At the end of Sui Dynasty, when Emperor Yang Di was running around, Tang Guogong Li Yuan, who was stationed in Taiyuan, led an army into Guanzhong. In 6 18 AD, he proclaimed himself the emperor and founded the country, with the title of Wude and its capital in Chang 'an, which opened the history of Li Tang dynasty ruling China. Li Yuan, the emperor gaozu of the Han Dynasty, immediately set out to eliminate the anti-Sui forces of other ministries and defeated Xue Ju and Xue Gaoren of Shangguan (Tianshui) successively. Wang is in Luoyang; Dou Jiande and other opposition forces in Hebei achieved the great cause of reunification.
On the fourth day of June in the ninth year of Wude (626), Li Shimin, the second son of Li Yuan, with the help of ministers Wei Chi, Jing De, Duan and Wuji, launched the "Xuanwumen Change", killing his rival Prince Li and his fourth brother Li Yuanji, thus forcing his father Li Yuan to abdicate. In August of the same year, with the support of most courtiers and military commanders, Li Shimin, king of Qin, became emperor, with the title of Zhenguan. He is a famous Emperor Taizong in history, and Li Shimin is one of the more enlightened emperors in China history. In the second year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong ordered the general of the Ministry of War, Li Jing, to crusade against the Turks and won a great victory. Since then, the threat of all ethnic groups in the western regions to the Central Plains has been eliminated. At the same time, Emperor Taizong used talented people, with Gao Shilian, Fang, Du Ruhui, Wuji and others as prime ministers, to assist in handling state affairs. Under its rule, through a series of political, economic, cultural and educational reforms, the Tang Dynasty empire prospered unprecedentedly, which was called "the rule of Zhenguan" in history.
In the 23rd year of Emperor Taizong and the 23rd year of Zhenguan (649), Li Shimin died of illness. Li Zhi, the ninth son, acceded to the throne, with the title of eternal emblem, Tang Gaozong. After Emperor Gaozong succeeded to the throne, he still carried out the "way of governing the country" of Emperor Taizong, so Tang Yonghui still had a legacy of chastity. In the sixth year of Yonghui (655), Gao Zongli made Wu Zetian the queen. After that, Wu Zetian came to power. In the first year of Hongdao (683), Emperor Gaozong died of illness and his third son, Li Xian, acceded to the throne. Later, it was abolished by Wu Zetian and another four sons Li Dan were established. In September of the first year of God-given, 67-year-old Wu Zetian announced that she would "die a natural death", changed her name to Zhou, officially proclaimed herself emperor, and became the only female emperor in history.
During the reign of Wu Zetian, the political and economic development of the Tang Dynasty went further. She vigorously developed agricultural production, and wrote the agricultural book Zhaoren Ben Ye Ji, which created conditions for the accumulation of material wealth in the Tang Dynasty. However, at the end of her reign, she was partial to courtiers and deeply dissatisfied with ministers; In the first year of Shenlong, Prime Minister Di Renjie staged a coup, forcing Wu Zetian to abdicate, and Emperor Li Xian of Zhongzong was reinstated and changed to Shenlong. Thus ending the history of a queen ruling China.
Li Longji, the son of Li Dan, defeated the Wei Hou Group, that is, the emperor, and changed his position to Kaiyuan for the sake of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was another enlightened monarch after Li Shimin. During the Kaiyuan period, Xuanzong made a major adjustment to the political power: he divided the whole country into fifteen roads, reformed the official system and the military system, and at the same time vigorously developed the economy, reformed the tax system, built water conservancy projects, and made the whole country unprecedentedly prosperous. At this point, China has become a prosperous empire among the contemporary countries in the world, which is known as the "Kaiyuan Prosperous Age" in history.
During the early Tang Dynasty (from the founding of the People's Republic to Kaiyuan), several generations of enlightened monarchs, including Wu Zetian, appeared. It promoted the development of the Tang Dynasty politically and economically. Politically, the Tang Dynasty followed the Sui system, and gradually replaced the previous "three divisions" and "three fairs" with Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu provinces, which strengthened the emperor's ruling power. At the same time, the imperial examination system in Sui Dynasty was perfected, making it the main means and way to select officials. In addition, in order to strengthen unity and cooperation with border ethnic minorities, Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Songzan Gambu in the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (64 1), which further strengthened the relationship between Tubo and Datang. In addition, the famous "Silk Road" in China's history also became an important channel for the Central Plains' external development at that time, which played an important role in improving foreign relations and mutual economic exchanges.
Because there were no internal troubles and foreign invasion, the economy of the Tang Dynasty got unprecedented development. From Zhenguan to Kaiyuan, the population, land and grain output of the Tang Dynasty greatly exceeded that of the previous dynasty. People live and work in peace. This also provides a strong guarantee for the vigorous development of handicrafts in the future. The level of handicrafts in the Tang Dynasty is superb, even comparable to that of modern handicrafts. We can get a glimpse of one or two works of art in the Tang Dynasty, such as Three Colors in the Tang Dynasty.
The humanities and arts developed rapidly in the early Tang Dynasty. Famous poets, books and paintings come forth in large numbers. Among them, Wang Wei (699-759), the representative figure of "Four Masters in Early Tang Dynasty" and "Pastoral Landscape School"; Cen Can (7 15-770), a "frontier school" poet, and Li Bai (707-762), a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, who is known as a "poetic immortal", and so on. In addition, the famous "painting saints" Wu Daozi, Li Sixun, Li Guinian, etc. are all representatives of the weather in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
The Tang Dynasty has been developing vigorously since the establishment of Li Yuan, and entered its heyday during the Kaiyuan period. However, with Xuanzong becoming increasingly endangered politically, the prosperous Tang Dynasty began to decline. In 742 AD, Xuanzong changed to Yuan Tianbao and appointed Li and Yang Weixiang successively. An Lushan and others were widely used, and the military power was marginalized, which eventually led to the famous "An Shi Rebellion" in history. In November of the 14th year of Tianbao (755), An Lushan launched a rebellion and captured Chang 'an, Tang Dou in the 15th year. Xuanzong retreated to Chengdu, Sichuan, and Prince Li Hengbei took Lingwu. In July, after Hengli arrived in Lingwu, he acceded to the throne and proclaimed himself emperor, changing Yuan to virtue, respecting Xuanzong as the emperor's father and Su Zong. From the fourteenth year of Tianbao to the first year of Guangde (763), the "Anshi Rebellion" was put down. After seven years and two months, this rebellion greatly weakened the strength of the Tang Dynasty and directly led to the separatist situation of later generations.
In the late Tang dynasty, the long-term separatist regime of the buffer region made the ruling power of the Tang dynasty exist in name only. Throughout the country, the local government and most of the military power are in the hands of our local officials, and most of them have become hereditary and are not ruled by the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, the regime in the late Tang Dynasty mainly suppressed the rebellion and had no time to take into account the development of economy and culture. Coupled with the Anshi rebellion, the national strength of the Tang Dynasty went from bad to worse. Therefore, the Li and Tang dynasties never recovered their previous prosperity. Su Zong (756-762) and his successors Dai Zong (762-780) and De Zong (780-805) were incompetent. They favored traitors and alienated sages, which made the rule of the Tang Empire worse. Tubo, Uighur and other foreigners constantly threatened the Tang Empire. At this time, the Tang dynasty was at home and abroad. In 806 AD, Tang Xianzong Chun Liu (806-82 1 reigned) acceded to the throne, and with the help of courtiers, he recovered Huaixi and other places that were separated by the buffer region, temporarily unifying the Tang Dynasty. However, Xian Zong believed in his merits, acted arbitrarily and trusted eunuchs, and was eventually harmed by eunuchs. After that, the eunuch's status was even comparable to that of the emperor and became the real ruler of the Tang Dynasty empire.
Tang Xianzong died in February 828, and the following year, Mu Zong acceded to the throne. After Mu Zong, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty believed in taking elixir of life. Among the next ten emperors, three died only because of taking elixir, which accelerated the demise of the Li and Tang Dynasties. Until 874 AD, Huang Chao, Wang Xianzhi and others rose up against the Tang Dynasty, and some of them persisted for more than ten years, which dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Tang Dynasty. Since then, the Tang dynasty has been blocked in a small circle centered on Chang' an, and the rule of the Tang empire is in jeopardy. In 907, Huang Chao's subordinate, Zhu Quanzhong, the King of Liang who later surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, forced Tang Aidi to abdicate, proclaimed himself emperor and established the Liang Dynasty. At this point, the Li and Tang Dynasties' rule over China came to an end, and China entered another split period-Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
In the late Tang Dynasty, due to years of war in the north, the land was barren and the population was sparse. The relatively stable south gradually became the economic center of the Tang Dynasty. Different from the north, handicrafts play a more important role in the southern economy. Handicraft industry after the middle Tang Dynasty developed on the basis of the previous generation's production. As far as shipbuilding, casting and silk weaving are concerned, they have surpassed the early Tang Dynasty in technology, and with the progress and improvement of handicraft industry, commercial trade has also flourished. Most of the emerging cities in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are mainly commercial, such as Hongzhou and Suzhou, which were all commercial centers at that time. In the late Tang Dynasty, a number of outstanding literati also appeared, among which Du Fu and Bai Juyi were the most famous. Du Fu's Car Shop and Bai Juyi's Three Officials and Three Farewells not only have high literary appreciation value, but also reflect the turbulent reality of society at that time from another aspect.
The Tang Dynasty lasted 22 generations, lasting 289 years. Together with the Han Dynasty, it is called one of the two powerful dynasties in the history of China. In the early Tang Dynasty, from Li Shimin of Emperor Taizong to Kaiyuan of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, the country was in a stage of great development, with unprecedented prosperity in economy, politics, military affairs, diplomacy and culture. During this period, "Zhenguan rule" and "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" formed the prosperous weather of the Tang Dynasty that the Chinese nation was proud of. Therefore, China once stood out in the world. Up to now, some foreign countries and places still call China Tangshan, and China people are called Tang people. The Anshi Rebellion in the later period of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty made the Tang Dynasty gradually decline. In the middle and late Tang dynasty, the emperor had no real power in economy, politics and military affairs, which led to the formation of the separatist situation in the buffer regions. Finally, all parties broke away from the rule of the Tang Dynasty and became independent regimes.