From slaves to the top of the White House
African American (African American)
Black Americans are descendants of African slaves plundered by European colonists and transported to the United States in history, also known as African Americans, and two-thirds of them are mulatto. Black is the most important colored race in the United States, and its population is second only to white, accounting for about 12% of the national population. The history of African-Americans can be traced back to16th century when the United States became a European colony. From 16 to 19, European colonists transported a large number of black slaves from Africa to America, and more than half of them were transported to the United States today, mainly working as coolies in southern States, and were deeply exploited and abused by white racists. 186 1- 1865 After the Civil War, although slavery was abolished, blacks were still discriminated and oppressed by race, and it was difficult for African Americans to enjoy the same treatment as whites politically and economically. They fought for a long time, and only 1968 a black riot struggle swept through 168 cities including Washington.
1776, the United States became independent from Britain, but slavery was not abolished, and the first president Washington also ordered slavery.
The first African slaves arrived in Virginia, USA ... After the victory of the American War of Independence, the founding fathers of the United States never considered the interests of blacks, who were still slaves. 1787 after the promulgation of the American constitution, it has always adhered to the principle that all men are born equal, saying that blacks are excluded and have no right to vote, freedom, property and dignity. ...
Dred Scott filed a lawsuit in 1846, fighting for his freedom, claiming that he once lived in a free state and should not be reinstated as a slave because he returned to live in a slave state.
/kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, the contradiction between the northern free labor system and the southern slavery developed to an irreconcilable degree. 1854, the American Republican Party was founded in the north. In the same year, the southern slave owners tried to expand slavery to Kansas by force, so an armed struggle broke out in Kansas between western farmers and immigrants from free States against the southern slave owners, which lasted until 1856, which started the civil war. 186 1 April-1865 in April, a four-year war broke out between the north and the south of the United States, which was called the civil war in history.
1862 On September 22nd, President Lincoln issued the The Emancipation Proclamation, which completely abolished slavery in the United States. 1 863 65438+1October1officially ordered the emancipation of slaves. Black people have no political rights and no land. However, the declaration showed that the Lincoln administration changed from restricting slavery to completely abolishing slavery, put the war on a new foundation, and the blacks began to get rid of the shackles of slaves.
Lincoln was re-elected as president on1864+065438+1October 8. However, on the evening of April 1865, Lincoln was assassinated by a mob paid by a southern slave owner while watching a play at the Ford Theatre in Washington. Lincoln became a symbol of black liberation. In the same year, the amendment to Article 13 of the Constitution was born in the United States, and slavery was considered illegal.
In 1866, the veterans of the Confederate army who were defeated in the Civil War formed Cook Lukeland. The purpose is to restore the democratic regime in the south and oppose the policy of improving the treatment of old slaves promoted by the federal army in the south. This organization often achieves its goals through violence.
1868, the amendment to Article 14 of the American Constitution was passed, and blacks obtained equal civil rights; 1870, the amendment to Article 15 of the American Constitution came out, stipulating that all citizens have the right to vote.
Hiram Rieffel of Mississippi served as a senator for one year from February 1870 to March 187 1, which was the first time in the history of African-Americans.
After the abolition of slavery, "separation but equality" became a common phenomenon in southern States. In the name of "African-American" and "European-American", States separate blacks from whites in space and avoid contact. In 1896, the US Supreme Court ruled that this practice was constitutional in Plessy v. Ferguson.
1955 12 1 Thursday evening, in Montgomery, Alabama, RosaParks, a black woman, was arrested on a bus for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger, which triggered a black boycott. The black civil rights movement, which lasted for more than 10 years, began.
1963, Martin Luther king, the leader of the black civil rights movement, gave a speech "I have a dream" in Washington, which attracted 200,000 people and pushed the black civil rights movement to a climax.
"I have a dream that one day this country will stand up and truly realize the true meaning of its founding creed: we hold these truths to be self-evident and that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day, on the red hill of Georgia, the sons of former slaves will be able to sit down with the sons of former slave owners and the Syrian Brotherhood ... "
1963, george wallace, the governor of Alabama, led the state's national soldiers to block the gate of the University of Alabama, symbolically preventing two admitted black students from entering the campus, declaring that "illegal activities of the central government are prohibited". Therefore, nicholas katzenbach, the Deputy Minister of Justice, was also sent to mediate with george wallace. Finally, President John F. Kennedy signed an order to transfer the command of the national soldiers from the state to the Federation, forcing george wallace to abandon this plan and creating the history of racial equality.
1On April 4th, 968, Martin Luther King, the leader of American black civil rights movement, was shot dead on the balcony outside his bedroom on the second floor of Roland Motel in Memphis, Tennessee.
Kim, who is famous for advocating non-violence and racial reconciliation, was leaning against the railing and talking to Jesse Jackson, a civil rights activist standing downstairs.
Kim once said before his death: "I may even die. But even if I die in the struggle, I hope people will say,' He died to set me free.' "
From 65438 to 0989, Colin Powell became the first black chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the first black secretary of state in American history in 2000.
On April 29th, 1992, the U.S. District Court of Los Angeles acquitted four white policemen who beat the black youth Rodney King on March 3rd. This unfair judgment has aroused strong dissatisfaction from the American public, especially blacks. That night, thousands of blacks gathered in the streets of Los Angeles to hold demonstrations. After that, the situation got out of control and a large-scale violent conflict broke out, resulting in at least 59 deaths, more than 2,000 injuries,10,000 arrests, more than 5,000 houses destroyed and economic losses estimated at 654.38 billion US dollars. There were about 600 arson cases, and about 10000 people were arrested.
In 2000, condoleezza rice became the national security adviser of the United States and became one of the most dazzling political female stars in American politics. In 2004, she succeeded Powell and became the first female black secretary of state in American history.
In 2008, Illinois Senator barack obama became the first black president of the United States in 232 years.