The so-called academic honesty means to talk about academic virtue, that is, to tell the truth, not to tell lies and empty words. Academic pursuit should be based on honesty and kindness, seeking truth and doing good deeds, without plagiarism, plagiarism or falsification, which is conducive to the generation and spread of beauty and the harmonious and sustainable development of society. We should establish an honest attitude towards scientific research and innovation. Honesty and kindness, truth-seeking and kindness are excellent qualities and mental outlook of people. To write a good paper, you must learn to be honest and have the quality of honesty. Honesty is the basic character that every researcher should have, and people without honesty are not worth researching. A paper, from beginning to end, should clearly show where it belongs to yourself and where it belongs to others. Not vague, not obscure, not stealing, not pretending, not robbing, dare to tell the truth, not telling lies and hypocritical words, not confusing people, not scaring people. Honest academic attitude, like the blood flowing between the lines of a paper, is the first factor to ensure the vitality of an academic paper. Writing is like a man. Personality and style of writing have always been linked. We should pay attention to the cultivation of character and morality.
Second, abide by academic norms.
The so-called compliance with academic norms, in the current popular words, is to abide by the "rules of the game" of the academic community. Academic norms are the general name of the rules of conduct observed by academic circles, which generally include academic research norms, academic evaluation norms, academic criticism norms and academic management norms. Among them, academic research norms are in the foundation and core position of all norms. Academic research norms should at least include the following contents: the academic achievements of others must be fully respected; We must locate our research results; We must strictly demonstrate our own proposition; The language is standardized, concise and fluent, with no typos or ill sentences. Academic norms are obviously hierarchical, relative and developmental. From the perspective of disciplines, it can be divided into at least two levels: one is the basic norms shared by all disciplines; Second, the academic norms used by a certain discipline (Zhao Jinglai: A Summary of the Research on Academic Norms and the Construction of Style of Study, Academic, No.2, 2005, pp. 268-278). Teachers and researchers of liberal arts in colleges and universities in China should study and implement the Academic Norms of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research in Colleges and Universities (Trial), and form a good habit of observing academic norms.
Third, there is innovation.
By innovation, I mean having different things. In academic papers, there are usually seven forms of expression, namely new ideas, new methods or new materials.
1, put forward new ideas and create new theories. It refers to putting forward new ideas that have not been put forward by predecessors through academic research, or forming new theories on the basis of a series of new ideas and new opinions. This is the most typical form of academic innovation and a breakthrough in existing theories.
2. Form a new theoretical system. It means to summarize, synthesize, integrate and further study the scattered research results of a certain problem on the basis of existing research, and form a theoretical system to make the understanding of the problem more systematic and comprehensive. This is an all-round expansion and sublimation of the existing achievements.
3. Establish a new awareness. On the basis of existing research, the research on the same problem and the same aspect has achieved deepening results and raised the understanding to a new height.
4. Open a new perspective. On the basis of existing research, this paper studies the same problem from a new angle and puts forward scientific and insightful opinions, so that the research object can get a more comprehensive and clear understanding.
5. Provide new materials for research. For the same problem, although the existing research does not start from the viewpoint and angle, it finds fresh materials and borrows these fresh materials, which is conducive to a new view and understanding of this problem. This is the icing on the cake for expanding the research on the same problem.
6. Application of new methods. A variety of research methods can be used to study the same problem, and different new conclusions can often be drawn by using different research methods.
7. Open up new fields. There are roughly two situations. On the one hand, pioneering research is carried out in areas that have not been studied, and the scientific research results obtained fill the research gap; On the other hand, on the basis of existing research, we can further broaden the research scope of the same object and create new space for people to understand it.
As long as one of the above seven points in the paper is excellent.
Some articles point out that the key to theoretical innovation lies in the way of thinking. Although cultural background, knowledge background, academic environment, research tradition, social system and other factors, as well as the researcher's own wisdom, creativity, thoughts, beliefs, passion, will, critical consciousness and adventurous spirit are all conducive to innovation, they are not as good as the way of thinking. Therefore, it is particularly important to break through the conventional way of thinking in scientific research. For example, I dare not use intuition and imagination because of experience; Dare to doubt, deny and explore, not afraid of failure; Think of scientific research as a happy game, not as suffering; Don't take divergent thinking because of stereotypes; Don't use multiple methods because of dogma; Postmodern thinking is not excluded because of tradition; Wait a minute. In short, in order to innovate, you can "do whatever you want" (Zhang Zhicang: The key to theoretical innovation lies in the way of thinking, Xinhua Digest, 2 1, 2005, 36-37).
Fourth, there is a rigorous argumentation process.
Academic papers must have a rigorous argumentation process, and arguments without argumentation are untenable and unconvincing. The common faults of the thesis are teaching materials, lectures and popular culture, and the center is not concentrated and prominent. The biggest problem is the lack of analysis, and it takes a lot of space to talk about ABC. Papers in different disciplines have different requirements and regulations.
For example, in view of the phenomenon that some people claim to establish so-and-so economics from time to time in recent years, economic research (
In the second issue of 2005, Mr. Tian Guoqiang pointed out that these so-called economic studies often only give opinions, without clear preconditions, assumptions and analytical framework, logical reasoning and strict proof; Without detailed and reliable data as the basis and citing basic economic theories, we can draw our own conclusions casually, which infinitely magnifies the role of "our own innovative views". Mr. Tian pointed out that an analytical framework for standardizing economic theory should consist of five parts: 1, defining economic environment; 2. Set behavioral assumptions; 3. Give institutional arrangements; 4. Select the balance result; 5. Assessment and comparison. The author believes that the product of economic research is economic judgment and conclusion. The creation of normative economic papers generally consists of the following three parts: 1, raising questions, giving importance to them, and determining research objectives; 2. Establish an economic model and strictly express and verify the conclusion; 3. Common expressions of judgments and policy implications. In other words, an economic conclusion generally needs to go through three stages: non-mathematical language stage-mathematical language stage-non-mathematical language stage. The first stage, put forward economic concepts, ideas or conjectures. These concepts, ideas or conjectures may be generated by economic intuition or based on historical experience. Because they have not been demonstrated, people can compare them to primary products in general production. This stage is very important, it is the source of theoretical research and innovation. In the second stage, it is necessary to verify whether the proposed economic ideas or conclusions are effective. This kind of verification needs economists to give strict proof through economic models and analytical tools, and also needs to be tested with actual empirical data as much as possible. Conclusions and conclusions are often expressed in mathematical language or professional terms, which may be incomprehensible to non-professionals. These conclusions and those expressed in highly technical language can be compared with intermediate products in general production. The third stage is to express the conclusions and conclusions expressed in technical language in popular language for ordinary people to understand, and give the policy implications, far-reaching significance and insightful conclusions of these conclusions in popular language. This is the final product of economics.
5. The language is standardized, concise and fluent.
A qualified paper should standardize the use of language, fluent sentences, no typos and ill sentences, correct use of punctuation marks, correct use of various scientific formulas and measurement units, and do not arbitrarily create words that are unknown except yourself.
Sixth, the space is moderate.
From the perspective of an academic journal editor, a qualified academic paper is written about the research results of a certain discipline. It's a bit like a course paper written by graduate students, and it's also a bit like a special paper created to express new achievements in studying a special problem or to attend a meeting. Its theme is distinct and single, and its content is true and solid; It is rigorous in argument and structure; Its language is standardized and full of personality; Its style meets the requirements of periodicals. What is particularly important is that it is not long, with a length of five or six thousand words and only seven or eight thousand words, which is most suitable for periodical publication. Editors of academic journals like such papers. Generally speaking, what research we have done and what we have gained from the research are recorded truthfully, and we choose our own familiar expressions to become papers that qualified editors like.
Seven points that should be paid attention to in the process of paper creation
First, the topic selection
The topic selection is the key first step in the paper creation, which is directly related to the quality of the paper. As the saying goes, "A good composition is half the battle". For clinical nurses, the following points should be paid attention to when choosing a topic: 1. According to their familiar majors and research interests, choose topics with theoretical and practical significance appropriately; 2. The topic of paper creation should be small rather than big, as long as you have your own opinions, successful experiences, lessons of failure, new ideas and new understandings in an academic field or viewpoint, which are meaningful and useful to read; 3. When choosing a topic, you should check the literature, so that you can not only understand the research degree of others on this issue, but also learn from the research results of others on this issue. It should be pointed out that the topic of thesis creation is related to the topic of the thesis, but it is not the same thing. The title is drawn up on the basis of the topic selection, which is a high summary of the topic selection, but the topic selection and creation should not be limited by the title. Sometimes in the process of creation, the topic has not changed, but the topic has changed several times.
Second, design.
Design is to further ask questions and plan a preliminary solution to the problems after the topic of paper creation is determined, so that scientific research and creation can proceed smoothly. The design of nursing papers should include the following aspects: 1, professional design: a research plan based on the needs of topic selection and existing technical conditions; 2. Statistical design: it is a statistical processing scheme put forward by using the method of health statistics, which is particularly important for the creation of nursing papers containing experimental comparative samples; 3. Creative design: it is a preliminary plan for drafting an outline and writing. In a word, design is the blueprint of nursing scientific research and paper creation, without which it is impossible.
Third, experiment and observation.
It is an extremely important step to engage in basic or clinical nursing scientific research, write papers and make necessary animal experiments or clinical observations. It is not only a basic process to obtain objective results and draw correct conclusions, but also an important way to accumulate papers and creative materials. Experiment is a method to explore objective laws by various material means (experimental instruments, animals, etc.). ) according to the research purpose; Observation is a conscious investigation of natural phenomena to reveal the reasons behind the phenomena and their laws. Their main functions are to collect scientific facts, obtain perceptual materials for scientific research, and develop and test scientific theories. The difference between the two is that "observation is to collect what natural phenomena provide, while experiment is to extract what you want from natural phenomena." (Pavlov) Therefore, whether it is animal experiments or clinical observation, we should be meticulous, based on various facts, and make various records in our work. Some nursing papers do not necessarily need animal experiments or clinical observation, such as nursing management papers or nursing reviews, but necessary social practice activities are still indispensable. Only by raising the materials obtained from practice to theory can we get valuable results.
Fourth, data collection and processing.
Data is the basis of paper creation. After the topic selection, design, observation and experiment, it is the further preparation for the paper creation to collect and process the data well. The creative materials of the thesis can be divided into primary materials and secondary materials. The former is also called original data or direct data, which refers to things that the author personally participates in investigation, research or observation, such as records made in experiments or observations, and belongs to this kind of data; The latter, also known as second-hand information or indirect information, refers to relevant professional or specialized documents, which are mainly accumulated through usual study. On the basis of obtaining enough information, it needs to be processed to make it systematic, organized and convenient for application. These two kinds of materials are essential for paper creation, so we should properly apply them to paper creation, pay attention to the distinction between primary and secondary, especially for documents and materials, and quote them properly on the basis of full digestion and absorption, and don't pretend to be the master. The use of first-hand information should also be true, accurate and correct.
V. Overview of thesis creation
It is also an important step in writing the outline of the thesis, and it can be said that it has entered a formal creative stage. First of all, we should have a general understanding of the basic types (common formats) of academic papers, and consider the composition of the papers according to the information we have. For beginners, you can refer to the types of papers published in magazines to know what they are; Secondly, we should do further research on the information we have, and comprehensively consider the selection and application of many materials, so that the arguments are prominent, reliable and powerful, and the contents of each part are properly connected. Third, we should consider the degree of detail of the thesis outline. Thesis outline can be divided into two types: coarse outline and fine outline. The former only indicates the main points of each part and does not involve the development of materials and papers. For experienced paper writers, you can use. But for beginners, it is best to draw up a detailed creative outline, which not only puts forward the main points of each part of the paper, but also reflects the detailed arrangement of the materials involved and the relationship between the parts, so as to be handy when creating.
Sixth, writing creation
Writing marks that scientific research has entered the stage of expressing achievements. On the basis of good topic selection, rich materials and detailed outline, writing should be fluent, but it should not be taken lightly. A high-quality academic paper, of course, should be substantial in content, but also exquisite in form, concise and accurate in text expression, standardized in grammar and rhetoric, and moderate in sentence length. In particular, we must adopt medical science and technology style and express it in declarative sentences, reduce or avoid exclamations, lyric sentences and slang, and do not contact party and government leaders and their speeches or political situations at the beginning or end of the paper. Thesis creation, like other stylistic creation, has the continuity of thinking. Therefore, when creating, we should try our best to eliminate all kinds of interference, so that our thinking activities can continue, and we should concentrate our efforts and strive for one go. For longer papers, you should also do it in one go, and don't stop halfway, so the creative effect is better.
Seven, paper creation.
After the paper is finished, it will enter the final stage. The requirement of editorial department or publishing house is "neat, clear and definite". Qi, that is, the manuscript is complete and cannot be short of this or that; Clear is clear and not chaotic; Set and specify the draft, which cannot be sent to the publishing department.