Original poem

I live in Junnanhai, Beihai, and I can't send geese to deliver books.

Peach and plum spring breeze, a glass of wine, ten years of night rain.

Housekeeping, but with four vertical walls, does not cure diseases.

I want to study, my head is white, and apes cry over streams.

translate

I live on the northern seashore and you live on the southern seashore. I want to send a book to Hongyan, but it can't fly to Hengyang. Spring breeze watching peaches and plums drink wine, rivers and lakes are down and out. I have been away for ten years, and I often miss you in the autumn rain. You only have four empty walls to support your livelihood. It's hard. The ancients made a good doctor by folding their elbows three times. I hope you don't. I think you are poor, self-sufficient and study hard, and now your hair is white. Through the miasma-filled mountain stream, the apes wailed and climbed the ivy deep in the forest.

author

Huang Tingjian (1045- 1 105) was a poet, lyricist and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty. Word,No. Fucheng Weng,No. and. Road flyover in the valley. Originally from Jinhua (now Zhejiang), his ancestors moved to Fenning (now Xiushui, Jiangxi) and became Fenning people. Ping Jinshi, awarded Ye County Commandant. He has served as Professor imperial academy and Secretary Lang, and served as a proofreader of Shi Lu, editing Shi Lu, transferring his works to Lang, and strengthening the collation of scholars' books. The Record of Zongshen was completed, and it was for daily life. Zhezong personally went into politics and was demoted many times. Finally, he was moved out of Yizhou (now Yishan, Guangxi). Died in exile, sir. There is a biography of the history of Song Dynasty. He is especially good at poetry, and he is also called "Su Huang" with Su Shi. He, Qin Guan and Chao are also called "Four Bachelor's Degree in Su Men". His poems mostly describe personal daily life, pay attention to rhetoric and sentence making in art, and pursue novelty. Calligraphy, Su Shi, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang are also called "Song Sijia". He is the author of 30 volumes of Collected Works of Mr. yu zhang and 3 volumes of External Compilation of Guqin Music. [

background

This poem was written in 1085 (the eighth year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong) when Huang Tingjian was in charge of Deping Town in Dezhou (now Shandong). Huang Jifu was born in Nanchang (now Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province). He made friends with Huang Tingjian, and now he knows Sihui County (now Sihui County, Guangdong Province). For his deeds, see Huang Tingjian's Epitaph of Huang Jifu (Collected Works of Huang, Volume 23).

To annotate ...

(1) Huang Jifu: Ming Jie, a native of Nanchang, was a good friend of Huang Tingjian when he was a teenager, and served as the county magistrate of Sihui (now Sihui County, Guangdong Province).

(2) "I live" sentence: "Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong for four years": "You are in the North Sea and I am in the South China Sea, but it is irrelevant." In the postscript, the author said: "I was in Guangzhou for four times, once in Deping Town, Texas, and twice by the sea."

(3) "Send Goose" sentence: It is said that the flying geese in the south and the Yan Hui peak in Hengyang can't fly, let alone Lingnan.

(4) Four walls: "Historical Records and Biography of Sima Xiangru": "Home only stands on four walls."

5]: pray. Brachial: the upper arm, the part of the arm from elbow to shoulder, is said to be a good doctor in ancient times.

5] Creek: It is said that the remote places in Lingnan are full of miasma.

Make an appreciative comment

The first couplet of this poem, "I live in Beihai, Nan Jun Sea, and I can't thank you for your letter", expresses my feelings for my distant friends. At that time, the poet was in charge of Deping Town in Dezhou (now Shandong), and his friend Huang Jie was the magistrate of Sihui (now Guangdong). They all live in coastal areas. Zi Chu said to Qi Huangong in Zuo Zhuan, "You are in the North Sea and I am in the South China Sea", which shows that the sea and the sky are the same. Communication is not easy. The ancients said that wild geese spread books with their feet, and that Hongyan flew south to Hengyang, and Sihui was in the south of Hengyang. Therefore, I wanted to ask Hongyan to send a letter, but it was also rejected.

Zhuan Xu's "A glass of wine with peaches and plums, a lamp for ten years after a rainy night in rivers and lakes" recalls the joy of being together in the past, and further expresses the deep yearning for leaving for ten years. At that time, when the spring breeze blew, we raised our glasses and drank under the blooming peaches and plums. I have been wandering in the Jianghu for ten years. Whenever the night rain falls and the lights are dim, I can't help but miss my friends far away. The huge contrast between the scenes described in these two sentences forms a strong contrast, which further highlights the feelings of missing.

Necklace Association "housekeeper but has four walls, it is not difficult to cure diseases." It praised its friends for their honesty and integrity, and their political management.

The couplet "I want to see my head turn white when I study, and the ape cries vine across the stream" praises my friends for their hard work and tireless efforts. The poet imagined that his friend was now white-haired and rustling, and his reading sound came from wild vines through a miasma-filled stream with the cry of a tragic ape. There is quite a feeling that bosom friends are in the wild and can't reuse grievances.

The main artistic features of this poem:

Huang Tingjian was the founder of Jiangxi Poetry School in Song Dynasty. His poetry has a fresh, innovative and thin artistic style, and he is good at using allusions. He transformed and transformed the words in ancient books and absorbed them into his own works, thus making the meaning of poetry richer and the emotion more subtle. Therefore, his poems show profound knowledge and are full of bookishness. This poem embodies this artistic feature.

material

"I live in the North Sea and the South China Sea", and the situation is very sudden. Writing about the "north" and "south" of each other's lives has already shown the meaning of missing friends and looking at them without seeing them; Each one is decorated with the word "sea", which is even more boundless. The author published this poem: "I came to Guangzhou four times, but it was in Deping Town, Texas, and both times were by the sea."

"Send a goose to pass a book to thank you for failing", this sentence naturally gushed out from the first sentence, in people's minds; But there are some unexpected things. When two friends arrive in the North Sea and the South China Sea, when they miss each other, they naturally think of writing letters. The allusion of "delivering a book to a goose" is also handy. Li Bai's Poem at the End of the Sky was written by Du Fu in Qinzhou. The poem said, "There is a cold wind blowing in the distant sky. What are you thinking, old friend? ? The geese don't answer me, and the rivers and lakes are full of rain! " To emphasize, when I finally got to the music book, I said, "geese don't answer me when they pass." Huang Tingjian used a different expression: "Send a goose to deliver a book-thank you." I asked Yaner to post the letter, but Yaner declined. "Send a Goose to Pass a Book" is too familiar, but the following sentence "Thank you for not being able to help" immediately becomes mature. Huang Tingjian pays attention to the method of "turning stone into gold", and Wang Ruoxu criticizes: "Our poems have metaphors of" replacing bones with fetuses "and" turning stone into gold ",which is a famous saying in the world. In order to check, especially plagiarism. " There are certainly cases like "plagiarism", but we can't generalize. The poem mentioned above can be regarded as a successful example.

As an allusion, "sending a goose to send a book" actually means sending a letter. But according to legend, the wild goose flew south and stopped in Hengyang. Wang Bo's "Preface to the Farewell of Qiu Hongfu Wang Tengting" says: "The cold is shocked and the sound breaks Hengyang Pu." Qin Guan Ruan Langgui said, "There are still geese in Hengyang, but there are no geese in the morning sun." Huang Tingjian's poems also agree with this idea. But it's more interesting to personify geese.

The second couplet was very famous at that time. "Wang Zhi's Poems" says: "Yu Yue: Huang Jiuyun:' A glass of wine in the spring breeze of peaches and plums is Yi Deng for ten years. "What a strange language. The words used in these two poems are common, and they can even be said to be "a statement" rather than "strange". Zhang Lei called it "strange language", of course, on the whole; Unfortunately, he didn't say why or where. In fact, it is Huang Tingjian's wording that creates such a fresh and meaningful artistic conception and gives people a strong artistic appeal.

Ren Yuan seems to have made a mistake when he said that "two sentences are the joy of recalling the past life". According to Huang Jifu's epitaph, Huang Jifu was a classmate who was born in Xining for nine years in A.D. 1076. It is exactly ten years since I wrote this poem. From the perspective of poetry, Huang Jifu met the author in Beijing when he was a classmate, and then he left for ten years. Of these two poems, the first recalls the joy of meeting in Beijing, and the second expresses the depth of lovesickness after parting. The poet got rid of the usual situation and didn't say "we met in those days" in general, but came up with the word "a glass of wine". "A glass of wine" is too ordinary, but it is only ordinary and can give people rich hints. Shen Yue's "Don't be fascinated" said: "Don't say a bottle of wine, it will be difficult to hold it tomorrow." Wang Wei's "Send Yuan Er An Xi" says: "There is no reason to go out to the West for a glass of wine." Du Fu's "Memories of Li Bai in Spring" said: "When is it important to drink a bottle of wine and write a detailed discussion?" When old friends meet, talk or write papers, they always have some wine. With a glass of wine, I wrote down the scene of two people meeting. The poet also chose the words "peach and plum" and "spring breeze". These two words are also familiar, but it is because of familiarity that we can summon the smoke scene of Yangchun to readers at once, and use these two words to set off a glass of wine and show the joy of friends meeting each other.

Think again, it is not so easy to write two people's parting and parting thoughts in seven words. The poet chose Jianghu, Raining at Night and Ten-year Lamp, and made touching descriptions. The word "Jianghu" can be associated with circulation and vagrancy. Du Fu's "Li Bai's Dream" said: "From rivers and lakes-storms, shipwrecks, fear is a boat." "Rain at night" can arouse people's feelings. Li Shangyin's "Sending Friends to the North on a Rainy Night" says: "Ask Jun to return, and the rain will rise in the autumn pool at night." Listening to the "rain at night" in the "Jianghu" adds a sense of desolation. It rains at night, so we need to light a lamp, so we chose the word "lamp". "Lamp" is a common word, and "Ten-year lamp" is the author's initiative. The connection with "Jianghu in the rainy night" can stimulate readers' imagination: two friends, each wandering in the Jianghu, are alone with the lamp every rainy night, missing each other and can't sleep at night. This scene has been going on for ten years.

The text does not use verbs, only uses some nouns to cooperate properly, and writes two poems, Maodian Chicken Crows and Moons Fly, Banqiao Frost, which truly shows the scene of "going up the mountain and leaving early", which is quite praised by later generations. Ouyang Xiu is interested in learning. In the poem "Send Zhang Gui Zhuang's Secret School", he wrote a couplet of "Plum Shop and Rain Birds Singing, Wild Bridge and Spring Willow Leaves", but in the end he felt that it was within the scope, and he was not satisfied (see Poems and Poems of Cunyutang). This couplet by Huang Tingjian absorbs the syntax of literature and poetry, but creates a unique artistic conception. "Peach and plum", "spring breeze", "a glass of wine", "Jianghu", "rainy night" and "Ten-year lantern" are all nouns or noun phrases, each of which can make people imagine a specific scene and a specific situation and show an intriguing art world.

At the same time, these two poems are still in contrast with each other. In addition to their own scenes, the two poems also show a lot from their comparison. The first sentence and the second sentence are obviously the scenes in the next decade, including the immediate scene; Then, the last sentence is naturally written ten years ago. Therefore, there is no need to say "we met that year" in the previous sentence, but it has already shown this meaning by comparing with the next sentence. Second, the meaning of "Jianghu" is not only the meaning mentioned above, but also the meaning relative to the capital. The so-called "being in the rivers and lakes, being in Wei Que" is an obvious example. The word "spring breeze" has another meaning. Meng Jiao's poem "After Graduation" said: "In the past, filth was not enough to boast about, but today it is full of debauchery. Spring breeze is proud of horseshoe disease, and you can see Chang 'an flowers all in one day. "Compared with the next sentence, the time, place, scenery, events and feelings written in the previous sentence are faintly visible: time, spring ten years ago; Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty; Scene, spring breeze blowing, peaches and plums in full bloom; Things, friends "classmates", booze; Love is full of beautiful and happy moments.

Spring Breeze of Peach and Plum and Night Rain in the Rivers and Lakes are the contrast between "happiness" and "sadness"; "A glass of wine" and "Ten-year lamp" are the contrast between "one" and "many". "Peach and plum spring breeze" and * * * drank a glass of wine, and the party would be extremely short. Every pair of "Ten-year Lights" in the "Jianghu Night Rain" has been wandering for a long time. Pleasure and disappointment, temporary reunion and long-term separation, old friendship and present yearning are all manifested in the strong contrast of time, place, scenery, events and feelings, which is intriguing. It is no accident that Zhang Lei was named "Strange Language".

The last four sentences show Huang Jifu's behavior and situation from three aspects: "housekeeping", "treating diseases" and "reading".

"Do housework-but there are four walls" and "cure diseases-don't worry about it three times." These two sentences are also in contrast to each other. As the head of a county, there are only four walls at home, which not only shows that he is honest and upright, but also shows that he has devoted all his energy and thoughts to "treating diseases" and "studying" and has no mind and time to run his own comfort zone. Translate the sentence "treating diseases" into an ancient idiom recorded in Zuo Zhuan's Thirteen Years of Ding Gong: "Three folds of the arm make a good doctor." It means that if a person breaks his arm three times, he can be concluded to be a good doctor, because he must have accumulated rich experience in treatment and nursing. Here, of course, I am not saying that Huang Ji is good at "governing the country", but that he is good at "governing the country". In today's Mandarin, there is a proverb that "saving lives is second". Huang Tingjian also said in the poem "Send Van der Rue to Qingzhou" that Fan Zhongyan "has a living national plan all his life and wants to bury nine capitals". The author says that Huang Ji is good at "treating diseases", but he doesn't need "triple". The implication is that he has achieved political achievements and demonstrated his ability to govern the country and save the people. Why doesn't he reuse it and keep him stumbling down there?

The couplet begins with "I want to see" and matches the first sentence "I live in the North Sea and the South China Sea". In the author's imagination, the ideal friend who talked about wine in the "Spring Breeze in the Peach Blossom Garden" in Beijing ten years ago is now white-haired and still as eager to learn as before! He "finished his studies" and only worked as a county magistrate at the seaside. Whether his reading sound is as cheerful and pleasant as before, and his writing is unclear, but it brings a bleak atmosphere to the whole picture under the background of "apes cry across the vines"; The voice of injustice and the meaning of sympathy are also included.

Huang Tingjian admired Du Fu and followed his example, especially the Seven Laws. But relatively speaking, his study focuses on formal skills. He said: "When Lao Du wrote a poem, he retired from the composition, and there was no place for a word. Because later generations don't read much, it is said that Han and Du have heard about it. The ability of the ancients to write articles can really cultivate everything. Although ancient characters enter calligraphy, they are like a panacea. " (Answer to Father Hong Ju) Du Fu's outstanding performance is mainly reflected in his passion of "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years", which artistically reflects the broad reality before and after the Anshi Rebellion. The language of poetry is also rich and colorful, and Yuan Zhen appreciates the side of "pity the canal to the time, not worrying about the ancients". Of course, many of Du Fu's metrical poems also pay attention to the use of allusions. Huang Tingjian pushed this point to the extreme, and pursued "no words and no place", which was blunt and obscure and hindered the vivid expression of true feelings. But this cannot be generalized. For example, this song "A few yellow replies" can be said to be "everywhere". But I don't find it obscure; In some places, the flexible use of allusions enriches the connotation of poetry; The introduction of prose language in Zuozhuan, Shiji and Hanshu into poetry has brought a rich and simple atmosphere to modern poetry.

Huang Tingjian advocated that "the law is not harmonious without making the punishment weak". His disharmony law is exquisite, and Fang said that he "does not make an arrogant and strange sound, especially on syllables, so that his air can be seen with it." At this point, he also learned from Du Fu. Du Fu initiated disharmonious laws, such as "when the flowers fall in the daytime, the doves sing and the young swallow is deep" and "sometimes the bell rings spontaneously, and the sunset is more like a fisherman". We can see steep waves from the twists and turns. By extension, Huang Tingjian tends to use flat and even words, such as "Today, I only sit full and toast, and the hall will be empty overnight", "Liu Huang doesn't understand the bright moon, and the green trees give me cool autumn", and "Put pen to paper and raise 300 cups with white eyes", all of which are syntactic and unique in voice. The same is true of this song "Send a few replies to Huang". The sentence of "housekeeping" is even and balanced, and the sentence of "treating diseases" is also smooth and uneven. Its arrogant syntax and strange voice just help to show Huang Jifu's upright, capable and upright character.

Huang Tingjian has a deep friendship with Huang Jifu, and has written many poems for him, such as "Leave a few cups", "Leave a few cups" and "Farewell a few cups". This song "Send Huang Jifu" praises Huang Jifu's integrity, ability and studiousness, but deeply regrets his aging and sinking situation. Sincere and touching However, it shows the characteristics of Huang Tingjian's poems in making good use of books, taking the old as the new, inheriting the ancient as the law, and twists and turns, which can be called Huang Tingjian's masterpiece. [ 1]

Zhang Wenqian tasted: "Huang Jiushi's poem' A glass of wine in the spring breeze of peaches and plums, Yi Deng in the Jianghu for ten years' is really strange." ([Song] inscribed poem)

The second sentence of grade one is a title, and the third and fourth sentences are couplets. All couplets should be correct. Spring Breeze is just a cup of peaches and plums, but imagination is boring and empty. After ten years of cold rain, there is no way to reach Qingyun, which makes people sigh. The meaning of the sentence is also announced in the context. "Peach and plum spring breeze" and "river lake night rain" are all around. Ignorant people don't know, so it's ridiculous to call it a contextual sentence. ([Song] Puwen "On Poetry")

In the valley, it is said that a glass of wine can last for ten years. Same axis, highest point. (The Book of Nostalgia by [Song])

It is also awe-inspiring and spewing together. 56 1 meal. Write this sentence in the same way as before. The valley stands proudly and emerges in one breath. However, if you specialize, you will be afraid of flowing into the air, so be careful. ([Qing] Fang Zhao Wei Volume 20)

The second sentence is wonderful, turning stink into magic. Three or four is the most timely language for this old age; Five or six are crazy slaves. (Chen Yan's "Essence of Song Poetry" Volume II)