Tess told us a story about how a professional woman lived a miserable life. Tess was born in a poor family and shouldered the burden of family life since she was a child. After being raped by "cousin" Jarek D 'Urberville, she gave birth to a child, but the child died soon. In her most painful time, the happiest moment of her life came. She's in love with Claire. However, the good times did not last long. Claire learned about Tess's past on her wedding night, abandoned her and threw Tess into a more painful abyss. Finally, in order to strive for a better and happier life, Tess killed her lover in despair and was sentenced to death. The novel is about tears of sympathy and strongly criticizes the unreasonable social system.

Thomas Hardy, an outstanding critical realist writer in Britain 19 century, wrote 14 long articles all his life, most of which were set in the southern countryside. His works include The Return of the Native, The Mayor of Castillo, The King, etc.

Abstract: Jane Eyre and Tess D 'Urberville are important literary figures in Victorian England. They were persecuted so much that they had to resist. This paper attempts to use Maslow's five-level theory of human needs to analyze the reasons for their rebellion, so as to reproduce the darkness behind Victoria's prosperous times.

Key words: five-level theory of human needs; Tess d 'Urberville; Jane Eyre

There are two controversial female images in Victorian literature, one is Tess D 'Urberville in Thomas Hardy's Tess of the D 'Urbervilles, and the other is Jane Eyre in Charlotte Brontexq's Jane Eyre. Since the appearance of these two images, there have been countless comments on them. On the basis of many predecessors' research results, the author is fortunate to deeply analyze the rebellion of these two women from a brand-new perspective-Maslow's five-level theory of human needs, trying to find out many reasons why they dared to resist-the dark side behind the prosperous Victorian era under capitalist rule.

one

Jane Eyre is a plain-looking, short-stature woman with a strong sense of resistance. She lost her parents when she was a child, so she had to live in her aunt's house. After my uncle died, my aunt and three cousins abused Jane and treated her as a servant, which left a deep scar on Jane's young mind. At this time, the seeds of Jane's rebellious character began to appear. In order to fight for the right to be a human being, she fought against her cousin's abuse regardless of her weakness, weakness and lack of protection. She shouted in her heart, "Why should I suffer?" "It's so unfair!" [1] On the eve of leaving menstruation's house, she was furious and denounced Mrs. Reed:

"How dare I, Mrs. Reed? How dare I? Because it's true. You think I have no feelings, I can have no love or kindness; But I can't live like this. You have no pity. I will remember how you pushed me back-rudely pushed me back to the red house and locked me there until the day I died, even though I was very painful; Although I cried, I choked with pain, "have mercy!" Have mercy, Aunt Reed! "You let me suffer the punishment, because your evil boy hit me-knocked me down for no reason, and I will tell anyone who asks me the exact story. People think you are a good woman, but you are bad and heartless. You lie! " [2] ("How dare I, Mrs. Reed, how dare I, because it's true. You think I can live without affection or affection, but I can't live like this. Besides, you have no pity. I will remember how you pushed me, rudely locked me in the red house and locked me in. I will never forget it until I die, even if I am in pain, even if I cry and shout,' Poor! Have pity on me, Aunt Reed! And your punishment for me. It's all because your hateful child hit me for no reason and knocked me down. I will tell everyone who asks me the whole story. People think you are a good woman, but in fact you are very bad and heartless. You're the one who lied! "[3])

Jane said this at a young age, exposing Mrs. Reed's hypocrisy and disloyalty to the world, which really surprised Mrs. Reed. Jane also tasted the joy of victory after the first resistance. She felt her soul jump strongly and freely.

After leaving her aunt, Jane entered Loward Charity School, looking forward to a new life of freedom and equality. However, in this "charity" school that advertises punishing the body and saving the soul, Jane once again experienced inhuman treatment. President Lockhurst is a hypocrite. He treated the teachers and students of the school like slaves. He asked Jane to stand on the stool as punishment. Jane refused to give in or beg for mercy. She is convinced that she is not wrong. She stood on the stool, her head held high and motionless. How awe-inspiring and upright this silent resistance is! Jane's fire of resistance has not been extinguished, and it is getting stronger and stronger.

It can be seen that Jane grew up in hunger, tears, abuse and abuse in her childhood and girlhood, and her single-handedly resistance was forced out. Without this resistance, Jane would not have survived.

In the suffocating environment of charity school, Jane couldn't stand it, but with the loss of her only friendship-Miss Temple's departure, Jane felt more and more helpless, so she resigned (now teaching there) and went to Thornfield Manor as a tutor. Because Jane has lived in a loveless environment since she was a child, and because of her humble background and plain appearance, when she first arrived at the manor, Jane was reserved and defensive, but she was self-respecting and self-reliant. When Mr. Rochester, the proud and rich owner, ordered Jane to talk to him, Jane refused. In fact, Mr. Rochester is also a victim of bourgeois and family interests. His eccentricity, his debauchery and his cynicism protested in his own way. His spirit is out of step with the upper class, and his kind nature has not disappeared. He always sympathizes with and helps the weak in his own way. The great spiritual strength contained in Jane makes Rochester feel that he has found a bosom friend. With the deepening of getting along, Jane feels that Rochester is warm and friendly, and more importantly, they are both cynical. This made Jane's repressed feelings begin to wake up, and their feelings quietly warmed up. Jane's rebellious character was further sublimated at Rochester's elaborate ball. In front of many high-class people, Jane analyzed Miss Ingram's inner world in a down-to-earth way-this noble lady took money and family status as the cornerstone of her marriage, so when she learned that Rochester's property was running low, she changed her original warm attitude towards him. Rochester has thus fallen into a situation of damaged reputation. Fortunately, Jane was hurt and spurned without hesitation, and with her strong personality beauty, she expelled Miss Ingram from the arena. This is undoubtedly a powerful counterattack against aristocratic society. Jane won a great victory in this competition, so Jane and Rochester fell in love. Despite the disparity in status, Jane boldly fell in love with Luo, which is undoubtedly another challenge to the hierarchical aristocratic society. But when Jane unexpectedly learned that Luo Shang's crazy wife was still alive at the wedding, Jane felt ambivalent. Should she go or stay? After all, two people love each other so much that their love is not based on money and fame. If Jane leaves, the dignity that Jane pays attention to will be preserved, but the feelings of two people who love each other will suffer greatly; If Jane stays, meeting Luo's demands will make Jane lose her dignity, and another woman will be treated unfairly ... Finally, self-esteem and self-love will make Jane make a strong choice:

I care about myself. The more lonely I am, the less friends I have, the less dignity I have, and the more I respect myself, I will abide by the law that God gave me. Be recognized by human beings. I will be rational, not crazy, just like I am now. Laws and principles are not for such a moment, when the body and soul rise up against their severity; They should be inviolable. If I can break them at my personal convenience, what is their value? They are valuable-so I always believe; If I can't believe it now, it's because I'm crazy-quite crazy; My blood vessels are burning and my heart is beating faster than I can find it. Preconceived opinions and preconceived decisions are all I can do at this moment, and I will stand firm there. The more lonely you are, the more helpless you are without friends, and the more self-esteem you have. I will abide by the laws and regulations created by God and recognized by people, and I will adhere to the principle of observing when I am awake, not when I am crazy like this. Laws and regulations are not only for the time when there is no temptation, but for the time when the body and soul rise up against its harshness and harshness. No matter how powerful it is, it is indestructible. If I violate them for my own convenience, what is their value? They are valuable-I always thought so. If I don't believe it at the moment, it's because I'm crazy-crazy as hell, my blood vessels are burning, and my heart is beating faster than I can count. What I can rely on at this moment is my original idea and previous determination: I will stand there unswervingly. [5])

This powerful confession once again proves Jane Eyre's inviolable self-esteem, self-love and self-improvement. After careful consideration, Jane bravely accepted the challenge of fate and resolutely left Rochester.

After leaving Thornfield Manor, Jane was hungry and lonely and fainted in front of a house called Rivers. St. John's brother and sister took her in. They were very friendly to her. St. John helped Jane find a job as a country teacher, which made Jane grateful. At this time, Jane Eyre seems to have temporarily extinguished the fire of resistance in the ordeal, and she is no longer so sharp-edged, and seems to be a obedient female believer in the secular world, which seems to disappoint readers and make them feel how Jane Eyre has become so mediocre. But if you think about it carefully, isn't this a supplement to the other side of Jane's image? If Jane is just a rebellious little girl with no meekness and humility at all, such a character is incomplete, bloodless and lifeless. So Jane's change is normal, because Jane is an ordinary woman after all. Jane's respect for St. John is based on her kindness. St. John is a compassionate priest, and Jane restrained her cynicism in front of such an educated man. However, when St. John proposed to Jane, hoping that she would accompany him to serve God, Jane refused. In fact, Jane saw another side of St. John in their relationship. He is cold, mean, selfish and arbitrary. He even used "providence" to force Jane to marry him. Actually, he just wants to find a partner. Jane is strongly aware that being his wife will lose her cherished freedom, which will undoubtedly lead to her death, so she left St. John's brother and sister and returned to Thornfield Manor.

At this time, Jane's character has become perfect. In the face of strength, she is not condescending, self-respecting, supercilious; In front of people who are kind to her, she is patient and enthusiastic in return; In front of the person who loves her, she devoted herself wholeheartedly to her love, but still maintained her personality independence.

Tess d 'Urberville was also a rebellious woman. She is a direct descendant of the famous D 'Urbervilles, but this famous family has long since declined, so although Tess is beautiful, intelligent and considerate, her fate is no different from that of ordinary girls. As life became more and more difficult, she had to turn to Alec D 'Urberville, a fake family. Tess, full of independent spirit, was not at the mercy of Alec and resolutely resisted Alec's temptation. However, because of fate's teasing, Tess was still raped by Alec, who coveted her beauty. Nevertheless, Tess did not succumb to Alec's arrogance and became Alec's mistress without a logical conclusion. She bears the burden of life alone under the terrible pressure of people's words, and the unfortunate death of her son has not destroyed her tenacious heart. She lives on her own. Later, I met Angie Clay on the farm and they fell in love. Tess broke through the secular world and boldly poured out her love for Angie. It would be incredible if another woman lost her virginity, but Tess dared to love and do it regardless of Victorian ethics. It happened that fate played a trick on her again this time. The hypocritical Angie left Tess after learning that she had lost her virginity. Tess's innocence and frankness brought great misfortune to herself. Although she was almost desperate, she didn't lose confidence in life. She found another job and struggled in a poor and helpless environment. When Alei, who had obviously turned over a new leaf as a priest, came to see her again, she thought of missing her husband Angie day and night, hoping that he would come back to save her. Unfortunately, none of the letters she sent were answered. When Alec helped the family and lied to her that her husband would not come back and no longer loved her, and oppressed her with her "impurity", Tess was desperate. She agreed to live with Alec under the great pressure of life. Meanwhile, Angie wakes up and comes back from Brazil to find Tess. Tess found herself cheated again. She killed Alec in a rage, which brought her and her husband the happiest days. At last she was sent to the gallows.

Tess's tragic fate includes countless struggles. For example, after her first virginity, she didn't follow suit and became Alec's mistress, and she didn't want anything from Alec. She solemnly said:

"I have said that I won't take away any more anxiety from you. I won't, I can't. I should be your creativity and continue to do so. I won't." As I have said, I won't take your things anymore, I won't take them anymore-I can't take them either! If I want your things again, then I'm not your plaything? I won't ask again. [7])

She dares to fight against the society and pursue her new life again. After falling in love with Angie, she didn't care about her manners. She fell in love with Angie and treated her sincerely. The second time I saw Alec, she dared to expose Alec's mask. She said:

"I don't believe there will be such a sudden change. You know in your heart that you have ruined my field. You have the nerve to say such things to me these days, which really makes me angry! People like you, and people like you, have been making fun of people like me. They only care about their own happiness. As for how I suffer, it's none of your business; When you have played enough and opened your heart enough, you will say that you are enlightened and ready to go to heaven to enjoy yourself after death; You have taken advantage of all the advantages in the world. What a pity! I don't believe you. I get angry when I see you. " [8]

This rare spirit of resistance made her endure greater suffering every time and was eventually swallowed up by society.

two

Maslow, a famous American humanistic psychologist, believes that all human behaviors are caused by needs. He put forward the famous hierarchy of needs theory in the book theory of mobilizing people's enthusiasm published by 1943. Maslow divided people's diverse needs into five categories, and divided them into five grades according to the order of occurrence (see figure).

Illustrate Maslow's hierarchy of human needs

Maslow arranged the hierarchy of human needs according to three principles. First of all, people's basic needs must be met first, and then they will further pursue the satisfaction of higher-level needs. Secondly, human needs are closely related to individual growth and development. When people are born, the most important thing is to meet their physiological needs, then gradually consider the needs of security, belonging and self-esteem, and finally the needs of pursuing self-realization. Therefore, the development process of individual demand structure is a wave-like evolution, and the advantages of various needs evolve from a lower level to a higher level. Third, the level of people's needs is related to the society in which individuals live. Maslow believes that an ideal society should not only meet people's basic physiological needs, but also make people meet higher-level needs and encourage individuals to pursue self-realization. Only by linking individual needs with the needs of the country and social development can a person have inexhaustible motivation, give full play to his potential and achieve maximum self-realization.

In the life experiences of Jane and Tess, it is not difficult to find that their constant resistance and struggle were caused by the society at that time. Of course, their own personality is also one of the factors, but it is not the main factor. We know that although Victorian English society seemed prosperous, there was great darkness and ugliness behind the glitz, which hindered the five-level satisfaction of human needs, thus causing the resistance of Jane and Tess.

(1) physiological needs

This is the most primitive and basic demand of human beings, including hunger, thirst, sex and other physiological functions, and it is the most powerful driving force to promote human behavior. Only when the physiological needs are basically met will higher-level needs emerge one after another.

Both Jane Eyre and Tess of the D 'Urbervilles describe hunger and desire. Jane and Tess are both in the lower classes of society. Jane was abused since she was a child and didn't have enough to eat. Tess's family is a poor farmer and often has no food to eat. So Jane really wants to get out of that horrible environment and get enough food and clothing through her own labor; Tess had to turn to that fake family for help. In addition, Jane and Tess are both teenage girls, and the turmoil of youth and the yearning for love are normal feelings. Just like Jane's inexplicable irritability before and after advertising for a job, on the surface, Miss Temple got married and left, taking away Jane's only friendship. Actually, not all of them. It was Miss Temple's marriage that touched her deep sleep and made her yearn for "new changes", thus falling into anxiety and agitation. "I was excited by my sudden struggle. I stood up, walked around the room, opened the curtains and saw one or two stars. I was shivering with cold and climbed into bed again. " [9] After sorting out her confused thoughts, she thought, "A new job has its reasons." [10] In such a suffocating terrorist environment, Jane has no property, no identity, and is an orphan, so she is not so attractive? Napoleon once said that a person's physical structure is his destiny. Although this statement is too absolute, it has certain rationality. Jane herself realized this. When she was put in the red room after being abused, she thought, "I know that if I am a smart, beautiful, happy, lively, carefree and pestering child-even if I still get the support of others and have no friends-Mrs. Reed will be very happy to see me; Her children will be as sincere to me as their partners; The servants will not be so prepared to let me take on the responsibility of the nursery. " [1 1] Even when I am angry, "my usual inferiority complex, self-doubt and helpless depression burn on my anger like ice." [12] For an eleven-year-old child, the terrible thing may not be the ugliness of her physical appearance, but her constant recognition of this point itself, which made her carry the cross prematurely. "I see his five senses. They are symmetrical and beautiful ... look at his handsome tall figure. I imagine being his wife. Oh, never! " [13] If Jane's misfortune is mainly a property problem objectively, subjectively speaking, her inferiority comes from her appearance. It can be seen that the society at that time was very grandiose and hypocritical, and it was difficult to survive without money and to stand on its feet without a beautiful appearance.

Look at Tess again. "Her two charming and vivid children with red mouths and a pair of innocent big eyes add a touching touch to her appearance." [14] Tess's youth and beauty are very eye-catching at the rural Mayday dance. This kind of dance is actually a way for young girls to meet young men. But Tess didn't seem to care. She is pure and naive. "When the boys are vying to dance with her, she just watches and plays, nothing else; They argued fiercely and she scolded them. " [15] Her heart is a vague emotional consciousness-she wants to find the person she loves. Tess couldn't calm down for a long time when the handsome young Clay passed by and invited her two friends to dance. She seems to be complaining about his negligence. Even Clay himself felt that "although it was only a trivial matter, he instinctively felt that she was hurt by his neglect." [16] Unfortunately, "Norman descent without the support of Queen Victoria's wealth is like this." [17] Because of the deep-rooted hierarchical concept, Tess could not be accepted by the bourgeoisie, so Tess never saw her in-laws and uncles after she married Clay, and she could not get their approval, even though they were educated and charitable priests' homes. It can be seen how hypocritical the Christian morality of equality at that time was and how harsh the concept of social class was. For another example, when Tess was seduced by Alec, the son of that fake family, Alec used the money left by his father to eat, drink, gamble and commit various crimes. He coveted Tess's beautiful design and possessed her. Later, he wanted Tess to be his mistress, and thought it was because women wanted to climb to his position as a rich man. It can be seen that the proletarian peasants represented by Tess at that time were not happy at all, not only their meager labor was occupied by the bourgeoisie, but also their only private property, the natural appearance. What's more, Tess, as a victim, was regarded as an adulterer and an "evil incarnation" in the face of Victorian social morality at that time. "According to the unwritten rules of bourgeois morality, men don't think they are guilty, and only female slaves under the patriarchal clan system of ordinary citizens suffer. Therefore, this paragraph of the novel is also called' suffering woman'. " [18] When Alec became a respected priest, when he saw Tess again, he couldn't help showing his true colors and said, "You said you didn't harass me? But you've been harassing me! Your shadow is always in my heart and I can't get rid of it. Just now, your eyes stared at me fiercely. It is your eyes that are in front of me day and night. Tess, since you told me about our children, my feelings have been rushing in the Puritan torrent, and now it seems that there is a gap in your direction, and it immediately rushes out of the gap. Since then, the religious river has dried up, and this is exactly what you caused! " [19] The rogue's face is exposed. However, the so-called love for Tess is different from the pursuit of her inner peace. He dared to resist religion and old traditional morality, and despised secular prejudice. On the surface, he is progressive and decent. However, after learning about Tess's virginity, he was completely different. "I don't love you, but another woman who looks like you." [20] The weakness and vacillation peculiar to petty-bourgeois intellectuals and the hypocrisy and insensitivity of the whole bourgeoisie are undoubtedly exposed. It can be said that the petty bourgeoisie, represented by An Ji, and the landlord class, represented by Alec, have squeezed out the bankrupt peasants, represented by Tess, and there is no room for Tess to live, let alone normal physiological needs.

Although Tess and Jane don't live in the same era, they are also deeply squeezed by the bourgeoisie, interfered by abnormal religion and obstructed by false morality, which makes their normal physiological needs unsatisfied and their basic living conditions not guaranteed. This environment is suffocating.

(2) Safety requirements

In Jane Eyre, security issues are involved from the beginning. Jane was abused by her aunt and cousin, locked in a terrible red room and treated inhumanely in a charity school. Jane's safety was threatened until she arrived at Thornfield Manor. Even in St. John's warm home, Jane is still threatened, because St. John's almost crazy religious worship forces Jane to obey God's will and go to the altar with him to dedicate herself to God. In fact, Jane's insecurity was unique at that time. In order to consolidate their position and make the disobedient lower classes obedient, the bourgeoisie always adopts a series of oppressive policies, plundering their meager property and depriving them of their freedom of life. Coupled with the inherent selfishness, hypocrisy and ruthlessness of the bourgeoisie, they will not give love and warmth to the world they control. Religion is an effective means of oppression because it is used by the ruling class as a tool to paralyze the people; The cold hypocrisy of religion coincides with the cold hypocrisy of the bourgeoisie, so they collude to satisfy their own selfish desires. At that time, in the upper-class society where power and money were piled up, "money makes the mare go", the rich could do whatever they wanted without following the teachings and morality, while the people at the bottom had to follow the moral outline introduced by the upper-class society. So Jane wants to live her own life. It is impossible for her to have a safe foothold in the society at that time.

Tess never really thought about safety. She loves life, loves life, and has always followed the natural laws that conform to nature. This obedience is not based on some rational knowledge, but on life instinct. Her motivation is also simple: "She loves' stepping on the festival' purely for the sake of' stepping on the festival' itself." Such a beautiful, innocent girl who doesn't understand the way of the world can't be protected by God. "Darkness and silence rule around. Above them, there are oak trees and water pines growing in the paddock from ancient times to the present, and soft birds perch on the trees and take the last nap that night; Around them, there are jumping rabbits, sneaking around. But someone should ask: where is the angel who protects Tess? Where is the God who wholeheartedly believes in and protects the world? Does he gossip like another god mentioned by the satirical Tishby? What about chasing and hunting? Are you traveling on the road again? " If you don't fall asleep, you won't wake up if you wake up. [2 1] This passage painstakingly depicts the situation that pure Tess is insulted and unable to resist. The author painfully asks the God who protects the world, especially the God who protects good people, why not protect such good people? At the same time, I deeply sympathize with the lower class represented by Tess. Don't "gloom" and "silence" just imply the social features of Victorian people who were controlled and oppressed by the bourgeoisie to dare to be angry and dare not speak? Both God and angels exist in name only, which is just a grandiose excuse for the rulers. Many people of insight in Hardy's contemporaries "cursed the world that killed Tess, but did not see the power to overcome this lawless behavior." [22] At that time, the bourgeoisie was very arrogant, oppressing the poor and doing whatever it wanted. People have to resign themselves to fate. "Of course, we can admit that there may be elements of karma in this disaster. There is no doubt that among Tess D 'Urberville's ancestors, some people dressed in armor and armor came back on impulse after the battle, having a good time, and even more ruthlessly ruining the farmer's daughter. [23] In Tess's remote village, they talked fatally and thought, "It's destiny takes a hand. " [24]

Ignorance caused by remoteness and backwardness is understandable; However, it is more painful and regrettable to cling to the vanity of the powerful, and this subjective ignorance is the internal driving force that leads Tess to the wolf's den. And the main body of this driving force is Tess's parents. When Tess's alcoholic father learned that his ancestors were aristocrats, he always wanted Tess to recognize her family. Her lazy mother wanted to climb the rich through her daughter's beauty, so the death of the old horse became the best excuse for them to realize their dreams. When Tess asked her mother why she didn't teach her some basic interpersonal relationships after she lost her virginity, her mother said, "I'm afraid. What will happen if I tell you that he has a crush on you? You have to put on airs, stay away from him and lose your chance. " [25] Man struggles upwards, which is human nature, not to mention Tess, a poor family struggling with food and clothing. However, they don't know their social situation. Capitalist society pays great attention to hierarchy and family status. The proletariat is more squeezing and oppressing, trying to satisfy its own desires. Tess would rather be insulted by the hateful and mean farmer Gherraby and let her do heavy manual work than be controlled by Alec, which shows that she is not only oppressed materially, but also mentally. And that An Ji, like many petty-bourgeois intellectuals, seems to dare to oppose morality and religious morality, but in fact he is a defender of bourgeois social morality and religious teachings. It is such a group of shameless people who push Tess to hell on earth.

Maslow once said that when a person's physiological needs are met, the need to meet safety will arise. It is the need of security for individuals to seek life, property and other aspects of personal life from threats, loneliness, infringement and protection. Tess and Jane's physiological needs have never been met and have never settled down. They are always struggling in hunger and danger, showing their reluctance to accept the status quo.

The need for belonging and love

This is a social need, including interacting with people, communicating socially, getting a harmonious relationship between partners and friends, or maintaining friendship and loyalty. Everyone wants to be loved by others, and also wants to be loved by others. And hope to be accepted by the group and society, become one of them, and get mutual support and care.

Jane lost her parents when she was young. In the hard struggle, the need for belonging and love has always been what Jane wants. The trend of her belonging is the search for losing her parents, the desire for home and the desire for love. And from small to large, she almost grew up in abuse and abuse. The abuse of cousins and menstruation didn't make Jane feel the slightest warmth, but she appreciated the indifference, cruelty and ruthlessness of the bourgeois family. The inhuman treatment of charity schools made her feel the cruelty of abusing poor children in the name of religion; From the ball arranged by Rochester, we can see the hypocrisy of the bourgeois upper class: St. John's sanctimonious and hypocritical sympathy just shows the distortion and deformity of the dark society at that time-people no longer remember the original intention of God to save the world, and Christianity became a religion of a few people and a tool to "save" those rich and powerful bourgeoisie. Therefore, in such a social environment, Jane's interests are sacrificed to ensure the needs of the bourgeoisie. Later, Jane fell in love with Rochester and regarded him as her own love, which put Jane through the test again. Rochester's ex-wife Bertha became the biggest obstacle to their marriage, and Bertha's family used Jane's most prominent personality characteristic-strong self-esteem to force her to quit. Despite all kinds of setbacks, Jane and Roches persisted.