400 poems written by Du Fu, which can be divided into four periods:
Reading roaming period (before the age of 35):
Du Fu traveled to Wu, Yue (now Jiangsu and Zhejiang), Qi and Zhao (now northern Shandong and southern Hebei), during which he went to Luoyang to take office. Later, I met Li Bai in Luoyang. They forged a deep friendship and gave Li Bai a poem. "Yu Yidong is a guest, he is like a brother." It is a kind of enjoyment to sleep under the autumn quilt and hold hands with Japanese counterparts. After meeting Gao Shi, the three went with Liang and Song (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu). Later, Du Li went to Jizhou again and met at the east foot after breaking up. Unfortunately, due to the ups and downs of their later lives, they didn't have a chance to meet again after this separation.
Trapped in Chang 'an (35-44 years old):
Du Fu came first and last in Chang 'an. Later, he gave gifts to the emperor and nobles. He only got a little financial support, and lived a life of "detaining the rich in the morning, following the fat horse dust at dusk, leaving broken cups for cold roasting and hiding worries everywhere". "However, he often sends meals to people", and finally he got a small official who led the government to join the army. During this period, he wrote poems such as "Car Shop" and "Two Ways", criticizing current politics and satirizing dignitaries. The book "Singing 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian" is particularly famous, which indicates that his understanding of the political and social reality of the imperial court has reached a new height after ten years of hard life in Chang 'an.
During the period when the thief was arrested as an official (45 to 48 years old):
When the Anshi Rebellion broke out and Tongguan fell, Du Fu abandoned his family and went to Suzong alone. He was captured by the Anshi Rebellion and taken to Chang 'an. In the face of chaos in Chang 'an, he heard the news that the loyalist troops were repeatedly defeated, and wrote poems such as Moonlit Night, Spring Hope, Ai Jiangtou and Sad Chen Tao. Later, he fled to Fengxiang and became a scavenger. Because of the suggestion, Shangshu was demoted to be the prime minister of joining the army. Later, he recorded his experiences in the form of poems and became his immortal works, namely "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
Wandering southwest (48-59 years old):
With the collapse of Xiangzhou loyalist and the famine of Guanfu, Du Fu abandoned his official and fled to Chengdu with his family via Qin Zhou and Tonggu. With the help of Yanwu, he lived a relatively stable life. When he entered the DPRK, Shao Yin and the warlords in the middle of Shu learned about the uprising, and he went to Zizhou and Langzhou. Then go back to Chengdu. Du Fu died in Yanwu. He once again drifted, lived in Kuizhou for two years, then drifted to the two lakes and died on the Xiangjiang River. During this period, his works include Heart on the Water Threshold, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Sick Orange, Climbing the Building, Shuxiang, The Yellow River was Recovered by the Imperial Army, Showing the Waves Again, Ascending the Mountain, Qiu Xing, Three Jueju and Sui Yan.
Du Fu's poem "There are Sixty Volumes" has long been lost. In the second year of Baoyuan in the Northern Song Dynasty (1039), Wang Zhu collected 1405 volumes and compiled them into 18 volumes, which was named "Du Gongbu Collection". Qian edited The Collection of Du Gongbu. Yang Lun said: "Since the Six Dynasties, Yuefu imitated plagiarism, and Chen Xiangyin was the most disgusting. When Zi Mei came out, she felt what she felt at that time. When she went to Benjamin, she was in trouble. The people there were very poor. She asked questions at will and tried to get rid of the stereotypes of her predecessors. "
Judging from the materials, Du Fu is a social poet inclined to realism, with a wide range of contents and rich times. He is based on the rise and fall of politics, social unrest, war corvee, hunger and poverty, and the disparity between the rich and the poor. Du Fu's poems are good at describing the historical situation at that time and reflecting the present situation of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, so they are called "the history of poetry". From the Anshi Rebellion to his entry into Shu, Du Fu experienced the turmoil of the great era and wrote a lot of realistic masterpieces. In his representative works, many realistic works, such as Two Ways, reflect the luxury of the upper class.
The bronze statue in Du Fu's thatched cottage
Ideologically, there is Confucianism in Du Fu's poems, which is full of caring for people and things and strong patriotic feelings, and has the reputation of "poetry sage". Du Shishan observed the reality of life and society rationally and carefully, and realized the sufferings and joys of the people from his own life experience. He had a strong political consciousness and inherited and carried forward the realistic spirit of The Book of Songs, folk songs of Han Yuefu and Jian 'an literature.
In terms of technique, Du Shishan writes dialogues and monologues of characters and chooses typical characters and events to describe them. Du Fu's poems are also good at lyricism, combining lyricism with narration, and also combining lyricism with scenery writing, leaving feelings in the landscape. Du Fu's narrative pays attention to objective description, so that the story itself can directly infect readers, and there is less discussion.
In terms of language, Du Fu's writing attitude is very serious, his language is concise, his words are accurate, his images are vivid, his colors are rich, and he is good at using folk spoken language.
In terms of genre, Du Fu's works are all good, with five or seven archaic words and four quatrains. He often uses different poetic styles to express different contents. The narrative uses classical poems with less metrical restrictions and easy description, while the lyric uses modern poems.
Du Fu created a large number of seven-character metrical poems, which were extensive in content, skillful in technique, attached importance to the antithesis of metrical patterns, rigorous in metrical patterns and refined in language, and made great achievements, making the creation of seven-character metrical poems mature. He also wrote new Yuefu poems, describing the sufferings of society and people's livelihood.
In terms of style, the main styles of Du Fu's poems are gloomy, changeable, colorful, unrestrained, fresh and delicate, gloomy and sad, rich in rhetoric, plain and simple, or popular and natural. Du Fu's poems absorbed the artistic skills of predecessors and developed into a unique new style.
Linguistically speaking, Du Fu's poems are generally regarded as "gloomy". The word "depressed" first appeared in the Southern Dynasties, which means "depressed and thoughtful, sad and picturesque". Later, Du Fu wrote the word "depressed and frustrated", which accurately summarized the language of his works. "As for depression and frustration, they are agile at all times, while Yang Xiong and Gomez are ordinary. Du Fu's "eagerness to save the world, criticizing and confusing Gan Kun, indignant bullying, lamenting the wandering, pitying the loss of life, regretting the exhaustion of material resources and praising the help given to the masses" is precisely the expression of these heavy feelings that makes Du Fu's poetic language tend to be "depressed and frustrated".
Wu Ling commented on Du Fu's later poem "Yang opens and Yin closes", saying: "Only when the meaning is far-reaching, one can't know the next sentence if he puts forward the previous one". Wu Ling added: "When a mortal writes a poem, he only says one thing in one sentence, but he says two more. Du Fu's poems can say three, four or five things in one sentence; Ordinary people write poetry, which is far less than dozens of miles in front of them. Du Fu's poem can be said to be a hundred miles, two armies and States, and the world is wonderful. "
Du Fu's poems have various styles. Yuan Zhen's evaluation of Du Fu is like this: "As for the beauty of children, the so-called * * * is unparalleled in ancient and modern times. Shen Song took Su Li, Cao Liu swallowed it up, and the face was overwhelming, and Xie Gu was unique." Qin Guan also has a similar view: "So Du Zimei people are poor and expensive, extremely luxurious, full of diluted interest, delicate and clean, and have the beauty of algae, which is beyond the reach of other families." However, if you don't gather the strengths of many families, Du can't be immune. "For example, Du Fu also has a wild and unruly side, and Du Fu's heroism can be seen from his masterpiece" Singing the Eight Immortals ". "Elaborating beautiful sentences for human nature and gushing" is his creative style. "
Han Yu, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty, once compared Du Fu with Li Bai, saying, "Du Li's articles are there, and the flames are endless." . At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Yongzhen's innovation failed, and Wang repeatedly recited Du Fu's poem "He died without conquering, and the hero mourned his clothes" to express his grief and indignation. Wang Anshi praised Du Fu's poem "Ugliness and beauty, so many things are different, but how to carve them". Chen Shan's "New Theory on Qin Tick" Volume 7: "Old Du Fu's poems should be six classics in poetry, while others' poems are philosophers". Jiang Shiquan's Collection of Zhongyatang, the first volume, Preface to the Collection of Du Fu's Poems, is also called "Du Fu's Poet, Four Books in Poetry". Hu Yinglin said in "Poetry": "Only the works of the Ministry of Industry are magnificent in weather and huge in scale. They came into the world, intricate and unreal, untraceable. There is only one person who needs to pay back through the ages. "
In terms of meter, Du Fu's poems are characterized by refined words and neat antithesis, which conforms to the "architectural beauty" of China's poems. For example, "the wind blows in the wide sky, apes crow and birds crow, the blue lake and white sand return to their nests, the leaves fall like waterfalls, and I see the long river rolling in", which is the embodiment of Du Fu's superb diction and antithesis. In addition, Du Fu also has many innovations in genre, such as his creativity in the Five-Seven Laws and his uniqueness in literary creation.
Du Fu's poems are called the history of poetry, which first appeared in the late Tang Dynasty. "Du Fenglu's mountain was difficult, and his poem came to an end. He pushed himself to live in seclusion and had almost nothing to do, so it was called the history of poetry." In the Song Dynasty, the conclusion was drawn, but the significance of poetry history was different. Some people pay attention to Du Fu's poems about historical events, and think that Du Fu's poems are documentary poems, which can supplement and prove history, so they are called poetry history. This statement only pays attention to the truth and falsehood of historical events, but ignores the emotional characteristics of poetry. On the other hand, Du Fu is famous for his poetic history because he sympathizes with others and hurts things.
But some people don't want to assign poems. Yang Yi is not Du Like mansion. Liu Fang's "Poems of Zhongshan" says: "Yang Danian is not a poem of Du Like's Ministry of Industry, and he is called the owner."
In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, realistic poets such as Zhang Ji, Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen, Du Xunhe, Cao Ye and Pi Rixiu were all influenced by Du Fu's poems. Du Fu wrote a new Yuefu poem describing the sufferings of people's livelihood, which opened the new Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. Han Yu's poems are magnificent, profound and bold, abrupt and clumsy, and he likes to write poems, which is influenced by Du Fu's poems. Li Shangyin's poems are rich and gloomy, with lofty atmosphere and exquisite language creation, and are also influenced by Du Fu's poems.
Sun Wei's Preface to Reading Du Gongbu's Poems in Song Dynasty said: "The poems of the public are supported by six families. Meng Jiao won his arrogance and simplicity, Yao He won his elegance, Jia Dao won his eccentricity, Du Mu and Xue won his greatness, and Lu Guimeng won his support. "