Foucault's time at Paris Normal University is very important to him. At that time, France became more and more interested in German philosophers such as Hegel, Husserl, Heidegger and Nietzsche. Park Jung-soo, one of Foucault's professors, is a very famous translator and expert in German philosophy. At that time, Maurice Melo-Ponty also taught at Paris Normal University, and his courses of existentialism and phenomenology were very popular among some students, including Foucault. In the later period of Paris Normal University, he established a relationship with George Conquim, one of the most famous French philosophers and historians of science.
Foucault's private life in Paris Normal University is not happy. He suffered from severe depression and even tried to commit suicide. He is being treated by a psychologist. Nevertheless, or because of this, he is very interested in psychology. Therefore, he was educated not only in philosophy, but also in psychology. He even participated in the clinical practice of this subject, where he had contact with thinkers such as Ludwig Binns Vangel.
Finally, Foucault was influenced by Marxism. For example, many other students in Paris Normal University were born in party member from 1950 to 1953. He was introduced by his teacher Althusser. Like many others, he quit the * * * production party because of the situation in the Soviet Union under Stalin. Unlike many people, he has never participated in the activities of the producers of * * *.
Foucault passed the graduation exam on 1950. He taught at Paris Normal University for a while, but he was not interested in it, so he left France soon. One of his teachers and friends, George Dumize, found him a position representing French culture at Uppsala University in Sweden. From 1954 to 1970, he worked as a cultural representative in Uppsala University, Warsaw, Poland and Hamburg University, Germany. After that, he went to clermont-ferrand I University to teach philosophy, where he met Daniel Defoe. As long as he was in France, he kept a monogamous relationship with Defarge. As early as normal university, Foucault showed great interest in psychology and psychiatry. It happened that his parents' family friend Jacqueline Verdot was a psychologist, and Jacqueline's husband George Verdot was a student of French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. Therefore, under the influence of the Wildows, Foucault made a systematic and in-depth study of psychology and psychoanalysis, and together with Jacqueline, he translated the book Dream and Existence by the Swiss psychiatrist Ludwig Van Geer. After this book was written, Foucault prefaced the French text at Jacqueline's request, and drafted a preface that was longer than the main text before 1953 Easter. In this long article, his dazzling writing style in the future has begun to appear. 1954, this rare translation with a longer preface than the main text was published by Decrais de Bruvo Press and included in the series of Anthropological Works and Research. In the same year, Foucault published his first monograph, Psychosis and Personality, which was included in the series of Introduction to Philosophy and published by French University Press. Foucault later denied that the book was immature, so 1962 was almost unrecognizable when it was reprinted.
1In August, 955, under the strong recommendation of the famous mythologist George Dumezel, Foucault was hired as a French teacher by Uppsala University in Sweden. During his stay in Sweden, Foucault also served as the curator of the "French Pavilion" established by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Therefore, he spent a lot of time organizing various cultural exchange activities outside of teaching. During his three years in Sweden, Foucault began to write his doctoral thesis. Thanks to the library of Uppsala University, which has collected a large number of medical history files, letters and various rare books since16th century, and also thanks to Dumizel's constant urging and help, when Foucault left Sweden, the book "Crazy and Irrational-Crazy History in Classical Times" was basically completed.
1958, Foucault resigned voluntarily because of the heavy burden of teaching and work, and returned to Paris in June. Two months later, with the help of Dumize and because of Foucault's excellent organizational ability during his stay in Sweden, he was appointed as the director of the French Cultural Center of Warsaw University by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Foucault arrived in Poland in June 5438+this year 10, but he didn't stay there for long, for a dramatic reason: he was cheated by Polish intelligence agencies. Foucault was gay when he was very young, and he made no secret of it. As far as personal life is concerned, this man obviously deserves the reputation of "romance". However, in the 1950s, when the Cold War was in full swing, both sides were trying to spy on each other. On 1959, the Cultural Counselor of the French Embassy in Poland asked for leave, and the ambassador had intended to promote Foucault, so he was appointed as the Counsellor and submitted a letter of formal appointment. As a result, Polish intelligence agencies took advantage of the situation and romantic young philosophers fell into the trap.
After leaving Poland, Foucault continued his overseas trip, this time to Hamburg, and remained the director of the French Cultural Center. 1960 February, Foucault finally completed his doctoral thesis in Germany. This is a masterpiece that is equally shocking in thickness and depth: this book, including appendix and bibliography, is 943 pages long. This paper investigates the evolution of the concepts of madness and mental illness since17th century, and combs in detail the formation and transformation of the image of madness in plastic arts, literature and philosophy and its significance to modern people. Traditionally, applicants for national doctoral degrees should submit a main thesis and a sub-thesis, so Foucault decided to translate Kant's Practical Anthropology with the introduction as the sub-thesis. Although this introduction has never been published, Foucault researchers found that some important concepts and ideas that he later matured and embodied in Words and Things and Archaeology of Knowledge have actually been formed in this paper.
At Foucault's request, Jean Shiplett, his former philosophy teacher at Henry IV Middle School and then president of Paris Normal University, readily agreed to be the "research tutor" of this sub-thesis, and recommended Georges Conguilhem, a famous historian of science and then head of the philosophy department of Paris University, as his main thesis tutor. The latter praised the history of madness and wrote the following comments for him: "People will see the value of this research, because Mr. Foucault has been paying attention to the various uses of mental illness reflected in plastic arts, literature and philosophy for modern people since the Renaissance; Since he sometimes straightened out and sometimes messed up the intricate thread of Ariadne, his thesis was a furnace of analysis and synthesis. Although it is not so easy to read, it is a wise work ... Therefore, I firmly believe that the importance of Mr. Foucault's research is beyond doubt. " 1961On May 20th, Foucault successfully passed the defense and obtained a doctorate in literature. This paper was also rated as the best philosophical paper of the year, and a bronze award was awarded to the author.
Before Foucault defended his doctoral thesis, Wei Ye Man, the new head of the Department of Philosophy of clermont-ferrand University, wrote to the author who was still in Hamburg at that time after reading the manuscript of Crazy History, hoping to hire him as a professor. Foucault accepted it gladly and became an acting professor in June of 1960+00. On May 1962, clermont-ferrand University officially promoted Foucault as a full professor in the Department of Philosophy. Throughout the 1960s, Foucault's popularity rose sharply with the publication of his works and critical articles: 1963 Raymond Russell and the Birth of Clinical Medicine, 1964 Nietzsche, Freud and Marx, 1966 Words and Things.
The May 1968 incident prompted the French education administrative department to reflect on the defects of the old university system and began to plan the reform law. As an experiment, during the period from 1968 to 10, edgar faure, the new minister of education, decided to establish a new university in Wanshen, a suburb of Paris, which will have full freedom to experiment with various new ideas about the reform of university education system. Foucault was appointed as the head of the philosophy department of the new school. However, Wan Sen soon fell into endless student strikes, street confrontation with the police and even hot conflicts, and Foucault's philosophy department also became the source of unrest in the extreme left noise. The two years in Wansen are two years that make Foucault feel tired.
1972 65438+February 2nd, which is a memorable day for Foucault. On this day, he stepped onto the high podium of the French Academy and officially became a professor of the history of ideological system of the French Academy. Entering the French Academy means reaching the pinnacle of academic status: this is the "temple in the temple" of French university institutions.
Foucault took an active part in various social movements in the 1970s. He used his reputation to support the movement aimed at improving prisoners' human rights, and personally launched the "prison intelligence group" to collect and sort out the detailed process of the daily operation of the prison system. He signed a petition to safeguard the rights and interests of immigrants and refugees; Participate in the protest March in support of prison rioters with Sartre; Risking to Spain to protest dictator Franco's death sentence for political prisoners. All these prompted him to think deeply about the deep structure of power and the operation of imprisonment and punishment. These thoughts constitute the whole theme of his most important work "Discipline and Punishment" in 1970s.
Foucault's last book, The History of Sex, Volume I, The Will to Know, was published in February 1976. The purpose of this work is to explore the changes and development of exploratory ideas in history. Foucault placed high hopes on this history of sexual concepts and carved it with a perfect attitude. The outline and draft were changed again and again, so that the final text was quite different from the original plan. This is another masterpiece. According to Foucault's final arrangement, the book is divided into four volumes, namely, Heritage of Knowledge, Enjoyment of Pleasure, Self-Care and Confession of Carnal Desire. Unfortunately, the author will never see all this. 1On June 25th, 984, Foucault died of AIDS in Paris-Sallebert Tyre Hospital at the age of 58. Foucault later spent a long time in the United States, first at the University of Buffalo and later at the University of California, Berkeley. Foucault was in the gay community in San Francisco, and his activities in BDSM community made him infected with AIDS, because people didn't know the disease at that time. Foucault died in Paris on 1984. At first, some of his friends and family denied that he died of AIDS.