First, the combination of punishment stamp and supervision of Taizu officials' management
Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, was born in poverty and won the world through difficulties and obstacles. He regards "country" as "home" and is more powerful than the founding monarch of the previous generation. In order to put an end to all the hidden dangers that may lose the world, he not only killed the hero, but also enfeoffed his descendants, setting a historical record; Its promulgation of "numerous ancestral teachings" and the establishment of "ancestral system" are also unique in history. At the same time, he paid special attention to cleaning up the official style, and its means were heavy punishment first and supervision second.
The function of punishment is to punish corrupt officials. Zhu Yuanzhang claimed: "The troubled times have to be punished, and the punishment is heavy." The so-called severe punishment in troubled times mainly refers to severely punishing officials who take bribes and bend the law. As Wei Guan and others praised in the Ming History, "Ming Taizu was lax in punishing officials and depressed people's livelihood in the Yuan Dynasty, focusing on greed and heavy punishment." Zhu Yuanzhang's measures to punish corrupt officials are well known in three aspects:
First, the capital builds a wall. In the eighteenth year of Hongwu (1385), the imperial edict "Catch all the officials in the world as harm to the people and go to Beijing to build a city" (Biography of Zhu Xi in Ming Dynasty),
Second, Fengyang wasteland. In the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), at noon in February, the imperial edict said, "Any official who accepts bribes and commits capital crimes shall be suspended from his post and planted in Fengyang" ("Ming Hui Punishment IV"). In the ninth year (1376), another imperial edict was issued: "If an official is guilty, tens of thousands of people will be reported to Fengyang" (Biography of Han Yi in Ming Taizu).
Third, skin the head. Ye Bencao records that Zhu Yuanzhang was strict with bureaucracy and went to Beijing to complain about those who kept order and were greedy for coolness. Those who steal more than sixty taels will be beheaded and stripped of grass. As the guardian of Fuzhou County, Zotley Temple is called Pichang Temple. There is a bag of stripped grass hanging next to the official position, which is shocking.
In addition, the punishment of corrupt officials in the early Ming Dynasty was more severe than that of the previous generation. The Daming Law promulgated by Zhu Yuanzhang, regarding the name of punishment, not only stipulated five kinds of punishment, such as beating, beating, torture, exile and death penalty, but also restored the use of torture such as monarch, year old and palace punishment. The law has a special chapter on "taking bribes", titled *** 1 1, which stipulates that "taking bribes illegally" is always 70 strokes and 80 strokes will be twisted. Those who illegally set up officers and soldiers to harm the people shall be punished by clan punishment or beheading. Third, "big high", as an extra-legal punishment, punishes officials for corruption, tyranny and endangering the people, accounting for 80% of the total items; Among them, there are thousands of cases of Lingchi, Small Beasts and Zuzhu, and more than 10,000 cases of abandoned cities. For example, a fake thousand households contacted Zhang Heng and the governor of Suzhou, "sending officials" and "disturbing people and cheating", and Shen and his four companions were beheaded. In Zhengzhou, Kangbotai, Zhimingdu, etc. 12 people embezzled disaster relief funds and materials, and all but one were executed. These situations are quite prominent. As for the case of Guo Heng, assistant minister of the Ministry of Finance, hundreds of people under six assistant ministers were all sentenced to death; Provincial officials are even more famous for killing tens of thousands. In addition, "Da Gao" also created corporal punishment such as breaking hands, chopping fingers and picking tendons. Hu Ning, an official of the Ministry of Punishment, and others took money at will. The prisoner was sent to be an official and copied, and was sent to the headquarters to follow suit. There are a lot of comments that Taizu's official management is both kindness and prestige, with clear rewards and punishments. Actually, it is not. Compared with "threat" and "punishment", "grace" and "award" are really insignificant. In Zhu Yuanzhang's later years, Jie Jin wrote: "Twenty years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, there are few unchangeable laws, and there are people who have made mistakes every day. I heard that your majesty was furious and uprooted and cut off vines to punish his treachery. I have never heard of praising the Great Bodhisattva, and it is the same when I return to my hometown. " (Biography of Jie Jin in Ming Dynasty) This is the truth.
The role of supervision is to make it difficult for corrupt officials to take chances. Zhu Yuanzhang once said: "There are three major state-owned policies, and Chinese books are in charge of political affairs. The commander in chief is in charge of the military, and the censor is in charge of everything. The discipline of the court is like this, and it is especially important to appoint too badly. " (the second generation of officials in the Ming Dynasty) shows the importance attached to supervision. In the sixth year of Hongwu (1373), he personally "ordered Yushitai Yushi and provincial inspection departments to check whether officials committed crimes and report them", which became the "beginning of investigating cases" in the Ming Dynasty (the third selection of Ming history). At that time, local governments had three kinds of resident inspectors:
One is a special envoy. All the official positions in the name of "ambassador" in history were originally central supervisory officials. Although the deployment envoy was not the central governor, he was originally a central official and was later in charge of supervision. The predecessor of the Minister of State was the Ministry of Political Participation. Zhongshu Province was originally an overseas institution of Zhongshu Province and an official sent by the central government. In the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), he was transferred to Zhongshu Province to undertake the propaganda department and participate in the administration of state affairs. At this point, Buzheng became the chief executive of a province. However, "Official Four in the History of the Ming Dynasty" notes that the post of political envoy has a cloud: "All subordinates are full of ranks, and they are capable and incompetent. He will take the exam from top to bottom, report to the official department and press it to the official department. For three years, he led his administration to the state monarch's temple and made a pilgrimage to the capital to listen to the scriptures. " The deployment of special envoys is also in charge of the supervision of a province, and the power is not small.
The second is to make demands. He is also an official for "making". Its name first appeared in the Tang Dynasty, and it was the central supervisory officer. At the beginning of the yuan dynasty, the judge was punished in the name of envoy, and later changed to an honest official's humble visit. Calling for punishment or political repression is also an inspector. In the early Ming Dynasty, he was appointed to be in charge of the investigation. At the request of the governor, the official position was recorded in Official History of Ming Dynasty IV: "It is a matter of disintegration to take charge of the criminal name of a province. Rectify official evils, suppress rape and violence, level prison proceedings, and suppress grievances in order to promote their discipline and clarify their official governance. " The last sentence is the focus of his work. Ming province is divided into monitoring roads. Hongwu fourteen years (138 1), set up various ministries. Fifteen years (1382) was divided into counties in the world. It is stipulated: "No matter whether an official is virtuous or not, the army and the people are ill, they must be upright." As the chief inspector of a province, provincial judges have great power.
The third is to supervise the empire. Being subordinate to Duchayuan, it is a real central inspector. "Official History of the Ming Dynasty IV" said: "According to the system of the early Ming Dynasty, I was afraid of maintaining order and taking bribes and bending the law, so I set up a patrol department in the counties of Zhilifu." This is the beginning of the Ming dynasty to supervise local governments with imperial history. However, its functions and powers were later replaced by judges and other officials. In the tenth year of Hongwu (1377), censors were sent to inspect counties. In fifteen years (1382), he was divided into twelve roads (later increased to thirteen roads) and became a permanent member. The roads here are all supervisors, big and small. The avenue is equivalent to the administrative division of the province, and the trail is the provincial supervision road under the jurisdiction of the aforementioned supervision department. There are 1 10 people under the supervision of the censor, which are divided into garrison and patrol. "Official History of Ming Dynasty II" records that the duty of the censor is: "The main duty is to check and correct internal and external official evils, or to expose the chapter and slap the face, or seal the chapter." The duty of the patrol to supervise the censor is: "patrol on behalf of the emperor, state and county ministers and officials inspect, judge major issues and decide minor issues." As an inspector sent by the central government, Yushi has more power.
In addition, there are regular governors and irregular inspections. "The Official Biography of the Ming Dynasty and the Chapter of Duchayuan" records that "in addition to the titles of Duyushi or Vice-Duyushi, there are also titles of Governor, Magistrate, Governor, Governor, and other titles, as well as business, prime minister, praise, and patrol." The title below the governor, as long as the title of main book or deputy main book is added, becomes the central supervisory officer, which shows that there are many informal central supervisory officers. Among them, the name of the governor began in the 24th year of Hongwu (139 1). When Prince Zhu Biao was the governor of Shaanxi, he was not full-time. In August of the first year of Hongxi (1425), Qing Hu, the governor of Dali prefecture who participated in politics, and Ye Chun, the governor, went to Nanji, Zhejiang Province and began to set up a full-time governor. Since then, the governor has become a regular inspector sent by the central government, and the rest are irregular inspection officials sent by the central government. There is a special article on "sending ministers to inspect officials" in the Notes on Twenty-two Histories. From Hongwu to Jingtai, the central government sent ministers to inspect officials in detail. Finally, he wrote: "At that time, a governor was set up, ministers were sent to inspect, and the management of officials was also emphasized."
Punishment announces punishment, and supervision puts an end to luck. The combination of the two, despite blood shed, has eliminated a generation of official style.
Second, the combination of early deformity and long-term official operation.
Taizu organizational system, Chengzu inheritance. "Preface to the History of the Ming Dynasty" said: "Restrain benevolence, announce and appease interest, make people happy, and make officials clear for more than a hundred years. At the time of Yingwu, there were many reasons at home and abroad, and those who were not in danger of falling apart were also greedy by officials, so they were easily ruined. " In this way, the method is nothing more than metamorphosis and long service.
The function of deformity is to make virtuous people stand out easily. This system was actually created by Mao. At that time, the world was beginning to decide, and talents were badly needed, so we had to make an exception and choose people. In September of the first year of Hongwu (1368), Taizu wrote: "The rule of the world is ruled by the sages of the world." Also known as: "those who can help me to help the people are polite." (Biography of Ming Taizu) In November, the ministers Wei Guan, Wen Yuanji, Wu Fu, Zhao Shou, etc. Sent to branches around the world to visit talents. Six years (1373) made our company judge talents, based on morality, supplemented by literature, and its purposes were wisdom, virtue, founder, filial piety, Confucianism, filial piety, scholars, talents and respect for people, all of which were gifts of the capital, and could not be used again. Twelve years (1379), recruiting learned and experienced people from all over the country to Beijing. Fourteen years (138 1), I wrote to the imperial city, asking for a man in the prime of Ming dynasty. At the same time, Taizu abolished the imperial examination and recommended it because the imperial examination took more words and did not involve practice. The purpose of recommendation is also to distinguish between employers and employees. Chinese and foreign ministers and workers have to recommend them, and they should also cultivate literary talents when they go down to warehouses, warehouses and departments. Those who are recommended will be recommended again. According to Selected Three of Ming History, the number of people recommended by the official department to be dismissed from office ranged from more than 3,700 to 1900. This system was basically inherited in the early Ming Dynasty. For example:
(1) Zaifu is abnormal. He promoted Confucianism with Hong Wuzhong, and later served as assistant minister of Sipin. Zhang Du and Wu Hong have been supervised by rafters and officials for five years. They are tired of being officials and ministers. Li, formerly known as Confucian scholar, and Hong Wu were ministers of rites for twenty years. In the twenty-first year of Li Zhigang and Hongwu's reign, they became ancestors, compiled records of Mao's life, and served as ministers of rites. Yang Shiqi, at the beginning of his career, was recommended to the Hanlin Academy. When he became a father and an official, he left Chunfang as a college student and entered the Shaofu. During Yongle period, he was dispatched by Cao for meritorious service in counties and counties, and served as the orthodox minister of the Ministry of War.
(2) Magistrates are exceptions. Lang Minhe and Hong Wuzhong were appointed as the magistrate of Raozhou, and were awarded the suggestion by Guo Zi. Fan Ji took literature as an example, and Hong Wuzhong was appointed as the magistrate of Guangxin. Fang Lin, Ju Xiaolian and Yongle were appointed as Ji 'an Magistrates. Courtiers when the magistrate, also calculate abnormality. In May of the fifth year of Yide, nine courtiers, namely, Luo Yili, Mo Yu, Shao Man, Ma Yi, Chen Benshen, Chen Ding, were appointed as magistrates in Songjiang, Suzhou, Xi 'an, Changzhou, Wuchang, Hangzhou, Ji 'an, Jianchang and Wenzhou. In the same year 1 1 month, 25 courtiers were elected as magistrates.
(3) The magistrate of a county is an exception. In the first year, it was named the magistrate of Pei County. Li Xingui and Hong are noble-minded, and they were named Qinghe Magistrate. Fan and Xuande granted Cao County an order for three years. Locals can also sponsor a sheriff. In orthodoxy, Yang Gong was appointed as the official of Jiaohe Canon, which won the hearts of the people. Lin Jun, a magistrate of a county, was transferred, and his father played Gong Zhenglian, begging for his position. Minister Wang Zhi thought it was an insult to him and did not agree. Yingzong believes: "Since people are guaranteed to play, they should go with the flow. If you use qualifications to deduct, the way of employing people will be narrow. " If you are appointed, you are qualified.
Besides, there are other exceptions. For example, Zhang Wan, a native of Poyang, and Hong Wushi took Gong Gaodi as an example. One day, the emperor asked the number of wealth accounts in the world, and made it clear that Zuo was an assistant minister. Wu Jin's experience as a former defender is a great plan for Huangfu and Hongwu in the world, and the emperor marveled, surpassing the assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry. Xing Hao, Lu Youliang, Qi Zhan, Jin, Chen Zongyan, Shu Shan, Xu Zimin, Cao Dai, Liang, Peng, and Hong Wuzhong are all political envoys. Yu Jingzhou, Zhou, Sun Yu, Ai Ying and Yongle were all appointed as envoys.
The role of permanent appointment is to stabilize the policy. This system was also created by Mao. History says that Mao imitated the method of long-term appointment of Han officials, "Any good official who moves over the ranks or is exempted by mistake is often difficult to be promoted because of the people's demands" (Note to Twenty-two History). This system was basically inherited in the early Ming Dynasty. For example:
(1) Zaifu served for a long time. In the early Ming Dynasty, Yang Shiqi joined the cabinet for 43 years, Jin Youzi for 30 years, Yang Rong for 37 years, Yang Pu for 22 years, Zhou Yi for 34 years, Xia Yuanji for 29 years and Hu Yi for 32 years.
(2) Magistrates hold office for a long time. As mentioned earlier, courtiers broke ranks among the magistrates: Kuang Zhong was appointed as the magistrate of Suzhou, and when his rank was full, more than 20,000 county residents begged to stay, and he was summoned to stay in the second rank. Chen Benshen was the magistrate of Ji 'an for nine years, and the county people begged to stay, giving the letter to Zheng Sanpin, and kept it for another nine years. Luo Yili was appointed magistrate of Xi 'an, and Ding You left. His replacement was incompetent, and the people mourned, begged for the DPRK, and wrote a letter to double vision. He ordered to stay after his rank was full. There are Chen San, Zhimaozhou, and the rank is up to the political power. He still worked in the state for more than 20 years.
(3) The magistrate has served for a long time. Shi Hehong worked as a county magistrate in Wenshang, and all the people who moved jobs stayed in the county for 29 years and died of competition. Wu Xiang, a Song County in Yongle, died in Ren 32 years later. During the years of Li Xin and Yongle, both were Zunhua county decrees, and they moved to Zhiming 27 years later.
Besides, there are other permanent appointments. For example, Hong Wushi and Xinghua Cheng have been dismissed from the official department, and the county people begged to stay, but they were sent back. Yu Qian, governor of Henan and Shaanxi, moved to Dali Temple and Shao Qing. More than a thousand officials from the two provinces begged to stay, and Yingzong chartered to stay.
Breaking the rules is easy to be virtuous, and serving for a long time is easy to be steady. The combination of the two, despite the lack of rules and regulations, clarified a generation of bureaucrats.