Yu Jie
Wu's life can be divided into two parts. In the early stage, like Xiao Shan, he drifted away from the "normal" life track with an emotional lifestyle. "When I was a teenager, I painted a boat in Qingxi Jiuqu. I once remembered to swim and smell ... I spent a lot of money that night, so I didn't care about the price." ("Buy a Limb Pond") "The Wangs have a head cover, geisha know spring songs and drinks, and the whiteboard goes to the west. Only when they win will they know these songs. "(Minus Magnolia) Wu is not really addicted to love like a hill, but flaunts one more.
An unacceptable attitude towards life. You don't swim for the sake of swimming, but you experience freedom in swimming. Hu Shi said that Wu Jiaye was defeated in Qinhuai, but I think it was "sediment throwing a gold, bearing a burden" deliberately. Only when we lose our property and get rid of the shackles of the clan can we enter literary creation with a pure mentality.
"I didn't know that owls were apprentices in the East." ! Wu Jingbang, 33, was penniless. When he moved to Nanjing, he was already regarded as the "black sheep". After three days of rain, the stove was cold and there was no money, he still refused to take Fu's Ci exam. When the "old man's bitter words" interfered with his freedom, he "crossed his hands and thanked the old man, with an eyebrow like a tiger." [45] His "stupidity", "ignorance" and "concealment" remain unchanged throughout his life. How similar he is to Xiao Yan!
Wang Mian is regarded as a "celebrity" in The Scholars. The reason why he has such great ability is that he is an "aboveboard" person and an "interesting" person. Wang Mian is both a childlike cowboy and a talented freak. He painted lotus flowers, "the spirit and color of lotus flowers are very similar", because he himself is a lotus flower that emerges from the mud but is not stained. "When the flowers are beautiful, I ride a cow to my mother's car. He is wearing a top hat, a wide coat, a persistent whip and singing in his mouth. He played around in rural towns and lakes, causing people in rural areas to laugh with him in droves, and he didn't pay attention. " How spontaneous and naive this is! Faced with the threat of "killing a magistrate", Wang Mian would rather live on the streets than bow his head. He is far away from the hut and breeds the whole world. He revealed the essence of the official position: "This method is not good! In the future, scholars will be honored and despise the source of that article. "
In the novel, Feng Si's father seems to have a calcium dobesilate capsule, but it is actually a key. According to textual research, the prototype of Feng Si's father is the chivalrous Gan Fengchi. [46] At that time, Li Jue, the governor of Zhejiang Province, described Gan Fengchi in his memorial: "Investigating this generation of gangsters, false letters, sensational, I really hate it, and it is difficult to let the fish slip through the net." There are no more people who think about the good things in Jiangsu and Zhejiang than the criminals such as Gan Fengchi who are now arrested. "For such a traitor, Wu Jingbang sincerely praised:" The imperial court severely punished the secret network, and many literati bowed their knees when they saw it. You little people regard it as dirt, respectable! "
The History of Coward Forest ends with the story of four strange people. When "Nanjing's celebrities have gradually sold out", the strange man appeared in the middle of the road. The season when I can write meets the year, "but I refuse to learn ancient calligraphy, just create my own style and write with a pen." "If he doesn't want to, let your princes send him a lot of money, and he doesn't even look at it." He met Shi's face and scolded him: "What kind of person are you? Dare to ask me to write! I am not greedy for your money, your power or your light. Don't you dare let me write words to express my independent personality and high spirit. Wu regards "Four Musts" as a first-class figure who "reminisces about the past and thinks about the future". Konglin is a mess, but Jingcheng has a shining personality. Wu has quietly changed a brand-new value standard. Why can you maintain the independence of personality and the freedom of mind in the street?
Yuan Jing is a tailor, who can play the piano, write and like to write poems. A friend asked him, "If you want to be an elegant person, why do you want to work in your expensive business?" Why is it different from people in some schools? "He said," I don't want to be an elegant person, just want to be similar in temperament, so I often learn. "As for our cheap business, it was left by my grandfather. Don't you defile yourself by reading and writing as a tailor? Besides, those friends at school have other knowledge and don't want to get along with us! Now I find sixty or seventy cents of silver every day. It's up to me to play the piano and write when I'm full. Do not covet the wealth of others, do not serve their faces; If the sky doesn't accept it and the earth doesn't care, it will be happy. This sentence is really groundbreaking. Wu realized that behind personality independence is economic independence. In the Confucian forest covered by the power network, there are only vassals like climbing vines and independents like Yan Yuansong. Street people run a profession despised by literati, but they gain real economic independence in this profession. What do you mean, "everything is up to me"! Scholars dare not say such big things even if they climb to the highest position like Zaifu. Wu broke through the traditional moral judgment and revealed the economic basis of "strange man". No one realized this before.
Wang Mian appeared at the beginning, four grandfathers appeared in the middle and four strange people appeared at the end, which was carefully arranged by the author. They are ordinary people who have no social status and are outside the ruling order. Their simplicity, enthusiasm and indifference are in sharp contrast with the ugly Confucian scholars and officialdom. As Hu Shi said in "Comment on Wu", "Being an official is the only way for an autocratic monarch to be trapped. There is only one way to resist this vicious cage: to advocate a new social psychology and let people know the ugliness of the industry and the ugliness of officials; People think that' people' are more valuable than' officials', and character is more valuable than wealth. If we cultivate this kind of psychology in society, we will not be afraid of the emperor's diabolical means of "doing nothing for the official". "The scholar's intention is only to develop this kind of social psychology."
However, this kind of social psychology is difficult to cultivate after all. Wu, the upright black sheep in Embedded Battery, is lonely, and so are the strange people in his works. Yuan Jing plays the piano for his bosom friend. "After playing for a while, he suddenly changed the emblem. It was so sad that the old man couldn't help crying when he heard it in the depths." Readers read here, hiding their own ideas, afraid that they will "cry"!
Yu!
There is nothing to hide in your mouth, but you have something to praise or criticize in your heart-scholars.
Advocate a new social psychology to let people know the ugliness of the industry and the ugliness of officials; People think that "people" are more valuable than "officials", and character is more valuable than wealth. If you develop this kind of psychology in society, you will not be afraid of the emperor's diabolical means of "not giving you an official position".
-Hu Shi's "Comment on Wu Jingzi"
Among China's classical novels, only two books were promised as "great" by Lu Xun, one of which was Wu's The Scholars. The Scholars is about the literati class. In ancient China, the so-called scholar-officials were the world of intellectuals and officialdom. This is a book that criticizes intellectuals, and it can also be said that it is a book that exposes the dullness of officialdom. In this way, it is really necessary to reread The Scholars in contemporary China.
Author Wu (A.D.1701-1754) grew up in a big family of "famous families" in Quanjiao County, Anhui Province on the north bank of the Yangtze River. Great-grandfather and grandfather were both successful in their official careers. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there was a period of "family wealth" for 50 years. But his own grandfather was not well-known among his peers and died young; Since he was a child, he has had an heir to his eldest son, Wu, who is his adoptive father. Wu worked as a county magistrate for only a few years, then he lost his official position because he offended his boss and died of depression. Wu lost his mother at the age of 13 and his father at the age of 23. He is neither keen on fame and wealth, nor despises money. He is extravagant and generous. In a few years, the property left by the previous generation was squandered by him, so that "Tianlu sold out", "slaves fled and servants scattered" and "the village handed down descendants as a warning" ("Word Magnolia Geng Xu, New Year's Eve Guest"), coupled with the failure of the examination room, was very exciting. "Must be temporary eyebrows? "After returning to my hometown, I moved to Nanjing in the eleventh year of Yongzheng because of the unbearable cold reception. From this time until his death in Yangzhou at the age of 54, he mainly made a living by selling articles and giving alms to friends. It was also during this period that he completed his masterpiece The Scholars.
Wu has been living in a noble social environment since childhood, but the family he grew up in has been declining, and suddenly fell into poverty after middle age. In the process of his family's decline from "gradual" to "sudden", he lived in his hometown Quanjiao County, Ganyu County in northern Jiangsu (where his father worked) and Nanjing, and traveled to Yangzhou, Anqing and Wuhu. Judging from several generations of clan relations and his own interpersonal relationship, he contacted a wide range of literati classes and got to know and know many people. The faces he saw, the warmth and coldness he received, the people he experienced and the world he experienced were extremely rich and profound. This cultivated his keen sense of justice and sober mind to observe reality, and made him see through the depravity and shamelessness of the literati class under the dark rule of the Qing Dynasty, the ugliness of politics and the corruption of society. It is this life experience that has become the direct source of Wu's serious realistic spirit.
Scholars mercilessly lashed and criticized the literati class with tears. Mr. Lu Xun once said that "The Scholars" "advocates that public interests are above everything else and criticizes current disadvantages. The direction in front of the plane, especially the stone forest; His writing is both harmonious and harmonious, and more ironic. " By exposing all kinds of absurd phenomena that are inharmonious and contrary to human common sense, we can inject boasting, boasting, self-cleverness, self-defeating, deceiving the world, pretending to be lofty and self-contradictory, etc. As Nikolai Gogol said, "Our liars, our monsters! ..... Let everyone have a good laugh! Laughter is really great. It doesn't take away life or land, but in front of it, you will bow your head and confess, like a tied rabbit. "
The satirical art of The Scholars has a distinct purpose, that is, "the author's original intention is to wake up the world, not to scold it." Although the author tries his best to be sarcastic, he wants to save the satirized group. As the saying goes, "Good people feel the kindness of others; Evil, punish and create people's ambitions. " The author depicts the tragic fate of many literati under stereotyped writing system with compassion, and then unfolds a picture of social customs in the feudal imperial examination era, attacking the decay of the system and the darkness of society, making The Scholars a sacred work in China's classical satirical novels.
The Scholars has always been rated as a masterpiece of classical realism, that is, realistic works, in which many stories and characters come directly from life. Mr. Lu Xun once said in A Brief History of Chinese Novels: "Most of the characters in The Scholars are real people, and their names are implied by homonyms of pictographs and argot words." "The Scholars" is good at using the brushwork of "spreading the autumn", that is, "the mouth is open and the heart is praised and criticized". The author's point of view is not directly imposed on readers, but on the shaping of specific images. The winning bid of Harmony, the transformation of Kuang Superman, Du's heroic act and Mr. Ma's pedantry all show profound and rich thoughts through specific plots. The author didn't praise or criticize us directly, but every image is full of great power and conveys the author's distinct view of justice. We must understand and recognize it from the correlation and development of various images in different periods and occasions. This is a realistic narrative style.
Another artistic feature of this book is the sketches and silhouettes of characters. The Scholars is a novel with a changing protagonist, or a novel composed of countless short stories. Through the detailed description of the life experience of the characters, in the tortuous story, the character characteristics and spiritual world of the characters can hardly be expressed. Therefore, Wu focused on the most dazzling human characteristics, thus showing a relatively static life in depth and detail. It's like intercepting a fragment from the long history of character development, and then turning it around in front of people, magnifying the "this one" here and now. This is an excellent way to sketch satirize the characters, which makes the colors of the characters bright and clear, and the plot flows quickly, as if the face of the characters was sketched 10%, and the story will come to an end, and it is these exquisite plots that leave a deep impression on the readers.
Hu Shi said in "Comment on Wu Jingzi": "It is the only way for an autocratic monarch to trap talents by not granting him an official position. There is only one way to resist this vicious cage: to advocate a new social psychology and let people know the ugliness of the industry and the ugliness of officials; People think that' people' are more valuable than' officials', and character is more valuable than wealth. If we cultivate this kind of psychology in society, we will not be afraid of the emperor's diabolical means of "doing nothing for the official". "The scholar's intention is only to develop this kind of social psychology."