3000-word mechanical paper 1
Analysis on cost management of machinery manufacturing industry
With the rapid development of China's economy, China's manufacturing industry is developing rapidly, and the construction scale is getting bigger and bigger. In manufacturing enterprises, cost management is the key link of the whole enterprise management. With the development of market economy, Chinese manufacturing enterprises are actively introducing advanced management methods to improve the level of cost management, but they are also facing severe challenges. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the cost management of manufacturing industry.
Keywords: machinery manufacturing industry; Cost management; improve
First, the machinery manufacturing cost management problems and challenges
Machinery manufacturing mainly changes and assembles the physical shapes of metal raw materials. Become a product and add value to it. Mainly including machining, machine tools and other processing and assembly industries. The industrial fields involved in machinery manufacturing mainly include mechanical equipment, automobiles, shipbuilding, airplanes, locomotives, household appliances and so on.
(A) the main problems existing in the cost management of machinery manufacturing industry
1. The production planning control mode is backward.
Almost 65,438+0,000% of the machinery manufacturing enterprises that have not implemented ERP adopt the collective planning model. That is, the longest production cycle of the product is taken as the procurement lead time and production lead time of various materials that make up the product. Over-exaggerated lead time is the root cause of high inventory and WIP reserves and large occupation of working capital. The production plan is out of line with the procurement plan, the level of complete sets of spare parts is poor, the delivery cannot be made on time, or the delivery date is guaranteed by high reserves. It is far from modern management science MRP, JIT, VMI and synchronous production.
2. The information is scattered, untimely, inaccurate and not shared.
The production, supply, sales, people, finance and materials of manufacturing industry are an organic whole, and there is a lot of information exchange between them. However, the information of manual management is scattered, lacking perfect basic data, and the information is scattered, untimely, inaccurate and enjoyable, which greatly affects the scientific nature of management decision-making.
3. Lack of standardization
The manufacturing industry lacks standardized, standardized, institutionalized and stylized management, and the quality of management varies from person to person. Although many enterprises have formulated a series of program documents through ISO900 1, the implementation effect can vary from enterprise to enterprise and from manager to manager. Finally, cost control still stays in cost accounting. Enterprises are required to have advanced management tools and information management systems, but many enterprises do not have these conditions, which leads to untimely and inaccurate cost accounting, lack of reference value, let alone cost control.
(B) the challenges faced by the cost management of machinery manufacturing industry
After decades of efforts, China's machinery manufacturing industry has reached a considerable scale and accumulated a lot of technology and experience. However, with the formation of world economic integration, due to China's huge potential market and abundant labor resources, foreign technology, capital and products have flooded into China, and China enterprises are facing unprecedented fierce competition at home and abroad.
1. Rapid technology upgrade.
Due to the rapid change of market demand and the influence of external threats, the speed of technology update is getting faster and faster. The traditional product technology has remained unchanged for a long time and can no longer be accepted by the current machinery industry market.
2. Strong product customization
Today's market is changing rapidly. Diversification of demand. Assemble, manufacture, design and produce according to the order. There are many varieties and specifications, and the production and procurement are extremely complicated. From a client? Sales? Design? Production? Purchasing? Finance? Cost needs a complete supply chain management to adapt to the changing market and the requirements of customer customization. In order to improve the core competitiveness of enterprises.
3. High product quality requirements
For large-scale machining projects, the production cycle is usually long, and the process quality of the workshop should be monitored at all times during the production process. Quality is the life of an enterprise, and ensuring product quality is the most basic requirement to improve the survival of an enterprise.
4. Cost management needs to be more refined.
Cost management involves product design, material procurement, processing technology, product manufacturing, logistics process, assembly process, packaging and delivery, after-sales service and many other links. At present, cost control only stays in cost accounting, and a large number of cost data are collected manually, which leads to inaccurate cost calculation. Therefore. Cost management should be more refined.
Second, measures to strengthen the cost management of machinery manufacturing industry
If the machinery manufacturing industry wants to reduce costs and improve economic benefits, it must deeply analyze the problems existing in enterprise cost management, put forward solutions to the existing problems, and further study the ways and means to reduce costs.
(A) the use of modern management systems
Establish a computer network communication system connecting the inside and outside of the factory, and select advanced and mature software systems such as enterprise resource planning ERP, customer relationship management CRM, supply chain management SCM, business intelligence BI and e-commerce EC. And optimize the design of enterprise organization, management mode and business process through management consulting and business process reengineering. The application of the above software system can realize the informationization of enterprise management. In order to overcome the problems existing in enterprise management and improve the management level, management efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises, production scheduling can be greatly optimized, inventory can be reduced, manpower and material resources can be saved, and manufacturing costs can be reduced.
(B) the use of advanced production planning control methods
Break the pattern of planning, and work out the material demand plan according to the procurement lead time and production lead time of various materials. Establish an effective and flexible production plan management system consisting of master production plan, material demand plan and workshop operation plan, so as to minimize the production cycle, procurement cycle and timely delivery of products, respond to customer needs quickly, minimize inventory and cost, and improve after-sales service level. Conditional enterprises implement advanced management methods such as JIT, VMI and synchronous production.
(C) to strengthen the management of material procurement
The lower the purchasing cost of raw materials, the more favorable it is to reduce the product cost. So as to improve the competitiveness of enterprise products in the market. Improve the initiative of enterprise competition. First of all, we should establish various rules and regulations and related documents for material procurement, and improve the control consciousness and quality of material procurement and related personnel. Relevant rules and regulations mainly include the rules and regulations formulated by materials, equipment, tools, transportation, administration, production, finance, quality inspection, physics and chemistry and other departments related to material procurement management. Secondly, it is necessary to establish business rules such as planning, purchasing, warehousing, custody, accounting settlement and handling of material procurement.
All departments should strictly follow the procedures, and the business process of material procurement includes: the production planning department prepares the material procurement plan; Purchasing department and suppliers determine the purchase price of materials; The leader in charge of material procurement examines and approves the procurement plan; The procurement department signs a supply contract with the supply department; The transportation department transports the materials to the enterprise; The quality inspection department conducts quality inspection on the purchased materials; The warehouse management department should check the quantity of incoming materials; The accounting department pays according to the system. Third, we must establish a control system for ordering and purchasing. Strengthen the internal control system of ordering by establishing strict procurement system, supplier file and access system, price file and price evaluation system.
Anyway. Cost competitiveness is the core competitiveness of machinery manufacturing industry.
To explain, the content of cost management involves all aspects of enterprise management. It is hoped that the analysis and research of machinery manufacturing cost in this paper can make some useful contributions to the long-term stable development of machinery manufacturing industry.
3000-word mechanical paper II
Analysis on the teaching of mechanical specialty in senior technical school
Abstract: Mechanical education has always been an important part of technical education in China. As a senior technical school, mechanical education must be market-oriented, carry out the purpose of serving the society in teaching, and cultivate high-quality talents for the country and society to adapt to social development and production. The author analyzes the problems existing in mechanical education in technical schools in China at this stage, and improves the mechanical education in senior technical schools through the construction of training objectives, the construction of teaching staff and the reform of educational means and methods.
Keywords:: senior mechanic mechanical professional teaching methods
Mechanical manufacturing reflects the comprehensive strength of a country to some extent. China is a developing country, and its scientific and technological progress and social development are inseparable from machinery manufacturing. The importance of mechanical manufacturing to our country is self-evident. Therefore, while continuously improving the level and technology of machinery manufacturing in China, we must constantly train mechanical professionals. Especially in modern society, the demand for mechanical professionals is growing. As a school that trains professional and technical talents, it is our unshirkable responsibility to run the school well and train professionals suitable for the development of today's society for the country and society. For senior technical schools, our goal of cultivating talents is professional and applied talents. This kind of education is different from higher education, and senior technical schools are more suitable for order-based education, which can transport talents in all aspects of machinery specialty for the society.
First, the problems existing in the teaching of mechanical specialty in senior technical schools in China at this stage
1. The knowledge taught is too old.
With the continuous progress of the times, the technology and technical level of China's machinery manufacturing have been continuously improved, and some traditional manufacturing technologies have gradually been replaced by high-tech such as numerical control application technology. China market needs new skilled applied talents. At present, the teaching content of mechanical specialty in technical schools in China is relatively old, and a set of teaching materials often takes several years, which lags far behind the development level of machinery and the needs of employers.
Many textbooks for senior technicians do not have their own characteristics. Even the textbooks of mechanical specialty in many schools are almost the same as those of ordinary higher education, which does not reflect the characteristics of vocational education. Many difficult formulas and principles in teaching materials are not needed by technical school students, which leads to a waste of teaching time and the quality of teaching can not be improved.
2. The quality of teachers is not high.
Mechanical specialty is a practical course. It is necessary to have rich theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the mechanical specialty education of senior technical schools? Double-qualified? Teachers, especially those in training courses, will be difficult to be competent for training and education without rich front-line work experience. At present, many mechanical teachers in technical schools are directly assigned to schools by college graduates, and teachers in practice classes are all transformed from theoretical teachers. Such a teaching staff is not very beneficial to the cultivation of students' professional ability, which leads to the fact that most graduates cannot meet the needs of employers.
3. Lack of training equipment
According to the teaching goal of senior technical school, our educational purpose is to cultivate front-line applied talents for the society. Students not only have a solid theoretical foundation, but also master more skilled operation skills. At present, many senior technical schools are short of funds, so students can only use ordinary machine tools eliminated by some enterprises for practical training. There are still many schools run by the original factory, and the mechanical training equipment is the original old equipment, so schools can't afford to buy modern education.
4. The quality of technical school education is low
Some parents want their children to go to a good university, and senior technical schools have become a helpless choice for students with poor grades, resulting in poor overall quality of students in senior technical schools and great pressure on management and teaching of senior technical schools. In the long run, teachers are easy to slack off in teaching. Some teachers are not careful in teaching and their teaching methods are outdated? Full house irrigation? 、? Cramming at the last minute? Students are not interested in learning and can't apply advanced teaching methods at this stage, which leads to the failure to improve the quality of education.
Second, some suggestions on mechanic education.
Technical school education should reflect the characteristics of vocational education. In the future mechanical education, I think it is necessary to make changes in the following aspects:
1. Teaching content reform
In the reform of teaching content, we should start with the construction of teaching materials and the simplification of teaching content. First of all, the teaching in senior technical schools is suitable for order-based education, that is, the purpose of education is to cultivate talents suitable for enterprises. Order-based education requires teachers to start from the needs of enterprises, and the education content should focus on the needs of students after entering enterprises, so that students can integrate into work as soon as possible after graduation. In addition, the content of teaching materials should be simplified. Mechanical specialty is a subject containing a lot of knowledge, including mechanical dynamics, structural science, mechanical system and plane drawing. Students need to master too much content, which will make it difficult for students to learn. In order to make students better adapt to teaching, teachers must change the previous indoctrination teaching, simplify the teaching content as much as possible, simplify the complex and integrate the teaching content into a knowledge system. On this basis, we should strengthen the optimization of teaching content and syllabus, strengthen the connection with engineering training, testing technology, material mechanics and other related courses, and pay more attention to the application of content in teaching, so as to provide guarantee for the cultivation of applied talents.
2. Innovation of teaching methods and means.
In the past mechanical education, teachers were completely dominant, and students were often in a passive position to accept knowledge. The whole process is boring. This kind of teaching not only dampens students' interest in learning, but also inhibits their creative thinking. In view of the current teaching situation, it is necessary for us to reform teaching means and methods. In teaching, teachers can try in many ways and choose teaching methods suitable for students, thus mobilizing students' enthusiasm. For example, using modern multimedia technology for classroom teaching, many contents of mechanical specialty can't be accepted by students only through the blackboard, such as the structure and working characteristics of mechanical equipment. It is difficult for students to have a deep understanding of the equipment through the blackboard machine tool. Using multimedia, the teacher displays the three-dimensional image of the equipment on the screen, and analyzes the various structures of the equipment bit by bit with the mouse, so that students have an intuitive impression of the equipment. In addition, through the image, let students know the work they need to do and the equipment they need to contact after entering the society, and stimulate their interest in learning. In addition, teachers should improve students' practical ability through practical teaching and skill competition. Through practical teaching, students can apply theoretical knowledge to practice, complete the integrated teaching of theory and practice, and enhance their practical skills. Through skill competition, production can promote students' skill progress, improve students' skill level and help students enter the work.
3. Strengthen the construction of teaching staff and investment in training equipment.
Senior technical schools need the support of professional teachers. In the construction of teachers in senior technical schools, we can establish a teacher training mechanism, improve the academic level and skill level of professional teachers by letting teachers enter the front-line positions of enterprises, hire outstanding talents from enterprises as part-time teachers, and regularly let some experts come to the school to guide teachers, thus improving the quality of teachers in senior technical schools. In addition, senior technicians need strong support from the state, and schools should increase investment in training equipment, purchase advanced CNC machine tools and CNC systems, and provide guarantee for students' training. To this end, schools can establish contact with employers through school-enterprise cooperation and attracting investment to help schools.
References:
[1] Wang. Analysis of Mechanical Teaching Methods in Technical Schools [J]. Times Education, 20 13, 10: 6 1.
[2] Easy. Exploration of cultivating students' innovative ability in machining practice in technical schools [J]. Information, 2015,06:103.
[3] Li. Analysis of the problems and countermeasures in mechanical teaching in technical schools [J]. Intelligence, 20 10/0,03 03: 2 10/0.
[4] Cai Yin. On the problems and countermeasures in the teaching of mechanical specialty in technical schools [J]. Education and Teaching Forum, 2013,22:188-190.
3000-word mechanical paper 3
Construction and management of marketing channels for agricultural machinery products
First, China's agricultural products marketing status
Since the reform and opening up, relying on the overall economic strength and the improvement of scientific and technological level, China's agricultural machinery products market has made certain achievements, but due to the short development time, there are still many problems. Tracing back to the development of marketing channels for agricultural products, it is not difficult to find that there are still many problems in the construction of marketing channels for agricultural products in China. The specific questions are as follows:
(A) the overall channel is weak
At present, some agricultural machinery manufacturers have no brand awareness, do not pay attention to the construction and management of sales channels, and even fail to help their downstream distributors establish brand awareness through some preferential measures, thus helping distributors to develop their industries. Cooperation with dealers is arbitrary, as shown in the following figure:
First of all, there are many brands operated by dealers, and dealers pay more attention to their own interests than the product status of enterprises, so market public opinion, including consumers' purchasing preferences, will affect the cooperation between dealers and enterprises; Secondly, when selling products, dealers did not operate according to the requirements agreed by the enterprise, which affected the external image and reputation of the enterprise. Thirdly, the level of dealers will also affect the sales of enterprises. If dealers can't make an accurate judgment on the market and misjudge the relationship between supply and demand, it will directly affect the development of enterprise sales channels. Moreover, the vast majority of dealers simply sell their own products and do not do a good job of after-sales service, which also leads to great distrust of products by consumers, which is not conducive to the development of enterprise sales channels.
(B) Channel management is quite chaotic.
At present, most agricultural machinery production enterprises in the market have no unified long-term deployment of channel construction and planning, and have not formed a strong sales network. The main manifestations are as follows: first, the distribution area where the enterprise is located is not clear, and the lack of overall planning leads to the overlapping of dealers' products, resulting in vicious competition among regional dealers, which has not brought practical benefits to dealers and failed to form a good market norm; Secondly, management lacks unity and standardization; There is no unified logo and image planning to display product details, which leads some dealers to mislead consumers in order to maximize their interests. Finally, the after-sales maintenance service of dealers is not in place, which leads to unfavorable sales channels.
(C) enterprises are slow to respond to market information
The marketing channel of agricultural machinery production reflects the market information too slowly, which leads to the delay in receiving information and the inability to adjust products in time, which leads to the slow sales channel and the weak competitiveness and presence of the whole enterprise. The main reasons are as follows: first, enterprises are too backward in building information platforms to effectively guarantee information transmission, so that enterprises can make corresponding market adjustment strategies in time for these information; Secondly, the ability to receive and process information is weak, and it is impossible to effectively distinguish and process effective market information; Finally, information management methods are too backward. For enterprises and distributors, they should be sensitive to market information, record useful information in time and carry out standardized information management.
Second, the construction and management of marketing channels
(A) the effective integration of marketing channels
By establishing and integrating marketing channels, the present situation of agricultural machinery production marketing channels can be changed, thus enhancing the market competitiveness of enterprises and distributors. We can start from the following aspects: 1, strengthen the management of marketing channels; 2. Establish a regional agency mechanism for sales channels; 3. Effectively integrate resources; 4. Pay attention to the cultivation of corporate brand awareness and cultural literacy;
(B) to strengthen the basic work of marketing channels
For the basic work of marketing channels, besides producing excellent products, enterprises should also pay attention to the following points: 1, formulate appropriate sales plans, divide corresponding sales areas and carry out targeted sales. 2, improve the technical level of marketing personnel, continuous training and learning. 3. Change the existing service concept of the enterprise, make the product not only the product itself, but also the follow-up value-added service, and effectively standardize the service process management and training.
(C) Marketing channel information flow management
Today's era is an era of knowledge explosion and highly concentrated information. If you have the market information, the enterprise will have the first chance. Therefore, with the rapid development of information today, it is imperative for agricultural machinery production enterprises to do a good job in information management if they want to gain a foothold in the market economy environment. It is suggested to carry out management from the following three aspects: first, establish a complete information platform. Establishing a fully functional information platform is the premise of marketing work. At the same time, for enterprises, including logistics and machinery production status, if the distribution volume of dealers can be displayed on a complete information platform, it is also convenient for the work to be carried out. (2) Strengthen the timely updating and supervision of information, a good platform can be established, and more importantly, how to make all departments implement it for a long time. For enterprises, it is important to strengthen the education and training of employees, and at the same time require employees at all levels to update information in time, save and view it in time. Regulatory departments at all levels should also ensure that even if effective supervision is carried out, especially for data with frequent information replacement, it should be supervised in time to ensure its update progress. Only in this way, can our enterprises query all kinds of data conveniently and grasp effective information in time, so as to control the production and sales of enterprises and promote their better development.
Third, summary.
Based on the analysis and thinking of the current marketing situation of agricultural machinery products in China, this paper puts forward some improvement measures in view of the existing problems, such as integrating marketing channels, strengthening basic work and perfecting information flow management. It is hoped that agricultural machinery production and sales enterprises can improve on this basis, break through the existing bottlenecks of enterprises, and thus get long-term development in today's market economy.
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