First, the choice of literacy content
(A) learn from tradition and enrich the content of literacy.
Since the new curriculum reform, Chinese teaching in primary schools has emphasized the importance of literacy teaching in teaching guiding ideology. However, from the perspective of teaching practice, the proliferation of new ideas and autonomous learning not only strengthens horizontal reference, but also weakens vertical inheritance. Especially in literacy teaching, the inheritance of the excellent tradition of traditional literacy teaching is ignored.
In ancient China, children's enlightenment literacy teaching mostly adopted the method of centralized literacy. Hundreds of Family Names, Three Amethyst and Qian Wen Zi (collectively called Three Thousand) are the most widely circulated excellent literacy textbooks in ancient China. In literacy teaching, it takes about a year for children to read more than 2000 words intensively and then teach them to read. The reason why this effect can be achieved is inseparable from the characteristics of "3000".
First of all, "3000" is written in the form of rhyme, which embodies the characteristics of Chinese characters and Chinese, and also conforms to children's reading interest, and it is catchy to read. Like hundreds of surnames, 507 surnames (single surname 446, compound surname 6 1) are collected, which are popular and common. Although Hundred Family Names is composed of meaningless words, it adopts the form of four words and one sentence, rhymes every other sentence, and has a harmonious tone, which is easy to read and very pleasant to listen to.
Such as: Qian Sun Zheng Wang Chu Yang He Zhang.
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This is the strangeness of hundreds of surnames, which combine surnames with no complete meaning to form a rhyme, which is convenient for students to read and remember. As a surname, there are only some representative symbols, but as a literacy textbook, it is very practical. Even today, it is beneficial to read hundreds of surnames. For example, the mistake of reading "qiǜ" as "reward" and "cha" (zhā) as "cha" can be avoided. This is probably one of the reasons why it was widely circulated in ancient times.
In the first grade, I began to try to get students to recite Hundred Family Names in the morning reading time. After reading for half a semester, students can master it. For example, the floating population students in my class happen to have two surnames "Qi" and "Zhen", and soon some students will read them.
Secondly, the content of 3000 is full of humanity. For example, the three-character sutra is easy to recite. Its short space is not only lively and interesting, but also contains many profound truths, from which we can also understand China's traditional culture and unique ideological value. For example, if you don't teach, you will be diligent, such as fireflies, if you are poor, you will never stop learning, if you are paid, you will still suffer, dogs will watch the night, chickens will wait for the morning, if you don't learn, you will be human, and silkworms will spin silk. If you don't learn, you might as well make honey. As an ancient literacy textbook, San Zi Jing is very popular with children, and it rhymes roughly. When you read, you will naturally remember the font in the process of reading aloud.
Admittedly, the content of Saint Amethyst has lagged behind the requirements of today's times, but its arrangement can draw lessons from today's literacy teaching. In the People's Education Edition of Chinese for Primary Schools, some literacy contents draw lessons from the compilation form of the three-character classics. For example, when teaching the words "cognition, appearance, father, mother, teaching, recognition, mistakes, things, changes, wishes, bowls, chopsticks, sweeping the floor and bragging", the second volume of Senior One adopts the form of "three-character classics": "children" parents teach, listen carefully and correct mistakes. If the elder is wrong, remind him, have a good attitude and be sincere. Housework, to bear, washing dishes, chopsticks, sweeping the yard. My family loves me, I love my family, good boy, and everyone praises me. "This innovative way of literacy makes simple literacy boring and interesting.
Therefore, I also use the New Three-Character Classics of Gao Zhanxiang collected on the Internet as a literacy textbook to guide students to read and write, which has also played a very good role.
Spring is warm, autumn water is long, the wind is blowing and the flowers are fragrant. Teenagers have ideals, aim high and be pillars. Heaven is strong, people are self-reliant, and I am born for the prosperity of the country. Advocating harmony, people's expectations, promoting morality and making the country rich and strong. In people's spring and youth, time is short and precious. Life is limited and knowledge is infinite. Study hard and don't steal safety. The road to study is tortuous, the road is a bow, and people are arrows. Never look back, never stop, never change your mind, never move forward. -"Gao Zhanxiang New Three-Character Classic" (fragment)
(B) the introduction of genus, improve literacy
Originally, it was a method used by Mr. Dui in ancient private schools to train children's composition, called Dui. In the teaching centered on the education and training of ancient imperial examinations, many correct experiences and essences have been accumulated. Now Chinese teaching in primary schools no longer requires students to pair up, so this teaching method gradually disappears and only becomes a hobby of a few people.
However, it is also a good method to introduce pairing into literacy teaching. On the one hand, there is such an arrangement in textbooks. For example, when teaching primary school students to know the words "fog, frost, morning glow, sunset glow, butterfly, bee, green, purple, thousand, plum, yang and beautiful" in the next volume of Senior One, these new words to be known appear in pairs: "cloud to fog, snow to frost, wind to drizzle, morning glow to sunset glow". Flowers are to grass, butterflies are to bees, blue sky is to green fields, and colorful flowers are to thousands of reds. Peach goes to Mei Lai, willow goes to Yang Lai, clear mountains go to water, birds sing and flowers smell. "In the corresponding chanting, the students naturally completed the literacy task. On the other hand, Changxing people also have the custom of posting Spring Festival couplets in the New Year. In literacy teaching, I will take recognizing Spring Festival couplets as a content, so that students can recognize, recite, collect Spring Festival couplets and communicate in class. At the same time, in the literacy class, consciously pair literacy. For example, when teaching the words "hate, desert, regret, charcoal, poverty, wealth, hunger, bitterness, piety and eternity", I made up such a pair: "Beauty is ugly, love is hate. Sincerity to falsehood, indifference to enthusiasm, timely help to see the truth, and help others to show their love. Poor to rich, cold to warm. Hunger and cold demand food and clothing, demand dedication, everyone gives a little love, and it is always spring in the world. "This kind of literacy activity makes students read fluently and naturally interested. In addition, the students also learned the truth of dealing with people in the process of pairing. Parents are also satisfied to hear their children's immature reading sounds at home.
Second, the cultivation of literacy ability.
Drawing lessons from tradition and introducing genus pairs have enriched the content of literacy teaching and increased the amount of literacy. Literacy teaching is not only an increase in quantity, but also a need to improve literacy. Literacy is an ability acquired through regular literacy training in the process of applying knowledge, skills and intelligence. How to cultivate students' literacy ability? We can cultivate in the following ways:
(a) Use interesting activities to improve children's ability to remember glyphs
Interest is the driving force of learning. With interest, students have the pleasure of literacy. Literacy is boring. If students want to be interested in literacy, we can use interesting activities to make students remember new words. We can use various activities such as addition and subtraction, spelling, drawing, guessing, telling stories, etc., so that students can read, entertain and enjoy Chinese characters in interesting activities.
The so-called "addition and subtraction" is to strengthen students' literacy ability and bring them fun by increasing or decreasing the structural radicals of Chinese characters and forming different Chinese characters. For example, "day" plus "month" is "Ming", and subtraction is also used: "Ming" minus "day" is "month". And spelling is to use the characteristics of Chinese characters' up and down structure, left and right structure and glyph structure to speed up the recognition of characters, such as "one wood is wood, two wood is forest, three wood is forest", "one person is human, two people are obedient, three people are numerous", "one fire is fire, two fires are inflammation, three fires are face" and so on.
The so-called "painting" and "guessing" are to speed up literacy by using the characteristics of the integration of sound, form and meaning of Chinese characters. "Painting" is to recognize characters by combining the characteristics of pictophonetic characters. This method of using both hands and brains can arouse students' interest in the early stage of literacy teaching. For example, you can know the word "sun", draw the sun, know the word "water" and draw water with a stick figure. And "guessing" is to use students' curiosity to stimulate literacy when students already know about 500. For example, in Two Men on the Soil, guess what the word is, "Two small, two small, with grass on their heads" (Garlic). Students can also make up how to remember the word "room". The student said, "There is a door outside the sun". For some similar characters that are easy to remember, we can also design a game of "helping mom find dolls" to get to know the characters. For example, when learning the word "sea", tell students that the "regretful" mother is "Mei" and guide students to help "Mei" mother find her child. When students find out the words "Mei, Hai and Wu", they can compare the glyphs and distinguish the differences of radicals, so that students can naturally.
(B) using life experience to improve the literacy rate
Chinese characters come from life, so literacy teaching should also return to life. This is to encourage students to pay attention to the words around them and improve their literacy through accumulation and collection. Of course, let students communicate, show, praise and affirm. Such as: name, street sign, billboard, supermarket item name, etc. In the early stage of literacy teaching, we asked parents to cooperate, such as putting their own name labels on furniture, so that children can quickly know their names through these labels when they touch furniture at home, which increased their literacy. There are dozens of different names in a class, which allows students to know their names by their first names. In the process of learning, students are willing to discover literacy and stimulate their interest in literacy. Use literacy in life to arouse the enthusiasm of literacy. Let the students bring all kinds of words they see in life, such as newspapers and snack bags, to exchange and learn from each other. By sharing the happiness of literacy, realizing the sense of accomplishment of literacy and improving the desire to read, students' literacy ability is naturally improved step by step.
(C) repeated practice to consolidate literacy
According to the law of forgetting, literacy must strengthen practice and consolidate review. In order to avoid forgetting after study, students should go back to review and learn new things. For example, students consolidate their memory of glyphs by writing. The mastery of words lies in the correct use in listening, speaking, reading and writing, and words can be consolidated in repeated use, because the repetition rate of words in use is high and students' memory effect is good. Teachers use word formation, speaking and writing, and guide reading after class to achieve the purpose of consolidating literacy. For example, let students read the text several times before class, and look it up in the dictionary if they don't understand it. Because of reading the text many times, the repetition rate of new words is high. The teacher should check the students' preview and study together. Once pronunciation errors are found, teachers and students propose to correct them in time. You can also carry out some literacy competitions to see who reads more, so that you can not only consolidate the new words you have learned, but also get new words from other students, and you can also hold reading competitions to review new words.
Of course, the cultivation of students' literacy ability should not be rushed. As long as we constantly improve teaching methods, use flexible and appropriate literacy methods, and combine the characteristics of thinking, encourage imagination practice and cultivate literacy habits, students can learn more Chinese characters easily and happily, thus improving their literacy ability.
Third, the diversification of literacy methods
(1) Read more words by means of classified literacy.
Using the same radical to analyze and understand their meanings, such as "picking up, lifting, pulling out, picking up and carrying" are all related to hand movements, and we can remember the same radical at the same time. For another example, the words "dog, monkey, cat and wolf" all refer to an animal. For example, "birch, poplar, peach tree" about forest names all have the same radical characters. I soon mastered these new words from their roots and meanings.
Reading similar words by comparison. Since the second grade, the efficiency of literacy has been greatly improved by classifying similar words into one category and recognizing them at the same time. For example, understanding that "sunny, clear, please, love and avoidance" can be put together, and the word "sunny" is related to the sun; "Clear" water is related to water; Next to the word "please", it is related to talking; "Love" is close to the heart and related to mood; Next to the word "duckling", it is related to insects. There are many similar figures. Put them together to compare similarities and differences to recognize words, so that one can draw inferences from others.
There are many ways to classify literacy, which are not only good literacy methods for students, but also good guidance methods for teachers. Through the method of classification, many new words in the text have been effectively mastered. Students can learn new words in the way they like. Using the classification method can make students interested and learn in their own way. By the end of the semester, it is also convenient to take out these new words for classification and grouping, and review and consolidate them. Therefore, classified literacy can greatly improve the effect of literacy and increase the amount of literacy.
(B) the use of Chinese character structure to speed up literacy.
Chinese characters are ideographic characters. Structurally, Chinese characters can be divided into two categories: single words and combined words. Words can be classified and summarized from the structure of words to identify words. Such as up and down structure, left and right structure, enclosing structure, etc. It is also a way to put words with the same structure together for easy understanding.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen put forward the theory of "Six Books" in Shuo Wen Jie Zi. We can analyze the word formation methods of pictographic characters, signifier characters, knowing characters and pictophonetic characters to help students read. For example, Chinese characters such as "Hugh, Cai, Bing, Zhong, Mu, Dan, Shao" can be analyzed through their meanings, and students are very interested. They not only know Chinese characters, but also understand some Chinese character cultures. For pictophonetic characters, the contrast between notes and semantic symbols can be used to speed up the literacy. For example: "arm, waist, abdomen, back", "squat, run, road", "open, eyes, sleep, sleep, blink", "grab, shake, squeeze, move, wipe, copy, pick up, fall, pull, block, touch", "steel, copper, touch" It can not only improve the efficiency and quantity of literacy, but also make students realize some rules of word formation and turn mechanical memory into meaningful memory, which is of great help to self-study new words and improve their ability of independent literacy in the future.
(c) Improving literacy through contextual literacy.
There is an old saying in learning Chinese that "words cannot be separated from words, words cannot be separated from sentences, and sentences cannot be separated from the beginning". The so-called "contextual literacy" means that in the process of literacy teaching, we should always create contextual conditions and combine the use of Chinese characters to strengthen the literacy effect of students. The first thing is to pronounce the pronunciation correctly. Teachers can guide students to read the text and understand these words in context, which is an effective literacy method and a widely used teaching method. The second is to understand the meaning of words. In the process of literacy teaching, we should always pay attention to consciously grasping the whole teaching of Chinese characters' sound, form and meaning, that is, deepening understanding through the combination of sound and form, form and meaning, word formation and sentence. In a word, to consolidate the teaching of Chinese character literacy, we should follow the language rules of Chinese characters, understand the meaning of words and sentences, deepen our understanding from the relationship between word meaning, font and sound, and consolidate the meaning of words. For example, the classification and comparison of synonyms, antonyms and synonyms are easy to remember only if you understand and master new fonts in the language environment.
Such as "paste", "sticky", "shake" and "shake".
There are many kinds of literacy teaching methods, and it is not difficult to find more effective literacy methods through practice. From the appearance of the characters, we may know them in different ways, but if we carefully ponder the taste, we will find the interesting charm contained in the characters. Every Chinese character seems to be full of vitality and has its charm. If so, why don't students like it?
To sum up, literacy teaching must not be a burden to students, and different effective methods should be used to teach different words scientifically and interestingly. On the premise of "fun", let students read happily. Naturally enhanced the desire to read. With more words and more interests, children naturally have the desire to try. Students can read boldly with their favorite literacy methods. Literacy teaching is not difficult.