Benjamin Franklin (1706.1.17—1790.4.17)18th century American industrialist, scientist, social activist, thinker, writer and diplomat. He is the first scientist and inventor in American history who enjoys an international reputation. In order to explore electricity, he once made a famous "kite experiment" and made remarkable achievements in electricity. In order to deeply explore the law of electricity movement, many special terms such as positive polarity electricity, negative polarity electricity, conductor, battery, charge and discharge have become world-wide vocabulary. He borrowed the positive and negative concepts in mathematics, and expressed the nature of charge scientifically with the concept of positive and negative electricity for the first time. And put forward the view that charge can neither be created nor destroyed, and later generations discovered the law of charge conservation on this basis. He first put forward the concept of lightning rod, and the lightning rod made of it avoided lightning disaster and broke superstition. This experiment, which shocked the world, was also introduced in the ninth volume of the Chinese language of the Soviet National Education Standard Edition (the first volume of the fifth grade), and it was 19 lesson "The Mystery of Skyfire". He is an excellent politician and a veteran of the American War of Independence. He participated in the drafting of the Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution, and actively advocated the abolition of slavery, which was deeply respected by the American people. He is the first French ambassador to the United States, so he enjoys a high reputation in the world. He was born in poverty. 65,438+00 years old dropped out of school and went home to work. Since the age of 65,438+02, I have been an apprentice and helper in a printing factory. However, he is studious. In addition to mastering printing technology (65,438+03 portrait of Franklin), he also read extensively works on literature, history and philosophy, taught himself mathematics and four foreign languages, and devoted himself to writing. He often finishes his day's work. Read all kinds of books in the library of the printing house. Sometimes, he was fascinated by night arrival, and his anxious mother came to the factory to find him. All these laid a solid foundation for his achievements in many aspects in his life. In order to gain a foothold in the society at that time, he set up his own enterprise-printing house. Thanks to his efforts, reputation and management, he not only stood firm in the fierce competition in the printing industry. He expanded his business to several neighboring states and the West Indies, and became a leader in North America's printing and publishing industry. He pays attention to observing natural phenomena and studying scientific problems. Starting from practice, he engaged in scientific experiments and observations, answered the question of "what is electricity" in electricity, called electricity in different states "positive electricity" and "negative electricity", put forward the "first theory" in electricity, and revealed the essence of lightning phenomenon in atmospheric electricity. Known as "the second Prometheus", these epoch-making electrical research achievements have made him a world-famous first-class scientist. He also has research in optics, heat, acoustics, mathematics, oceanography and botany. And there are a series of inventions, such as new stoves, lightning rods, electric wheels, three-wheeled clocks, bifocal glasses, automatic barbecue ovens, glass musical instruments, overhead book readers, new street lamps and so on. Therefore, it was awarded a master's degree or a doctor's degree by six or seven universities in the United States, such as Harvard University, Yale University, Oxford University, Edinburgh University and St. Andrews University. After becoming famous, Franklin did a lot of work in cultural exchange and social welfare in North American colonies. He has organized and established "* * * Reading Society", "American Philosophy Society", "North American Association for the Advancement of Science", newspapers, libraries, bookstores, hospitals, universities and fire departments. He also reformed the postal system in North American colonies and established a unified postal system in North American colonies. He was an outstanding social activist and became an influential figure in the North American colonies. He is not only good at solving special problems in natural science and practical problems in social and political activities, but also often explores many philosophical and social problems. He is a deist and believes that spirit is attached to matter. He believes that the reason of social poverty is that workers must feed parasites; He loves freedom and peace, opposes war, hates racial discrimination and slavery, and advocates safeguarding the interests of blacks and Indians. He was one of the most profound bourgeois thinkers at that time. Franklin lived in the era when the United States moved from a colony to an independent bourgeois country. He took an active part in the revolutionary movement during the major turning point. He made great contributions to the victory of the war of independence and the initial construction of the American national system. At the Albany Conference attended by the leaders of North American colonies in 1754, he put forward the famous Albany Alliance plan, which was adopted by the conference and became the first person to instill the idea of the grand alliance of the United States of America into the colonial people. In Pennsylvania, he always fought against the lawlessness of the owners' group with the colonial people. 1764, he went to London for the second time and asked the British king to protect the interests of the colony, but it was fruitless. Later, the British government strengthened its repression of the North American colonies, which inspired the colonial people to struggle more strongly. Franklin's position turned completely to revolution. Pennsylvania was originally a landlord colony, and was awarded William Penn by British King charles ii in 168 1. Later, william penn's two sons inherited the property. Owners have the privilege of appointing officials, including the governor, vetoing parliamentary bills, and being exempt from taxes in the colonies. 19438+0775 In May, he returned to the United States and immediately devoted himself to the revolutionary struggle. He served as the chairman of the Pennsylvania Public Security Committee, presided over the local military Committee, and drafted the state constitution with Paine. He attended the second meeting as a representative of Pennsylvania and became one of the drafters of American independence speech; He served as the US Postal Secretary and made great achievements in organizing postal services during the war. As a member of the three-member committee, he decided to mobilize North America 13 states, which made the War of Independence last for six years. Under the situation that Britain is strong and the United States is weak, the colonial people have to fight for foreign aid. Franklin went to France on the orders of the Continental Congress, striving for an alliance between the United States and France and opposing Britain. Under the complicated diplomatic environment that was not conducive to the United States at that time, he took advantage of the contradictions among European countries, seized the favorable opportunity to conclude an alliance and covenant between the United States and France with the belief that the United States would win, perseverance and ingenious diplomatic skills, and won a lot of foreign aid in manpower, material resources and financial resources, thus ensuring the victory of the War of Independence. In the later period of the war, he participated in and presided over the negotiations between the United States and Britain, signed an Anglo-American peace treaty in favor of the United States, and successfully completed the arduous wartime diplomatic mission. He became the first new American ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to France, and stayed in France until 1785. After returning home, he was elected governor of Pennsylvania for four consecutive years. At the American Constitutional Convention, he was a member of the Constitution Drafting Committee. His bicameral parliamentary system, which is used to mediate the differences of the delegates, has become one of the basic national systems in the United States. 1788 will no longer hold public office. However, he still published political articles for the government to choose from and devoted himself to promoting the abolition of slavery. On April 1790, Franklin died. On the day of his funeral, as many as 20,000 people buried him, fully expressing the condolences of the American people. At the same time, not only the US Congress decided to mourn for him for one month, but also the French National Assembly decided to do so. Franklin's successful experience in his life was never gained by people's boasting. His great contribution has long gone down in history, engraved on immortal stone tablets, setting an example for future generations and giving them the motivation and lofty goals! So, how did Benjamin hone himself? What exactly does "Thirteen Success Plan" (13 Honest Life Plan) mean? First, moderation. Not enough to eat; Don't get drunk when drinking. Second, silence. Words are good for others, not useless chatting. Third, life is orderly. Everything is put in a certain place; Daily affairs should have a certain processing time. Fourth, decide. Do what you should do; Do it and stick to it. Fifth, frugality. Spending money must be beneficial to others, that is, it is not wasted. Sixth, work hard. Don't waste time; Ignore those boring remarks, keep doing useful things and give up all unnecessary actions. Seven, sincerity. Don't lie; Pure and just thinking; You should also speak honestly. Eight, integrity. Don't do things that are bad for others, and don't forget to fulfill the obligations that are beneficial to others and hurt others. Nine, the golden mean. Don't go to extremes; Suffer due punishment and should be tolerated. Ten, clean. Keep your body, clothes and residence clean. Eleven, quiet. Don't worry about trifles or ordinary and inevitable events. Twelve, chastity. Avoid excessive sexual intercourse, and don't damage your health or the peace or reputation of yourself or others. Thirteen, modesty. Humility, not arrogance. 1706 was born in a small merchant family in Boston, Massachusetts, North America. 17 14 entered the grammar school. 17 16 interrupted his studies to help his father. 17 18 started as an apprentice to his brother James and engaged in printing. 172 1 began to contribute anonymously to the New England News and served as the interim editor of the newspaper. 1723 Terminated the apprenticeship contract and moved to Philadelphia to work as a printer. 1724 went to London to start his own business and lived in London for 19 months as a printer; Published a paper "Freedom and Poverty, Happiness and Pain". 1726 returned to Philadelphia, first as a clerk, and then as a foreman in a printing factory. 1727 founded "* * * Reading Club" to study various problems of social science and natural science. 1728 co-founded the printing factory. 1729 founded Pennsylvania newspaper; Open a stationery store; Published "On the Nature and Necessity of Paper Money". 1730 married Deborah Reid; His son William was born. 173 1 Establish the Philadelphia Library. 1732 published the first issue of Poor Richard's Yearbook. 1733 began to teach himself French, Italian, Spanish and Latin. 1736 is an instrument of the Pennsylvania legislature; Form the Philadelphia joint fire brigade. 1737 became the postmaster general of Philadelphia; Reform the Philadelphia police service. 1740 invented "furnace opening". 1743 Daughter Sarah was born. 1744 founded the American philosophical society and served as the secretary. 1746 published "Ordinary Truth": the formation of the Philadelphia National Guard. Start the electrical experiment. 1747 through various electrical experiments, a major breakthrough has been made in electrical theory. 1748 change the printing factory into a partnership; Elected to the Pennsylvania legislature. 1749 founded Ferrara Delfia college. 175 1 Help to establish Philadelphia Hospital. 1752 is used for air storage test-Philadelphia electric kite test; Invent lightning rod; Experiments and observations on electricity were published. 1753 won the copley gold medal of the Royal Society for his electrical research achievements and was elected as a member of the Royal Society; Master's degree awarded by Yale University and Harvard University; Cooperate with others as the general agent of this American postal service. 1754 attended the meeting of colonial representatives in Albany as the representative of Pennsylvania, and put forward the famous "Albany Joint Plan". 1755 is the commander of the Philadelphia National Guard. 1757 published "road to riches" ("Abraham's speech"); Propose the laying of Philadelphia streets in parliament; As a representative of the Pennsylvania Parliament, he went to England to petition against the tax exemption privilege of colonial owners. 1759 was awarded an honorary doctorate by Andrews University. 1760 tried to get the Privy Council of the British royal family to decide that the property of colonial owners must be taxed equally. The glass piano invented by 1762 has been popular in Europe and America for decades; Was awarded a doctorate in civil law by Oxford University; Return to Philadelphia; His son is the governor of New Jersey. 1763 visited the northern colonial postal service and began postal reform; Oppose the slaughter of all Indians, and write down "the recent records of some Indians who are friendly to Lancaster County being slaughtered by people of unknown origin, and their views on this matter". 1764 lost to the radicals in the Pennsylvania parliamentary election; As an agent of the Pennsylvania Parliament, he went to England to petition against the poor management of the owners. 1766 defended the abolition of stamp duty in the British House of Commons and promoted the abolition of stamp duty bill; Visit hanover; Elected as a member of the Royal Society of Science in Hanover. 1767 went to France for the first time and was received by the French king; Appointed as an agent of the Pennsylvania legislature; Started planning to realize the western territory plan of the American colony. 1768 was entrusted as the agent of the Georgian parliament; Published "Reasons for American Dissatisfaction before 1768"; Experiment on the change of ship speed in deep water and shallow water; Began to study phonetics and spelling reform. 1769 was entrusted as an agent of the new jersey legislature; Visit France again; The fourth edition of Electronic Experiment and Observation was published, adding a collection of letters on philosophical topics. 1770 was entrusted as the agent of Massachusetts legislature; He published three fables, including The Eagle and the Cat, satirizing the relationship between Britain and the United States. 177 1 Travel to the British Isles; Visiting Bishop shipley of Teford; Start writing an autobiography. 1772 was elected as a "foreign academician" of the Royal French Academy of Sciences; The dispute between the sharp point and blunt point of lightning rod. 1773 promulgated the decree of the king of Prussia; The French edition of Electrical Experiment and Observation was published; Do the experiment of smoothing waves with oil; Study the causes of colds. 1774 "Hutchinson letter" occurred, and the general agent of North America Post was cancelled; Meet and introduce Thomas Paine to the United States; Began to cooperate with several British politicians to reconcile the contradictions between Britain and the United States; The fifth edition (the last edition) of Electrical Experiment and Observation was published; An experimental report on wave suppression with oil is published. His wife Deborah died. 1775 submitted a proposal on returning the Boston Garrison to Britain, which was rejected; Return to Philadelphia and study the Gulfstream on the way; Elected as the representative of the second North American Colonial Continental Conference; Member of Pennsylvania Public Safety Committee; Drafting the Pennsylvania Constitution with Paine; I parted ways with my son and Galloway. 1776 participated in the drafting of the declaration of independence. After the adoption of the declaration, he served as the postmaster general of the United States of America; Elected Chairman of Pennsylvania Constitutional Committee; Attend talks with British general Howe; Sent to France by the Continental Congress to study the Gulfstream on the way. 1777 continue to engage in electrical research. 1778 conclude the treaty of friendship and trade between the United States and France and the treaty of alliance between the United States and France; Meet Voltaire; Publish a paper on the Northern Lights. 1779 was appointed as the plenipotentiary ambassador to France; Publish essays on politics and philosophy; Publish the reformed alphabet. 1780 german edition anthology (three volumes) published; Inventing bifocal glasses; Study air humidity. 178 1 became a member of the American Academy of Science and Art in Boston. 1783 Britain and the United States concluded the Paris Peace Treaty, and Britain recognized the independence of North America 13; Elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 1784 published notes on moving to the United States and comments on the brutal war in North America. 1785 back to America; Elected Governor of Pennsylvania (re-elected for three years from 1785 to1787); Invent the overhead book fetching device; Resume autobiography (1785— 1786). 1787 to participate in the federal constitutional convention and promote the adoption of the constitution; Set up a "political seminar society" and serve as its president; President of Pennsylvania Association for the Abolition of Slavery. 1788 retired from political life and made a will. 1789 wrote about the slave trade. 1790 died in Philadelphia (17 April).