Narrative reading

1 inspection points

① Be able to understand the meanings and functions of some keywords in the text in combination with specific contexts.

(2) Understand the deep meaning of some sentences in the text.

(3) Being able to grasp the center of a paragraph and find out the key sentences.

(4) Be able to divide the level and structure of the article, see clearly the internal relations between the parts of the article, and understand the basic ideas of the article.

⑤ Feel the thoughts and feelings expressed in the language of the article, and understand the author's attitude and viewpoint from the content of the article.

⑥ Can correctly understand the ideological content of the article and accurately summarize the center of the article in concise language.

⑦ Can analyze the characters in the text.

Be able to understand the writing characteristics of the article and analyze its function.

……

Some experts have summarized the steps of reading into the following eight points: ① overall perception; 2 combing the context; ③ Screening information; ④ Intergenerational issues; ⑤ Determine the scope; ⑤ Deliberating before and after; ⑦ hone the language; Get the answer.

2 Several knowledge points that are easily confused and often involved in the exam (with emphasis on artistic features):

(1) Expression Skills of Articles

The connotation of expression can be considered from the following aspects:

(1) Lyric methods (lyric by scenery, lyric by things, lyric by emotion, lyric directly, etc.). ).)

(2) Expression methods (holding objects to express ambition, comparing characters, suppressing before promoting, echoing back and forth, imagination, association, symbol, etc.). ).)

(3) Structural features (echo, ending, contrast, setting off, bedding, details, flashback, interpolation, etc.). )

A kind of care, foreshadowing and bedding

Foreshadowing is a technique of expression in literary creation. In the process of narration and description, the author gives hints or hints to the people or events that will appear first in order to echo each other. For example, in Hua Guan's The Rain Is Not Dead, he wrote that the rain grew up in a small village by the river, and his swimming ability was high, suggesting that he would dive after the rain to escape the shooting of the Japanese invaders, which was a foreshadowing technique. The foreshadowing technique contributes to the rigorous structure of the work and the reasonable development of the plot. The foreshadowing is sometimes hidden. The foreshadowing is a detailed description, a sentence or two.

It means that the following works echo the above, that is, "echo the above". If there is foreshadowing or suggestion in front of the work, there must be care behind it. Before and after the contrast, one call at a time, so that the context of the work is connected and the structure is rigorous. Citation methods include: head-tail citation, content citation, language citation and clue citation. (According to the content, the relationship of reference is: generalization and concreteness, with similarities and differences, such as Mr. Wu Liu, just the opposite, such as litchi honey.

The foreshadowing is that the author explained the development of the plot in advance, so that the story that happened later would not make the reader feel suddenly. Generally, it is a clear three paragraphs, which is longer than the foreshadowing.

B. what is worth talking about is the relationship between metaphor and symbol:

Sentences use metaphors, and the whole article uses symbols.

The ontology and vehicle of metaphor are concrete things, but the symbolic object and the symbolized object are different. Generally speaking, the object of symbol is abstract spirit, personality and so on. And symbolic objects are generally concrete things.

In metaphor, the name of the vehicle must appear (whether it is simile, metaphor, metonymy, etc. ), but in Symbol, the names of symbolized objects generally do not appear, and it needs the reader's experience to express them through the side performance and suggestion of the article.

Function: Metaphor expresses the characteristics of this theme through vehicles, while symbol implicitly expresses the meaning, function and characteristics of the symbolized object, mainly expressing the connotation of the symbolized object. Direct flashback interpolation

C rendering contrast contrast contrast

(1) Rendering and Contrast

Rendering is originally a technique of Chinese painting. Where it needs to be emphasized, the picture is painted with ink or light color to show the image of yin and yang, so as to enhance the artistic effect. Poetry is often used to describe the environment, scenery and so on. These descriptions are positive in many ways to highlight the image.

Contrast is a traditional Chinese landscape painting technique, which is painted with ink or color outside the outline of the image, making the image stand out obviously. Used in poetry, it refers to deliberately describing from the side, as a foil, to make the things to be expressed more vivid and prominent.

Many times, the theory of rendering contrast does not mean that the two can be equal, but only that the two expressions are often closely combined. Especially in poetry works that express feelings through scenery, it is often used to describe the scenery and shape the artistic conception first, and then to set off the feelings of the characters through the scenery (artistic conception). Like Meng Haoran's "Early Cold Feeling" above, it first renders a cold and bleak atmosphere in autumn, and then through this atmosphere, it sets off the poet's homesickness and gloom about the future. Du Fu's Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity (Part I) first rendered a gloomy and tragic atmosphere, and then used this atmosphere to set off his inner feelings.

(2) Comparison and contrast

Set-off refers to the use of similar or opposite conditions between things, using some things as a set-off to highlight what is to be expressed. It can make the things that are set off more prominent and vivid. There are two types of foil: positive and negative. Using similar conditions of things to set off is positive contrast; To set off with the opposite conditions of things is to contrast. It emphasizes "lining" one by comparison. For example, Cui Hu's titled "Village in the South of the City": "Last year today, at this gate, peach blossoms set each other off. People don't know where to go, and peach blossoms are still smiling in the spring breeze. " This is a lyric poem. In the seemingly narrative, by comparing last year's today with this year's today, the author highlights the sentimental feeling that this year's peach blossom is "still" and the face is no longer at this moment. The key point here is to set off (contrast) this year's loneliness, sadness and helplessness by comparing with last year's joy!

Set off feelings with scenes, that is, set off and render the feelings or characters through concrete and vivid scene descriptions.

It was the end of winter, and when we were approaching our hometown, the weather was gloomy again. The cold wind blew into the cabin, and looking out through the gap, there were several desolate villages lying far and near, lifeless. (Lu Xun's hometown)

Contrast and render a quiet natural environment or a quiet inner world by comparing static and dynamic, that is, by describing specific sounds or actions.

Riding through the forest, I only heard the sound of horseshoes splashing on the rocks, which added to the silence of the forest. (Bi Ye's Tianshan Scenery)

In this case, riding through the forest can hear the sound of horseshoe splashing, setting off the secluded forest in Tianshan Mountain.

In addition, some foil methods can be cited, such as small lining, large lining, beautiful lining, positive lining, false lining, main lining, evil lining, positive lining and so on.

Contrast is to compare things, or scenery, or environment, or characters, or emotional expression, so that people can feel something from it, convey the poet's intention more strongly and clearly, and enhance the artistic effect. It emphasizes expressing a certain meaning more clearly and strongly through comparison. For example, Li Bai's "Visiting Yue Gu": "The Yue King Gou Jian broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers went home. Maids-in-waiting are like flowers in Man Chun Temple, but only partridges are flying today. " The poet uses the method of contrast to form a strong contrast between the past and the present, so that readers can clearly feel the impermanence of historical ups and downs. The key point here is to make people feel a certain philosophy clearly and strongly through the comparison between the past and the present, rather than highlighting one of them.

Contrast and contrast have the meaning of contrast, and they are all done by comparing something (or image or emotion). But contrast is limited to the contrast of relative things (or images or emotions), and contrast can also be the contrast of similar things (or images or emotions). The foothold of comparison through comparison does not lie in either side of comparison, but shows some emotional understanding from comparison; The foothold of contrast is to highlight the side of mutual contrast.

(2) contrast and contrast

Both foil and contrast focus on "support", even if it is to highlight something, an image or an emotion. However, the means of the two are different, and the contrast is mainly accomplished by comparing things (or images or emotions) with similar or related things (or images or emotions); Contrast is mainly achieved by describing the external side of things (or images or emotions).

Imagination association

Imagination is a psychological activity to create a new image through the differentiation, reorganization and movement of the original appearance and experience.

In Du Fu's poem, he said, "The clouds in the sky are like white clothes. You have to become a pale dog." When the poet looks at the clouds, the first thing he thinks of is the image of white clothes, and then the image of a pale dog. This is Lenovo. Association is a psychological activity that perceives one thing and thinks of another, or thinks of another and thinks of a third thing.

Imagination and association are both different and related. Imagination creates a new image on the basis of the existing representation, while association relates the perceived object or representation with another representation.

E introduction description positive description

Positive description is a method to directly describe and depict the appearance and action language psychology of the object. Overview description, also called indirect description, is relative to positive description (also called direct description). It is a description method that describes other people, events, things and scenes related to a specific character to contrast and render the image of a specific character, and indirectly expresses the thought, mental outlook, psychology and personality characteristics of a specific character from the side.

The front description shapes the model, and the side description sets off the image. The two are interdependent. "A bun on one's head and a bright moon in one's ear" is a positive description, while "The tiller forgets to plow and the hoe forgets to hoe" is a side description. "A pair of affectionate eyes and two curved eyebrows" is called positive description, and "sinking fish like a wild goose is like closing the moon" is called profile description.

Direct lyric poetry indirect lyric poetry

Direct lyric

To express one's mind directly means to express one's thoughts and feelings directly without any other means, thus infecting readers and causing * * *.

The characteristics of direct lyric are that you don't want anything attached to it, but you can directly vent your thoughts and feelings; I don't pay attention to euphemism, but I don't hide my thoughts and feelings. This lyrical technique of telling the truth from the heart often appears frank and sincere, simple and sincere, and can touch people's hearts.

Indirect lyric

Emotion is an abstract thing, and it is often necessary to help express abstract feelings through other concrete things.

Such as borrowing scenery to express feelings, borrowing things to express feelings, etc.

(2) Expression mode

Also known as expression, its connotation includes five aspects: narration, description, explanation, discussion and lyricism.

I. Description

The object of description can be divided into: character description, environment description and scene description.

(1) Character description can be divided into four aspects: language, action, psychology and appearance.

The function of appearance description: contrast the character and highlight the theme; Set off the feelings of the characters; Reflect the situation of the characters.

(2) Environmental description includes natural environment description and social environment description.

Environmental description refers to the description of the specific social environment and natural environment in which the characters live. Among them, social environment refers to buildings, places, furnishings and other scenery and folk customs that can reflect the characteristics of society and the times. Natural environment refers to seasonal changes, wind, frost, rain and snow, mountains and rivers, lakes and seas, forests, Yuan Ye and other natural scenery.

The role of scenery description

A explains the time and place of the story and reveals the background of the work.

B Render the atmosphere, contrast the mood and show the character.

Promote the development of the plot

D borrow scenery to express emotion and blend scenes.

E paved the way for the development of the plot.

F explain the place where things happen and increase the authenticity of things.

(3) Scene description can be divided into dynamic scene description and static scene description.

From the detailed description, it can be divided into fine description and simple description.

From the method of description, it can be divided into real writing and imaginary writing, positive description and side description.

B, lyric (direct and indirect),

C discussion (case argument, quotation argument, fact argument, truth argument, contrast argument, metaphor argument, etc.). )

D narrative (direct narrative, flashback, insertion, supplementary narrative),

An article can focus on one expression while using other expressions.

(3) Rhetorical methods

It refers to the modification of words and expressions, and the use of various methods to make the language expression accurate, vivid and powerful, and the emotion is sincere, strong and fascinating.

Common rhetorical methods in junior high school texts

Metonymy: rhetorical question: metaphor: duality: irony: pun: parallelism: exaggeration: repetition: personification;

The role of rhetorical methods

The function of metaphor is to make the content expressed vivid, concrete, vivid and tangible, which can arouse readers' association and imagination, give people a vivid and profound impression and make the language infectious. It can also make reasoning more thorough.

The role of personification is to make specific things personalized, visualized and vivid.

The function of exaggeration is to highlight the essence of things, set off the atmosphere, arouse associations, and make the things expressed more prominent and vivid.

The function of parallelism is to make the sentence structure neat, enhance the language momentum, deepen the ideological content, and enhance the persuasiveness and appeal of the article.

The main functions of duality are neat symmetry, strong sense of rhythm, high generalization and beautiful music.

The function of contrast is to enrich the language and make the nature and characteristics of things more prominent.

The function of repetition is to highlight ideas, emphasize feelings and sometimes strengthen the sense of rhythm.

The function of asking questions is to remind people to pay attention, cause thinking and highlight certain contents.

The function of rhetorical questions is to strengthen the tone and stimulate the feelings of readers, thus leaving a deep impression on readers.

3 Answer ideas and skills guide

(1) How to summarize the narrative theme?

To summarize the narrative theme, we should also adopt different methods according to different styles.

The theme of the novel is the central idea expressed through the description of real life and the shaping of artistic image, which is the concentrated embodiment of the theme and ideological content of the novel. The characters, plot and environment of the novel all serve the theme. Therefore, to analyze the theme of the novel, we should first conduct a comprehensive investigation from the aspects of characters, plots, environment, etc., grasp the personality characteristics of characters, look at their living environment, and see their actions in a specific environment. It is particularly important to analyze and summarize the characters and experiences of the main characters. Such as the text "Kong Yiji".

Summarizing the theme of prose can be accomplished by grasping the author's thoughts and feelings. Such as "back". Narrative often contains comments or lyrical words, which often make the finishing point, explain or sublimate the theme of the work, and should be paid enough attention.

The article of expressing one's will by supporting things consists of two parts, one is the part of "things", and the other is the part of exploring lyricism. Find out these two parts respectively, and fully grasp the main idea of the article.

It is worth noting that students often ignore the difference between "the theme of this article" and "the content of this article" when answering questions. The latter is only an overview of the content, focusing on the activities of the characters, the development and results of the plot.

(2) Title: We should consider whether we can closely follow the central event (main content), whether we can closely follow the main idea, whether the form is novel and intriguing, whether it is a clue, etc.

(3) How to analyze the character?

Analyze the typical environment of character activities.

B analyze the portrait, language, movement and psychological description of the characters.

Grasp the key words.

Analyze the role of writing skills. Such as contrast, is an important means to highlight the personality characteristics of characters. For example, the characters of the main characters in Hometown.

The role of secondary characters (secondary objects) or other characters in the text.

Set off the main characters, thus highlighting the theme; Promote the development of the plot; Increase the vividness of the article.

(4) How to understand the meaning of some words in the text?

The meaning of words in the text refers to the contextual meaning of words in the article, not the definition of words themselves in the dictionary. Contextual meaning is dynamic, so to understand the meaning of important words in the text, we must closely combine the context to analyze the specific meaning of words.

The steps to solve this kind of test questions are: first, understand the meaning of the words themselves. Secondly, analyze the language environment. Firstly, analyze the meaning and structure of the sentence where the word is located, then find the language information related to the word, and then analyze the relationship between them. When analyzing the language environment, we should pay attention to two points besides the context: First, pay attention to the place where the keywords in the topic examination appear in the text. Second, we should pay attention to the relevant suggestive words in the article, such as "that's it", "so" and "so".

In an article using rhetoric or symbolism, the meaning of important sentences should be explained by determining several points, sticking to the center of the article, explaining bit by bit and finally synthesizing.

(5) The function and significance of key sentences in the text.

How to analyze the meaning of some sentences?

"Sentence meaning" generally refers to a sentence that can prompt and summarize the center or paragraph of the article, is rich in connotation and thought-provoking, and plays an important role in the content and structure of the full text, or plays a finishing role in writing scenery, portraying characters and expressing feelings.

The method is as follows:

A while grasping the trunk, pay attention to those modifiers and restrictions, because they show the connotation of the sentence to a certain extent;

B. Grasp the key words vaguely, such as powerful verbs, emotional adjectives and some special adverbs, and understand the meaning of the whole sentence;

C. According to the characteristics and functions of rhetorical methods used in sentences, analyze the thoughts and feelings expressed in sentences;

Try to guess the meaning of this sentence from the context.

E grasp the center to understand the meaning of the sentence, because any important sentence is closely related to the center;

F understand the meaning of the sentence in combination with the social background, because the social background is closely related to the content of the article and the author's writing purpose;

Analyze the meaning of the sentence from the expression. For example, the discussion in narrative often plays the role of finishing touch and reveals the purpose and significance of narrative.

Pay attention to the position of sentences in the article. This mainly refers to those sentences that connect the preceding with the following.

How to Analyze the Functions of Some Sentences

Key sentences play an important role in an article and are often the soul of an article. The function of key sentences in the article is different from their meaning in the article. The function of key sentences in the article should be analyzed from the aspects of structure, content and theme, while "meaning" generally focuses on the analysis of the theme, that is, the connotation of function is greater than the connotation of meaning. Look at the example: "Kong Yiji makes people happy like this, but others will live like this without him." Please talk about the function of this sentence in the text. The answer to "function" is from three aspects: first, structurally, it is a link between the preceding and the following; Second, in terms of content, it shows that he is a dispensable and ridiculous poor person; Thirdly, on the theme, it shows the indifference between people in the society at that time. If the title is changed to "the meaning of this sentence in the article", it can be answered as "from the ridiculous standpoint of Kong Yiji's dispensability, it shows the indifference between people in society at that time.

The function of sentences and paragraphs at the beginning, middle and end.

If at the beginning, content: start with a topic (theme or topic) or express an emotion. Structurally, it leads to the following, leading the full text, setting suspense and paving the way for the following plot.

If at the end, explain the ending and the truth, and show the author's attitude. Point out the center, deepen the theme and echo the beginning.

If it is in the middle, it is usually a link between the preceding and the following, paving the way for the following text.

(6) Imagine the performance of the characters reasonably and write a paragraph.

First of all, it should conform to the context and the development of the characters, and then establish the language, action, psychology and way of describing the characters according to the specific situation. Contact the students themselves and read the feelings. Read the article carefully, grasp the center of the article and sprout from it.

(7) There are two kinds of narrators: the first person and the third person. The first person makes people feel intimate and natural, and there is no sense of distance from the reader. The third kind of people can write calmly and freely.

(8) Clues

Narrative clues include: the calling line with a certain character as the clue; A line of things with something as a clue; Call lines with events as clues; A scene is called a landscape; It's called love line, and it takes the thoughts and feelings of the protagonist as the clue. Reading an article, how can we find clues quickly? First of all, we should understand the genre, content and expression of the article, read the full text more, and then pay attention to the title of the article; Finally, pay attention to a word and a thing that appear repeatedly in the article from beginning to end.

4. Open test questions

(1) comment category

This kind of test questions is characterized by diverse answers, generally there is no unique answer, allowing and promoting respondents to have personalized cognition. Most of the comments can be divided into different opinions. However, we should also pay attention to proper guidance in methods and techniques.

① Pay attention to the correct way of thinking. That is, look at things as objectively as possible and evaluate their role and influence realistically. Pay attention to using dialectical point of view to understand the essence and mainstream of things.

(2) Pay attention to the main points, which can be divided into several points, which will show the clarity of thinking; However, we do not advocate covering everything, especially generalizations that are not focused. Generally speaking, comments should not be too long, and the length of time should be considered.

(3) Language expression should be accurate and concise, different from parody, and there is no need to deliberately pursue literary talent.

(2) Experience class

When answering such questions, we should pay attention to the specific requirements put forward by the proposer, and then talk about the experience and enlightenment in close combination with the reading materials. In addition, we should pay attention to determining the starting point, that is, within the scope permitted by the demand, choose a point that is truly experienced and deeply understood.

(3) Association and imagination

The characteristic of this kind of test questions is that the content written is unrealistic, but it is recreated through the respondent's thinking. Although it is a highly subjective test, both association and imagination should conform to the law of the development of things, that is, be reasonable.

(5) Ask questions

This kind of test questions mainly examines the ability to find and solve problems. "Inquiry" here refers to thinking. To answer such a question, first of all, it is inseparable from the overall perception and accurate grasp of the reading materials. Both the discussion of the theme and the characteristics of writing are inseparable from this. Secondly, the result of the inquiry should conform to the law of the development of things.

(6) Comparative category

This kind of test is a relatively new one in recent years. To answer such questions, we also need to pay attention to the overall perception. In addition, we should also pay attention to the "points" of comparison, that is, from which aspects to compare. Some test questions have clear provisions on this, while others need to be determined by themselves. If it is the latter, we should pay attention to the macro feelings and have a clear starting point.

(7) Practice and application

Pay attention to the examination of the question, clarify the content of the question, and then pay attention to how it relates to the selected text. Generally speaking, the connection between practical test questions and selected texts is a "long-distance" connection, which combines the contents of selected texts and is not limited by them.

(8) perceptual category

The characteristic of feeling test questions is that they are closely combined with selected texts. Whether making suggestions, stating reasons or talking about feelings, there is a "trigger point" from the selected text, or setting questions from the perspective of full text or partial content. Therefore, it is very important to interpret the original text. When talking about feelings, we often need to "touch the reality of life" or "touch our own life". Don't cover everything, just say a little, be clear, profound and to the point.

Argumentative reading

The choice of reading materials mainly focuses on four aspects: life ideals and beliefs, personality cultivation and reading and learning, among which personality cultivation has the highest proportion. From this, it can be understood that the proposer fully considers the characteristics of junior high school students' knowledge, reading accumulation, life experience and feelings, and pays attention to the influence on their life ideals, morality, psychology and will.

1 inspection points

"Chinese Curriculum Standard" requires "reading simple argumentative papers and distinguishing opinions from materials (truth, facts, data, charts, etc.). ), find the connection between ideas and materials, and make judgments through your own thinking. "

Distinguish, judge, extract and summarize arguments;

Understand and analyze the types of argumentation;

Identification and understanding of demonstration methods;

Clean up and divide the demonstration structure;

Analyze and summarize the ideological content of an article or paragraph;

Appreciation and understanding of words and meanings;

Try to figure out the language and imitate writing (general and key sentences);

Talk about your own views and discuss the content;

……

2 Answering ideas and skills

(1) Find out or summarize the argument.

The most important thing in reading argumentative essays is to find the right argument.

① Starting with the structure of the article, clarify the author's thinking. The specific method is:

Find a relatively complete judgment sentence that closely follows the theme and expresses opinions and opinions. For sentences that fall into this category, look for ones with strong versatility.

Look at the title and the beginning first, then at the end, and summarize the turning sentences in the text. Because arguments are most likely to appear at the beginning of topics and articles. When the article has no argument and needs to be summarized by itself, the short answer type is generally used.

(2) Summarize the argument by reading and understanding the content of the article by:

Start with summarizing the meaning of paragraphs and levels, especially study the main content of the article, then summarize the argument, and finally express the argument in appropriate language.

Pay attention to the language form of the argument when expressing it. It should be a complete judgment sentence, not a word or phrase, nor can it be used as a question. After marking, extracting or summarizing the argument, you can also use the argument to verify whether the argument is consistent with the argument in the article, because the argument is based on the argument and proved by the argument, and the argument serves the argument.

(3) Judge the argument through argumentation.

If you can't judge the central argument of the article quickly and accurately, you can cut into the argument and answer it. Because the only function of argument is to support the argument, analyze the argument and grasp the ideological core of the argument, which is a good way to determine the argument, simple and accurate.

④ Summarize the central argument according to the sub-arguments.

In some argumentative essays, the author does not directly put forward the central argument, but reveals the main idea of the article by discussing many aspects of the problem. In this case, we can grasp the central argument by grasping the sub-argument (the core of each part).

⑤ Deduce the author's argument by refuting the wrong viewpoint.

This situation aims to refute the paper. The characteristic of refuting a paper is to show the refuting point of view, and then to refute it. While analyzing and refuting the wrong views, we also highlighted the correct views and opinions, so we grasped the author's views.

(2) Distinguish the types of arguments and analyze their functions.

Fill-in-the-blank questions and short-answer questions are mainly used to test argument knowledge. When reading, we should distinguish the types of arguments and make clear which are factual arguments and which are rational arguments. In the process of analysis, we should pay special attention to those facts that are briefly summarized. Fill in the blanks are often used to distinguish the types of arguments. As long as you understand the characteristics of factual argument and rational argument, it is not difficult to answer.

The role of analyzing arguments is often short answer. To make it clear that the function of an argument is to prove an argument, we should not just use one argument, but often use several arguments to prove it from different sides, angles and levels. Therefore, we should mainly consider the role of an argument from these three aspects.

The answer to this question is regular. In the process of training and review, we should pay attention to summing up experience and grasp the thinking direction of answering questions. We know that no matter what kind of argument it is, its function is to prove the argument. The difference of the problem lies in what the argument is. Therefore, when answering questions, we should focus on determining the argument, because sometimes the argument directly proves the central argument, and sometimes it proves the sub-argument, so we must make it clear.

How to supplement the argument

In the argumentative reading test, there are often questions that need to be supplemented, so we should pay attention to two questions when supplementing arguments. On the one hand, arguments should be able to effectively prove arguments, on the other hand, the use of factual arguments should be concise and to the point. Some typical cases have different effects because of their different emphases. For example, the well-known story of Edison's invention of the electric light can prove the view that failure is the mother of success and that perseverance can lead to success. Therefore, we should pay attention to the key points when supplementing the argument, otherwise it may be divorced from the argument.

(3) Differentiate the argumentation method and understand its function.

This type of question is the focus of the examination, and the choice type is generally used. The examination of arguments in the reading of argumentative essays in senior high school entrance examination focuses not on the identification of argument types, but on the choice and function of arguments. The core of argument selection, arrangement and function analysis is that argument supports argument, which is consistent with argument. The topics often vary from text to text, but the focus of the ability test is not scattered.

Answering this kind of test questions is mainly to find out the characteristics of example method, quotation method, comparative argument method and figurative argument method, and make a choice by using the knowledge you have mastered. The role of analysis and demonstration methods generally adopts short answer questions. When answering, first talk about the general function of an argument method, that is, it is typical, representative and persuasive, and then explain it with specific content. For example, the function of citation method is to make the argument more authoritative, scientific and convincing; The function of comparative argumentation is to distinguish between praise and criticism, and to be clear about right and wrong at a glance; The function of metaphor argument is vivid and makes the content of argument easily accepted by people.

(4) argument

In addition to structural analysis, it mainly focuses on two aspects: one is the logical relationship between arguments and arguments; The second is the logical relationship between paragraphs and sentences. These two tests are more difficult because they are abstract and thoughtful. This requires strengthening thinking training in peacetime and concentrating on strengthening training before the exam. Among them, the training of generalization ability is particularly important. To summarize the center of the full text, we must summarize the meaning of the paragraph; To analyze the relationship between paragraphs, we also need to summarize the meaning of paragraphs. It is to clarify the relationship between sentences, which is inconvenient to grasp when the sentence is long, and it is necessary to summarize the meaning of the sentence.

(5) Divide the structure of argumentative essays.

This is also the focus of the exam, and the topic selection and marking are often used. No matter what kind of questions you use, you must first understand the structural characteristics of argumentative essays. Argumentative essay consists of three parts: introduction, theory and conclusion. Some argumentative papers first put forward the topic, then analyze and demonstrate, and finally summarize and clarify the argument; Some argumentative papers put forward arguments at the same time, then analyze and demonstrate, and finally summarize. Grasping the general structural characteristics of argumentative writing makes it much easier to divide the levels of argumentative writing. If it is an argumentative paragraph, read it carefully sentence by sentence, understand the meaning of each sentence, understand the relationship between sentences, and then divide it into levels. If it is a multiple-choice question, you can use the exclusion method to read the article or paragraph according to the options and exclude the wrong options.

(6) Analyze the distinctive, accurate, rigorous and powerful features of argumentative language.

This type of question is the focus of the examination and the difficulty of answering questions. Argumentative writing is reasoning, and reasoning needs clear views, accurate judgment, rigorous reasoning and strong persuasion. These characteristics are reflected in the wording and sentence making of the article. The focus of the examination is keywords, modifiers and related words. There are various types of questions, such as choosing words to fill in the blanks, resetting sentences, filling in related words, and short answers. To solve this kind of test questions, we need to understand the meaning of words, distinguish the subtle differences of synonyms, and choose according to the contents of the upper and lower sentences; Understand the meaning of sentences, contact the context, clarify the relationship between sentences, fill in related words or reset sentences; Answer short questions must be combined with specific language.

The reading of argumentative essays should have general reading ability, stylistic reading ability and thinking ability (including creative thinking ability); The fourth is the ability of language expression. With these abilities, you can calmly deal with any proposition.

3 divergent thinking test questions