According to Liu Xin's seven views, the author of Han Shu Literature and Art Records divides Confucian classics into six views. In "Views on Various Scholars", he divided the schools from pre-Qin to early Han into ten schools, including Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalism, Ming, Mohism, Zongheng, Za, Agriculture and Novels. At the same time, he also recorded various works, "philosopher 189 people, 4324 articles."
One of the pre-Qin 10 novelists, collecting folk stories to examine people's feelings and customs. "Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi" said: "Novelists are all officials.
Talk in the street and listen to what the speaker has done. Comprehensive school at the end of the warring States period.
It is named after "Confucianism and Mohism, the method of combining names" and "hundred schools of thought's way is consistent" (Han Shu Literature and Art Annals and Yan's Notes). Lu Chunqiu, compiled by Qin party guests, is a typical miscellaneous book.
Nongjiale is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is named after attaching importance to agricultural production.
This was sent by an official in charge of agricultural production in ancient times. They believe that agriculture is the basis of food and clothing, and should be put in the first place in all work.
On Mencius Teng Wengong, Xu Xing was recorded as a man, "for the words of Shennong", and it was put forward that sages should "plow with the people and eat, and eat for the people", which showed the social and political ideals of farmers. This evening also pays attention to recording and summarizing agricultural production technology and experience.
The chapters in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, such as Shang Nong, Man and Land, Border Land and Current Affairs, are considered to be important materials for studying farmers in the pre-Qin period. China, a strategist, used the strategy of vertical and horizontal cooperation to lobby governors and engage in political and diplomatic activities during the Warring States Period.
Be listed as one of the schools of thought. The main representatives are Su Qin and Yi Cheung.
During the Warring States period, the north and south were vertical and the east and west were horizontal. Su Qin advocated that Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu should unite to repel Qin, while Zhang Yi tried to break the alliance. The six countries of Lian Heng were under the control of Qin respectively, hence the name. Their activities had an important influence on the changes of political and military structure during the Warring States period.
There are a lot of records about its activities in the Warring States Policy. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, strategists wrote Sixteen Books and Seventeen Articles.
Celebrities are one of the important schools in the Warring States period, and they are called celebrities by later generations because they are engaged in the main academic activities of arguing names (names, concepts) and facts (facts). At that time, people called them "debaters", "judges" or "famous criminals".
Representative figures are Hui Shi and GongSunLong. Yin-Yang School Yin-Yang School is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, which was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and explaining social personnel.
This school originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical calendars in ancient times, and its representative was Zou Yan, a Qi man in the Warring States Period. Yin-yang theory holds that Yin-yang is the opposing and transforming force of things themselves, which can be used to explain the law of development and change of things.
The five elements theory holds that everything is composed of five elements: wood, fire, earth, gold and water, and there are two laws that can be used to explain the origin and change of everything in the universe. Zou Yan combined the two, interpreted the attributes of the five elements as "five virtues" according to the theory that the five elements are mutually dependent and mutually resistant, and established the theory that "five virtues begin and end", which was the law of the rise and fall of dynasties in the past, and provided a theoretical basis for establishing a new unified dynasty.
Twenty-one kinds of works of this school are recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, all of which have been lost. The Book of Rites and the Moon Order, written at the end of the Warring States Period, is said to be a work of Yin and Yang.
Some articles in Guanzi also belong to Yin and Yang works, and some Yin and Yang materials are also preserved in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Yingtong, Huainan Custom Instructions and Qin Shihuang's Biography. Legalist school is one of the important schools in the Warring States period. It is called a legalist because it advocates the rule of law, "don't be intimate, don't be extremely noble, and be divorced from the law."
In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of legalist thought. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the Legalist School.
By the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei had integrated Shang Yang's "Fa", Shen Dao's "Teacher" and Shen Wu's "Shu" and combined the thoughts and theories of Legalists. Economically, this school advocates abandoning mineral fields, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding farming; Politically, it advocates abolishing the enfeoffment system, setting up counties, autocratic monarchy, taking advantage of the situation and ruling by severe punishment and strict law; In ideological education, we should ban the theory of a hundred schools of thought, take law as teaching and officials as teachers.
His theory provides a theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a unified monarchy. There are 2 17 legalist works recorded in Hanshu, and nearly half of them exist, among which Shang Jun and Han Feizi are the most important.
Mohism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, and its founder is Mo Zhai. The theoretical basis of this school is "mutual love and mutual benefit": treat others as yourself; Love is to love others as yourself.
The purpose of "mutual benefit" can only be achieved by "blind date in the world" Politically, he advocated respecting sages and Shang Tong without attacking; Economically, it advocates vigorously saving costs; Put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts.
At the same time, it also puts forward the idea of "non-life" and emphasizes self-reliance. Mohism has a strict organization, and most of its members come from the lower classes. According to legend, everyone can get rid of fire and knife to motivate themselves.
His disciples are having a debate, which is called "Mo Debate". Those who engage in martial arts are called "Moxia"; The leader called it a "giant". Its discipline is strict, it is said that "Mohist law, the murderer dies, and the injured person is punished" ("Lv Chunqiu").
After Mo Zhai's death, he split into three factions. By the late Warring States period, it merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, which was called "Mohist post-study" (also known as "late Mohist"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Taoism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period, also known as "Taoists". Based on Laozi's "Tao" theory at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, this school uses "Tao" to explain the essence, origin, composition and change of all things in the universe.
It is believed that heaven does nothing and everything is transformed naturally. It denies that gods and ghosts dominate everything, advocates that Taoism is natural, let nature take its course, and advocates that quietism and women should be soft. The political ideal is "a small country with few people" and "governing by doing nothing".
After Laozi, Taoism was divided into different factions. There are four famous schools: Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School, Song Yin School and Huang Lao School. Confucianism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, and it took Confucius as its teacher in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Second, from the literary point of view, why is Zuo Zhuan the representative of pre-Qin historical prose? Zuo Zhuan is an ancient chronological historical work of China.
Zuo Zhuan is the full name of Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, formerly known as Zuo Chunqiu, and also known as Zuo Chunqiu and Zuo Shi in the Han Dynasty. It was called Zuo Zhuan only after the Han Dynasty.
It is also called "Three Biographies of Spring and Autumn" with Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang. Legend has it that Zuo Zhuan was written by Zuo Qiuming, a historian at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.
Sima Qian, Ban Gu and others all think that Zuo Zhuan was written by Zuo Qiuming. Six Classics of the Stone by Liu Zhiji in Tang Dynasty: "Zuo's family originated in Zuo Qiuming."
In the Tang Dynasty, Zhao Kuang first suspected that Zuo Zhuan was not written by Zuo Qiuming. Since then, many scholars have expressed doubts about this.
Many people think that Zuo Zhuan was not Zuo Qiuming. Ye Mengde believes that the author came from the Warring States period; Zheng Qiao's Six Classics and Olympics is considered to be the Chu people in the Warring States Period. Zhu thought it was the post-Chu Zuo's leaning; Xiang Anshi thought it was done by Wei people; Cheng Duanxue thinks it is a fake book.
Ji Yun in Qing Dynasty still thinks that it was written by Zuo Qiuming in the Catalogue of Siku Quanshu. Kang Youwei thinks it was written by Liu Xin.
Today, it is believed that Wu Qi did it, and Zhao Guangxian thinks that it was done by Zuo Shi, a native of Lu during the Warring States Period. It is generally believed that Zuo Zhuan was not written by one person, and it was written in the middle of the Warring States Period (the middle of the 4th century BC). Some scholars compiled it during the Warring States Period, and most of it may have been written by Zuo Qiuming.
Based on the Spring and Autumn Annals, Zuo Zhuan illustrates the outline of Spring and Autumn Annals by describing the specific historical facts in the Spring and Autumn Period. Sima Qian said in the Chronicle of Twelve Governors in Historical Records: "Zuo Qiuming, a gentleman of Lu, was afraid of heresy among his disciples, and each had his own opinions and lost his reason. So because Confucius' Historical Records has his own words, it became Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals. "
Zuo Zhuan represents the highest achievement of pre-Qin historiography, is an important document to study pre-Qin history and Spring and Autumn history, and has a great influence on later historiography, especially on establishing the status of chronological history books. Moreover, because it has a strong Confucian tendency, emphasizes hierarchical order and patriarchal ethics, attaches importance to the distinction between honor and inferiority, and also shows the idea of "people-oriented", so it is also an important historical material for studying Confucianism in the pre-Qin period.
Zuo Zhuan mainly records the decline of the royal family in Zhou Dynasty and the history of the hegemony of princes, and records and comments on various etiquette norms, laws and regulations, social customs, ethnic relations, moral concepts, astronomy and geography, calendar seasons, ancient documents, myths and legends, and ballads. Zuo Zhuan is not only a historical work, but also an excellent literary work.
Shown in: good at describing wars, good at portraying characters, and paying attention to written records. China Children's Education Classics Reading Network.
Thirdly, the development of pre-Qin historical prose can be divided into several periods.
The first period was represented by Shangshu and Chunqiu. Shangshu is the earliest collection of historical essays in China and the ancestor of China characters. It is said that The Spring and Autumn Annals was written by Confucius, which pioneered private writing and was the first chronicle of China. Shangshu and Chunqiu provide different styles for China's history books.
The second period is represented by Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu. The former is a chronicle dominated by notes, while the latter is a national history dominated by words. Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu changed the characters of Shangshu and Chunqiu from primitive simplicity to rich and fluent, and made the pre-Qin historical prose develop to a mature stage.
The third period is represented by the Warring States Policy, which is a national history. Its bold writing and rich literary talent indicate that the language use of historical prose in the pre-Qin period has reached a new level.
Fourthly, the philosopher's essays and historical essays represent the highest achievements in the pre-Qin period.
There are two kinds of pre-Qin prose, historical prose and various schools of thought prose. The former includes Zuo Zhuan, Mandarin, Warring States Policy and other historical works. The latter are the articles of Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and Legalism, among which The Analects of Confucius, Mozi and Mencius are the records of Kong Qiu, Mo Zhai and Mencius, while Zhuangzi, Xunzi and Han Feizi are my own works. China was a great prose country in ancient times, and it was also the country with the earliest appearance of this style. Prose of later generations originated from pre-Qin prose and had a far-reaching influence on the development of prose of later generations.
Non-literary historical prose in the pre-Qin period, such as Shangshu and Chunqiu, can be ignored, and Zuozhuan, Guoyu and Warring States Policy are its representatives. Zuo Zhuan is also called Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period or Zuo Chunqiu, as well as Qi Rengao's Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram and the late Biography of the Spring and Autumn Valley Liang, which are collectively called Three Biographies of the Spring and Autumn Period. Zuozhuan, based on Chunqiu, is an independent and complete historical work with its own system. Written in the early Warring States period, it is said that the author is Zuo Qiuming, a historian of Lu. With nearly 200,000 words, the book comprehensively records the political, military, diplomatic and cultural activities of various countries in the Spring and Autumn Period.
The development of pre-Qin philosophers' prose can be divided into three stages. The first stage is the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period. Representative works include The Analects of Confucius and Mozi. Most articles are quotations or short chapters of concise discussion. The mid-Warring States Period is the second stage, and the representative works are Mencius and Zhuangzi. The article gradually developed from quotations to dialogues and monographs. The late Warring States period is the third stage, with Xunzi and Han Feizi as the representative works. Their articles are basically monographs, and their works are abundant, which improves the debate system.
5. What are the representative works of pre-Qin historical prose, such as Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu and Warring States Policy?
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, ancient Chinese prose flourished and many excellent prose works appeared, which is the pre-Qin prose in the history of Chinese literature. There are two kinds of pre-Qin prose, historical prose and various schools of thought prose. The former includes Zuo Zhuan, Mandarin, Warring States Policy and other historical works. The latter are the articles of Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and Legalism, among which The Analects of Confucius, Mozi and Mencius are the words and deeds of Kong Qiu, Mo Zhai and Mencius, while Zhuangzi, Xunzi and Everything is done wrong are my own works.
China was a great prose country in ancient times, and it was also the country with the earliest appearance of this style. Prose of later generations originated from pre-Qin prose and had a far-reaching influence on the development of prose of later generations.
6. What are the three representative books of historical prose in the pre-Qin period? Can the development of pre-Qin philosophers' prose be divided? Three stages: the first stage is the Analects of Confucius and Mozi, the former? Prose is purely recorded, while the latter is mixed with simple argumentative essays.
The second stage is Mencius and Zhuangzi. The former is basically a bibliography, but it has developed significantly and formed a conversational argumentative essay. The latter changed from a dialogue to a monograph with concentrated arguments. Except for a few articles, it almost completely broke through the form of quotations and developed? Special argumentative essay. The third stage is Xunzi and Han Feizi, both of whom reached the highest debate stage of pre-Qin prose.
Their length is from short to long, their style is from simple to open, and they are unconstrained, representing the theoretical texts of various stages in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
7. What are the achievements of pre-Qin historical prose? Pre-Qin historical prose is represented by Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu and Warring States Policy.
Zuo Zhuan is a book written by Zuo Qiuming to explain the Spring and Autumn Annals, which records the whole story and related anecdotes in detail. Under the premise of not violating the historical truth, let historical events tell stories and be fascinating.
Zuo Zhuan can describe the complex and magnificent war process and scene at that time in concise language. For example, in The Battle of Qin Jinyi, there are three paragraphs, namely, Gao Xian's master, Huang Wuzi's resignation, and Meng Ming's thanks, which are tactful and graceful, full of twists and turns.
The artistic achievement of Zuo Zhuan is highly praised by later generations and by Liu Zhiji as the "most narrative" in pre-Qin prose, which indicates the initial maturity of China's narrative prose. Guoyu is a compilation of historical materials from various countries, with more notes and less notes. Its literary talent is not as good as Zuo Zhuan, but it also has many wonderful parts.
For example, Gou Jian's narrative about Yue's self-improvement and revenge, and Jin Xiangong's description about being killed today and Zhong Er's going abroad are all very attractive. The Warring States Policy mainly recorded the lobbyists' scheming in the Warring States Period by memorizing words, and created a series of images of "scholars" such as Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Feng Xuan and Lv Zhonglian, all of which were full of modality.
Many literary descriptions are based on imaginary imagination, such as Su Qin's sighing at night reading, and Zou Ji's psychological description of Xu Gongshi is obviously based on speculation or hearsay. The Warring States Policy is spread out, discussed vertically and horizontally, and beautifully written, which is the embodiment of the characteristics of the Warring States period, and the political papers of later generations are deeply influenced by it.