How to quote a fragment? A fragment reference is a partial phrase directly taken from a paragraph of text. It is only composed of some words, and it will not indicate who the original author is, nor will it indicate the source. These fragments must be part of a complete sentence, not an independent sentence.

Include the content of the fragment in a complete sentence. For example, with the maturity of Rembrandt's technology, he began to create some "romantic and profound" landscape paintings (Wallace, 96).

Include the content of the fragment in a short sentence: Rembrandt's landscape painting is "romantic and profound" (Wallace, 96).

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How to quote the whole sentence? As the name implies, a whole sentence reference is a whole sentence with less than 4 lines. Although it is a complete sentence, it cannot be used as an independent paragraph in the paper, and it must contain other sentences or words.

Quote a complete sentence in one sentence. Exodus: Rembrandt began to pay attention to some different topics outside the course, but as Wallace said, "Rembrandt's talent as a sculptor is his heartfelt feelings when dealing with details in detail" (142).

Use one word to lead out the complete sentence to be quoted. Example: As Wallace said, "Rembrandt's talent as a sculptor is his heartfelt feelings when dealing with details in detail" (142).

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How to quote long paragraphs? A big quote is to quote a few sentences from the original text, which is more than 4 lines in your article. Because this will take up a lot of space, use as few quotations as possible in large paragraphs, and at most two complete sentences. When quoting a large paragraph of text, you need to leave a line between it and your own content, and you need to indent the quoted text to the right by one character.

Start a long quotation with a colon. Example: According to Wallace's tradition: (Leave a blank line and indent the whole quoted paragraph)

Long references do not need quotation marks. You have indicated in front who the author is or which article you quoted. However, it is still necessary to insert the source of the document at the end of the citation.

If a large quotation is in the middle of a paragraph, you don't need to start another paragraph after the quotation ends, just start writing at the top of the next line (no indentation is needed). [ 1]

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How to quote indirectly? Indirect speech is a quotation after a slight adjustment of the original sentence. If the demand for references is particularly high or there are too many references, you can use indirect references. Pay attention to changing at least half of the content to avoid plagiarism.

To change the content of words in a sentence, you can find synonyms in the dictionary instead.

Only when you fully understand the content can you rewrite it, otherwise it may be inappropriate to put it in your article.

When writing, don't look at the original text, remember the meaning of the original text in your mind and organize the language in your own words. [2]

The second method, a total of four:

Quoting sentence pattern

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When to use periods and commas. Quotation marks can be followed by periods or commas. If you don't indicate the source when quoting (for example, your whole article is quoted from the same book), commas and periods should be enclosed in quotation marks. If you have marked the source, commas or periods need to be outside quotation marks.

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When to use exclamation points and question marks. If there are exclamation marks or question marks in the original sentence, keep them in quotation marks when quoting. If you ask questions or emphasize the importance of quotations, you need to put them outside quotation marks. If you ask a question about quotation, put the question mark in quotation marks.

This quotation has a question mark. For example, Alice said, "but where am I going?" (24)

Ask questions about quotations, such as: After so many arguments, will literary scholars still agree with Alice in Wonderland (39)?

Regarding the questions in quotations, for example, at the end of the story, people will invariably ask, "But where am I going?" (24)。

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How to use ellipsis? Ellipsis can be used when you quote most but not all sentences, or when you quote from the middle of a sentence. The part indicating the sentence is not within the scope of quotation, so use "……" to omit the parts that are not quoted before and after.

Ellipsis can also be used in the middle of sentences to save space by omitting some unnecessary sentences. For example, as people say, "This book is ... inspiring and life-changing", if all of them are quoted, it should be: As people say, "This book is not only enjoyable to read recently, but also enlightening and life-changing."

Ellipsis can only be used before or after the reference, but not at the same time. If only a part is quoted in the middle of a sentence, it is a partial or fragment reference.

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How to use square brackets? Ellipsis is to omit some words, on the contrary, square brackets are to add something you think is important or necessary that is not in the original text. You can write some words in brackets, usually the address or quotation of a person's name, to help readers understand the content.

For example, as scholars have said, "Rembrandt's portrait of her (Henrik Keer, his wife) is both realistic and affectionate" (Wallace, 49).

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How to use colons and semicolons? If you need to use a semicolon or colon at the end of the quotation, or if the quoted article itself has a colon or semicolon at the end, please use punctuation marks outside the quotation marks. [3]

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Copy the referenced content correctly. If you quote directly, you must quote word for word. Even if there are obvious spelling or grammar mistakes. If mistakes are found, you can mark [sic] at the back (in brackets and italics). This symbol means that you realize that this is a mistake in the original text, not a mistake you made.

As Domer said, "When this [original] started, his work is more valuable now."