There are thousands of articles in the world. The application is a political paper at first, and its first attribute is propaganda and policy. Political correctness, targeting at public issues, and language conforming to * * * writing norms are the primary requirements for grading. There are two main types of political articles: policy articles and commentary articles. Whether you can write corresponding articles according to different application requirements is another key to scoring.
The type of article is determined by the requirements of the stem and the characteristics of the material.
1, if the problem clearly requires writing countermeasures; Or the materials given have clearly analyzed and summarized the problems involved, but no countermeasures have been given to solve the problems. "Shen" is a strategic paper, which mainly puts forward and demonstrates countermeasures.
2. If there is no explicit requirement to write countermeasures; Or a given material has no clear analysis and conclusion on the issues involved, and a "Shen" article is generally critical. It is necessary to make a qualitative conclusion on the issue (the central argument), analyze and demonstrate one's own views, and propose and demonstrate corresponding countermeasures.
Most of the argumentative essays are political essays. Political papers can be divided into two basic types: policy papers and critical papers. Policy documents focus on solving problems and can be divided into comprehensive macro-policy documents and micro-specific policy documents. Comments should analyze problems, weigh advantages and disadvantages, and solve problems equally, which can be divided into two types: standing articles and refuting articles.
The following table briefly summarizes and combs the classification of application articles:
The composition of Politics and Strategy focuses on countermeasures: the title clearly requires writing countermeasures; Or the given materials have clearly analyzed and summarized the problems involved, but have not given clear countermeasures to solve the problems. 1, comprehensive macro-strategic characteristics: objective and comprehensive 2, micro-specific strategic characteristics: in-depth, specific comments focus on analysis and argumentation: the topic does not explicitly require writing countermeasures; Or the given material has no clear analysis and conclusion about the problems involved. 1, paper features: clear arguments and strong arguments. 2. Refute the characteristics of the paper: the position is clear and the criticism is in place. Notices, announcements, * * * and other practical items. 1. What is a political paper?
The essay on application is first of all an argumentative essay, which puts forward opinions or opinions on a certain object of discussion and explains reasons to convince readers. Secondly, political essays in argumentative essays are argumentative essays that analyze and comment on current major events and social issues from the political and policy perspectives. It has various forms and a wide range.
1. Political essays are a branch of argumentative essays. Since it is an argumentative essay, it should be based on arguments, arguments and arguments. There must be arguments as well as arguments. Arguments can usually be divided into two types: factual arguments and theoretical arguments.
2. Political papers should be convincing. The article must have strong argument and persuasion, and there must be unquestionable authenticity or factual basis. But the lack of argument is precisely the fatal problem of many candidates' articles!
3. The angle of political essays is politics. The biggest feature of politics is publicity. Simply put, it is to write articles from the standpoint of the public, not individuals or a certain interest group. Most official comments can be said to be political articles.
4. Political papers have no fixed form and are open. There is no fixed method for writing, and there are many ways to write political papers. When many candidates talk about writing political papers, they think that they are writing imaginary things such as function and harm, and they can't write countermeasures. This is a very rigid view. You can also write countermeasures in political papers. Strictly speaking, a policy paper itself is a political paper.
Guangdong provincial examination in 2007: write a political paper of about 800 words with the necessity and urgency of strengthening rural cultural construction in the new period as the theme.
The title of this article determines the main content of this "political paper". The main part of the article should clarify two major issues: why should we build rural culture in the new period? Why is it urgent? Why is it necessary? Because it is important, because it is worth doing. Why is it urgent? Because there are many problems in rural cultural construction, and the problems are very serious. It is clear that this article mainly talks about the significance, function and existing problems of rural cultural construction. After understanding this problem, we know that this article should be written as a comprehensive review, not a policy paper. But you can also write countermeasures, but the space should be relatively small.
Second, what is a strategic paper?
Policy paper, to put it bluntly, means that the main body of the article should focus on countermeasures. The theory of strategy has existed since the Han Dynasty, and now it is also the favorite word in the proposition of Guangdong Province.
Guangdong in 2009: Please refer to all the materials given (College only ... >>
Question 2: Happiness is always full of defects. Should it be written as a political paper or a policy paper? Hello, Chinese public education is at your service.
Whether to write a political paper or a policy paper is always a tangled problem for candidates, and it is also a confusing and difficult problem at the conceptual level. In essence, the content of an argumentative essay is an argumentative essay with political color, and the genre form must be the shell of an argumentative essay. The content is all political issues, and the main purpose is to analyze and solve problems, how to treat a problem, how to do it, talk about opinions and put forward countermeasures. When we talk about articles about application, we are actually talking about political theory. When we talk about strategy, we are actually talking about political theory-articles about political issues. Chinese public education experts believe that only by clarifying this concept can the genre of the paper be subdivided, and from the perspective of argumentation methods, it is said that political theory is an article based on analysis and discussion, and strategic theory is an article based on countermeasure argumentation; Both articles also contain two elements: analysis and countermeasures, but the emphasis is different. Political theory is based on analysis and focuses on analysis. Policy theory is a political theory with countermeasures as the main body, with the emphasis on countermeasures.
If it is clear that all essays are about political topics and need to be analyzed and solved, there are both analytical elements and countermeasures, then there is no need to entangle whether to write political papers or policy papers. On the premise of complete structure and comprehensive content, writing analytical or countermeasure is only a personal preference. Write what you are good at, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, give play to your own advantages, and create works full of personality tension.
The writing idea of the paper should follow the golden mean, which includes both structural analysis and countermeasures. Writing should focus on one aspect, and don't worry too much about the structure of the article. The key is to write down the specific content, demonstrate in an orderly way, and take improving the quality of demonstration as the focus of improving the score. The most reliable and easy-to-get-high-score articles are also the most complete in structure and content, often with a six-paragraph structure. Besides the beginning and the end, how to arrange the middle four paragraphs can reflect the author's preferences and personality and publicize his own advantages. Of the four paragraphs, if one is analysis and the other three are countermeasures, that is strategy. If paragraphs 2 to 3 are analysis and paragraphs 1 to 2 are countermeasures, that is political theory. From this, we can clearly see that the boundary between policy papers and political papers is judged by the proportion of analysis and countermeasures.
No matter in the national or provincial examination, there is no absolute requirement to write political theory or strategic theory in the essay, and there is no example in the marking that political theory must score higher than strategic papers. The score of an article is determined by the quality of the article itself, and a good article is a good article in any case. Of course, the common writing requirement of "don't talk about countermeasures" in the national examination composition can be understood as "talk about countermeasures, but don't talk about them, and combine some examples and reasons"; It can also be understood as "we should not talk about empty countermeasures, but more practical contents, including viewpoints and countermeasures" In view of the former understanding, we can still write countermeasures, but we should enrich more convincing content; Based on the latter situation, we should reduce the proportion of countermeasures and discuss more about "what, why, how to look at it and how to judge the status quo".
As for the stipulation that there is no need to provide policies or suggestions to improve the work of * * * in the 20 14 Guangzhou application paper, it should be regarded as a soft prompt, not a rigid requirement. Because "unnecessary" is different from "no" and "no", it is not to deny the feasibility of "providing advice" or writing countermeasures. In the past, the Guangzhou exam clearly required writing a strategy paper. If the current rule is to completely rule out countermeasures, the scope of self-denial is too large from writing strategy papers to writing comments. This requirement can also be understood from two aspects: first, "it is not necessary to provide suggestions for policy and work improvement, but other suggestions can be made", or it is necessary to write countermeasures, refine countermeasures from the expert suggestions mentioned in the materials and the theories about urban development and social construction, and put forward suggestions for improvement or perfection from the perspective of the market and social subjects themselves. The countermeasures are more comprehensive than the general understanding of "theoretical policy suggestions and * * *"
Another understanding is that "you don't need to write any suggestions, you just need to analyze and predict the emergence, influence and future trend of the problem, extract relevant theoretical analysis viewpoints and factual basis from the materials, and discuss the viewpoints strictly, fully and thoroughly", which completely excludes the content of countermeasures, and is an extreme proposition form compared with the clear requirement of writing "policy papers".
In principle, the proposition of application is moderate, balanced and not extreme, which will not require you to never write anything, otherwise it will violate the principle of scientific proposition; Commentators don't pay special attention to whether the article is political or critical ... >>
Question 3: Question: What are the classic political essays in the Western Han Dynasty? Who are the celebrities? The freedom of thought in the Western Han Dynasty shaped a group of hundreds of descendants on a small scale. The description of the article is more or less obviously political. Sima Qian's Historical Records is the first one, and no one has discussed it since.
In the early period, the princes maintained a powerful force, and the literati wandering in the princes' palace were full of literary talent and had the atmosphere of a strategist. As a counselor, he swims under Wu He's door. Although he has the gift of eloquence, it is difficult to have a Bole-style king. Because of his ill-fated life and great social changes, he has nowhere to hide. The exhortation in The Story of King Wu Can failed to impress this sharp-edged and arrogant Liu Bi. The status of vassals will only be irreversible because of the consolidation of the central government. He also realized that his identity as a counselor was an inappropriate existence, but while he was awake, he did not forget to seize a little opportunity. The final collapse forced him to follow Mei Cheng to Liang.
However, full of lofty sentiments, it has brought prison, and the emotions of grief and indignation have turned into rivers, rushing down. Loyalty and slander, faith and doubt, Liang Wang is overcast. Playing crazy and avoiding the world is a move in troubled times; Advice and suggestions will only sting the groggy king. Abandoning the State of Wu and going to the State of Liang is an infinite admiration. I hope that your majesty will not be moved by flashy words. "Scholars are not virtuous and greedy, and they will be jealous when they enter the DPRK." It is inevitable that rumors will be born in the world. It is a national disaster to listen to the words of villains because of their wealth. Ask Wang, can you talk openly? Can you start and end well? Kill the courtiers who take refuge in the world, can you make the heroes and scholars in the world feel chilling? After all, facts speak louder than the eloquence of political opponents and avoid death.
It's so bad that I have to leave the Zhuangke home. After that, don't go down in history. Oh, how can I solemnly bow and scrape to high officials?
Lu Jia, who lived in the era of Emperor Gaozu, was eloquent and made many plans, all of which were very successful. He wrote Xin Yu for Liu Bang on the political gains and losses of Qin Dynasty and the prosperity of Han Dynasty. Facing the reunification of the country, he clearly realized his mission, waited for the king of South Vietnam to stay for several months, returned home in triumph, voluntarily retired from the army and lived a happy life in Tian She Weng. Fair distribution of five sons has become an effective way to obtain old-age security in modern times. It is really the nature of counselors to work hard.
Of course, the representative figure of political theory is Jia Yi. His boldness of vision as a politician, his wisdom as a historian, his enthusiasm for commenting on current politics, his literary momentum as a strategist and his feelings of hardship are all permeated in the book. The benevolence and Confucianism in On Qin opened Dong Zhongshu's "exclusive Confucianism", and the influence of Emperor Wen was obvious. Emperor Wen appreciates Jia Yi's talent, but it is difficult to show it in front of Gu Ming's ministers. Throughout the historical records, Wendi seems to be wandering all his life, continuing the inaction policy of Gao Zu Huang Lao, lacking innovation, let alone reform. He is a good emperor, diligent and thrifty, and handsome in the world. He must adopt the heroes who support him. Perhaps he is more restless than Jia Yi and wants to carry out drastic reforms more than Jia Yi. Perhaps Wendi often educates the prince in the East Palace: Son, I found a very good talent for you. His name is Jia Yi. You should make good use of him in the future.
Jia Yi is too talented and too advanced. He has gone beyond the times. He saw the ambitions of the princes for the first time. Therefore, he wrote "Public Security Strategies" to warn Emperor Wen, hoping that Emperor Wen would re-implement the enfeoffment system and establish a smaller vassal state among the vassal states. However, Wendi is sober. He is the acting king and a member of the vassal state. Other governors naturally refused to accept, complaining. There are always people who resist the emperor, and the signs of warlord rebellion have been hidden. Emperor Wen wanted to be content with the status quo, and did not take any measures, but tried his best to be patient in order to find a better way to solve this problem in the future. After all, this is a matter of the country and a matter of the family.
The reform discussed by Jia Yi was not thorough, and he wanted to keep the existence of vassal states. First of all, he is also a member of the strategists, although he works for the Central Committee. In fact, what he did dealt a great blow to future strategists, and he acted as a grave digger on the basis of his existence as a counselor.
In the era of Emperor Jingdi, he did not wait for Jia Yi, but waited for a man named Chao Cuo, whose views were more courageous and insightful than Jia Yi's. He has stronger political power than Jia Yi. He can instigate Jingdi to alienate the Prime Minister and make him die of shame. He can confuse Jingdi, only discuss political affairs with them, and amend Chapter 30 of the law. His spring breeze is proud, his power is in the ruling and opposition, and his jobbery is exposed. His father said, "The Liu family is in peace, but the Chao family is in danger." He denounced Chao Cuo as a black sheep, but Chao Cuo didn't listen and went his own way. Ten days after his father committed suicide by taking poison, the governors made a big fuss about Ding Chi locust under the banner of "killing Chao Cuo and clearing the monarch's side" ...
Question 4: How to judge whether to write a political paper or a policy paper in the civil service examination? Ask the seniors for guidance? Mainly in the question stem requirements, if it is a propositional composition, it should be judged according to the question stem requirements and propositional topics; If it is a self-propositional composition, it should be judged according to the requirements of the stem. If there is no requirement for the topic, you should choose it according to the given materials and personal preferences. In fact, there is no need to look at the main topic and the policy topic so incongruously, there is a difference between them. However, in the process of recruiting civil servants, the ability to solve problems is valued, because recruiting civil servants is not about selecting writers or recruiting writers. Writing a strategy paper well is not easy, but also brilliant, because it can better test your understanding and grasp of given materials, your basic literacy in dealing with people, and your basic thinking, logical thinking and rational thinking ability.
Another advantage of writing a strategy paper is that it can be in the same strain as the previous countermeasures. If we reshape the previous countermeasures a little, we can do it in one go, keep the coherence of our thinking and save a lot of time. The marking teacher marks the paper according to the topic, even if one person marks the paper, it doesn't matter, because it fully meets the requirements of answering questions.
However, if you don't have certain social experience and don't know much about the * * * department, then you should be cautious in writing policy papers, because you may not even know some basic common sense, and you will write the countermeasures irrelevant.
Question 5: A brief introduction to Defoe. Defoe, whose full name is daniel defoe (1660 ~ 173 1), is an English novelist and realist. /kloc-the founder of English realistic novels in the 0/8th century, known as "the father of English novels". His masterpiece is Robinson Crusoe. Daniel? Defoe 1660 was born in a merchant family in London. My father runs the slaughter industry and believes in Presbyterian church which is different from the state religion. Defoe's original surname was Fu, and he called himself Defoe after 1703.
Question 6: CATTI CET-3 1 My situation is similar to that of the landlord. I took the exam in May of 12, when I was a junior and an English major. I remember signing up in March, and it took about two months to prepare. Although catti's three tricks are not directly related to CET-4 and CET-6, we can see the foundation of English. If CET-4 and CET-6 are all around 600, and you are enthusiastic about translation, you usually have some contact with English translation, so it is not too late to start preparing now.
2 catti has two exam opportunities every year, the first half at the end of May and the second half at the end of 10. Because it is the translation certificate of the personnel department, the examination time should be unified. Therefore, the landlord still has nearly three months to prepare, which is not too late at all.
As for textbooks, there are always two books: Comprehensive Translation Competence and Teaching Materials for Translation Practice. These two books are designated books. It is recommended to read more work reports and leaders' bilingual speeches before the exam. Three-level translation involves more political papers, and there are fixed phrase patterns in translation. Multi-clause, compound sentence.
4. Registration process: before the exam, log in to the provincial personnel examination network or catti official website, register online and pay online. There will be a prompt at that time, and the registration window will open regularly. It is suggested that the landlord pay more attention recently and don't miss the registration time.
5 note: the comprehensive ability of the three strokes is good, and it can generally pass the fourth and sixth grades. The key lies in practice, and the landlord had better focus on practice. Personal experience is to practice more and pay attention to the grasp of time. By the way, you can take a dictionary with you during the exam. Buy a Lu Gusun dictionary and a Chinese-English dictionary to avoid encountering unfamiliar words.
You can trust me privately if you have any questions. Hope to adopt, thank you.
Question 7: Who is the author of Robinson Crusoe? When was it written? Defoe (1659 or 1660 ~ 173 1) is an English writer. Born in London. My father runs a slaughter business. Defoe only received secondary education and believed in Presbyterian sects that did not belong to the Anglican Church. By the time he was in his twenties, Defoe was already a decent businessman in London, running underwear, tobacco and alcohol industries and having been to the European continent. 1692 went bankrupt in business and had to make another living. He is an intelligence officer of * *, designing and developing business. He is also engaged in writing. In his early years, he was famous for writing political essays and satirical poems, opposing feudal autocracy and advocating the development of capitalist industry and commerce. 1698, he published "On Development", suggesting building roads, opening banks, collecting income tax, running fire and water insurance, running a madhouse and running a girls' school. 1702 In his political essay "Shortcuts to Eliminate Paganism", he satirized the religious discrimination policy of * * * with irony. Because of his clever writing, he was not arrested at first, but was arrested and imprisoned for 6 months and sentenced to cangue punishment. When he was subjected to flail punishment, he distributed his long poem Ode to Flail Punishment, satirizing the injustice of the law, and onlookers in London regarded him as a hero. From 1704 to 17 13, he presided over Review magazine for Harry, creating public opinion and collecting intelligence. 17 19 Defoe published his first novel Robinson Crusoe, which was well received by readers. Subsequently, Robinson Crusoe was published. 1720, he wrote Robinson Crusoe. Since then, Captain singleton (1720) and Moore? Biographies of Ferlande (1722), Captain Jack (1722), Roxana (1724) and Peter the Great (1723).
Question 8: * * Pay attention to the lost children's 800-word composition 1. Writing should learn to accumulate "reading thousands of books, writing like a god" and "a clever woman can't cook without rice", which explains the importance of "accumulation" in writing from both positive and negative aspects. "Usually rely on accumulation, the examination room depends on play", which is the same experience of the students in the examination room.
(A) language to establish a "vocabulary". Vocabulary is the cell of an article. Vocabulary in a broad sense refers not only to the collection of words and phrases, but also to sentences and sentence groups. There are two ways to establish "vocabulary": the first is reading. Usually, you should read books, newspapers and periodicals extensively, take reading notes, extract some beautiful words, sentences and paragraphs from a specific notebook, or make reading cards. The second is life. At ordinary times, we should capture the fresh language in the common spoken language and write it down in a small notebook or card that we carry with us. Over time, we can say it chapter by chapter and write it beautifully.
(2) Strengthen the accumulation of materials. Materials are the flesh and blood of the article. Because many students usually don't pay attention to accumulating materials, they are worried every time they write a composition, or edit or copy it. The solution to this problem is to accumulate materials. Usually, you can take a video camera and tape recorder with you, observe life deeply, actively participate in life, and record your experiences in family life, campus life and social life in time in the form of sketching, keeping a diary and writing observation notes. When recording, we should grasp the details and the characteristics of people, things, things and scenery. The article written in this way is flesh and blood.
(3) We should strengthen ideological accumulation. Opinion is the soul of an article. The center of the article is not clear, or the thought is not profound, which often shows that the author's thought is superficial. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a "think tank". There are two ways: first, be thoughtful. "One more miss, one more gain." Think deeply at ordinary times and ask "why", "what" and "how" when something happens. So you can see the essence through the phenomenon. It is also necessary to record the "sparks" of thinking and the conclusions of thinking at any time. The second is compilation, that is, extracting famous sayings and aphorisms. In short, the composition should be accumulated, and the three writing warehouses of vocabulary, material and thought should be regularly counted, sorted and classified to continuously enrich and expand.
Second, learn to observe before writing a good composition.
Mr. Lu Xun emphasized two points when answering the question of "how to write good articles" for young artists: one is to read more books, and the other is to practice more. Here, "seeing more" means observing more. This shows that in order to write a good article and master skillful writing skills, it is necessary to observe more and learn to observe, and observation is the necessary premise and foundation of writing. Russian novelist Chekhov earnestly warned beginners: "A writer must train himself to be a keen observer and never give up! -training yourself to observe is a habit, as if it were second nature. " It takes time to hone observation into habit and second nature, which is very useful and remarkable. Pay attention to the people, events, sights and things around you, and hunt for the materials needed in the composition: be interested in some seemingly insignificant but meaningful things, and pay attention to the cause, process and result of things; You should pay attention to how the plants in the campus flower beds change their colors all year round, and learn to get to the bottom of it and find out the ins and outs of these changes; You should go out, enter the society, meet more people, observe their words and deeds, think about some things, and integrate into your own thoughts at any time. This is the process of observation, and the following points should be paid attention to in the process of observation:
(a) Observation should not be limited to "eyes". Broadly speaking, more practical observation refers to mobilizing all the five senses of people: listening with ears, feeling with the body and, more importantly, thinking with the mind, so that the observation will be more delicate and profound.
(2) Pay attention to the use of "bad writing" in the observation process. As the saying goes, a good memory is better than bad writing. Many students see a lot and think a lot every day, but they are not good at writing it down at any time, which will waste the observed materials and a lot of valuable things.
(3) Pay special attention to perseverance in observation. Don't make "brain fever". Three minutes of heat is not conducive to writing a good composition. You should observe life and think about every day in your life, so that you can write wonderful articles. Learning to observe plays a great role in laying the foundation and promoting a good composition. Without observation, you often find it difficult to write. May you learn to observe, constantly cultivate and improve your ability to observe, and make great progress in your writing practice.
Third, if you have a high sense of meaning, you will win the idea, that is, you will create the text ... >>
Question 9: Does anyone know how to manage the network password of windows2000? In this case, it is only available above XP, but it should not be available in 2000. If it is XP or 2003, you can open the control panel and open "Store User Password" to delete.
Question 10: Is the political essay in the application argumentative? belong to
A policy paper is an argumentative paper with policy and current affairs as its writing content, which is basically consistent with the writing requirements of ordinary oral papers, and arguments, arguments and argumentation processes are indispensable. The difference is that after a policy document demonstrates a specific problem, its demonstration process must include specific measures to solve the problem. The writing of policy papers is an important course in official document writing, and it is the main means for the government to provide decision-making basis for decision-makers. Historically, strategic essays have been used in imperial examinations for a long time. Even in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, when stereotyped writing prevailed, essay writing was still the main content of the final examination of imperial examinations. Nowadays, strategic thesis is a compulsory item in the civil servant qualification examination.
Political thesis is the abbreviation of political thesis. Argumentative essay is an article that puts forward opinions or opinions on a certain discussion object and explains reasons to convince readers. Its basic feature is the persuasiveness of argument. Political essays are argumentative essays that expound and comment on current major events and social issues from a political perspective. It has various forms and a wide range.
Differences and relations between policy documents and documents
Policy papers and papers are the two most important application articles, which are both related and different. They are all argumentative essays, so they are all "official" argumentative essays, which require clear viewpoints, perfect structure, clear logic and smooth and pertinent expression. The difference between the two is that the focus of strategy paper is to write countermeasures. Political papers focus on analyzing its reasons, purposes, necessity and urgency.