Mendeleev summed up the periodic law of chemical elements by induction on the basis of people's understanding of a large number of individual elements. Later, he predicted the chemical properties of some elements that had not been discovered at that time from the periodic law of elements, using deductive method.
2. Analysis method and comprehensive method: analysis is to divide the whole objective object into various parts, aspects, characteristics and factors and understand them. It is a way of thinking that divides the whole into parts and decomposes complex things into simple elements to study separately.
Analysis is a necessary step and means to understand the essence of things. The task of analysis is not only to decompose the whole into its components, but also to grasp the essence through phenomena and the inevitability through contingency.
3. Causal analysis: it is a dialectical thinking method to analyze the causal relationship between phenomena and understand the causes and results of problems. When using this method, we must pay attention to the real internal cause and result, not the specious causal relationship.
Pay attention to the inverse relationship between the result and the cause, including "proving the result with the cause" and "inferring the cause with the result". Different things, in general, have two jobs, both cause and result, and a result often has several different reasons. Therefore, in the process of research, we must get to the bottom of the problems analyzed.
4. Comparative analysis method: Comparative analysis method is also called analogy or analogy method. It is a dialectical logical method to distinguish things or problems to understand their differences, characteristics and essence. When the data is insufficient for inductive and deductive reasoning, comparative analysis is more valuable. Kant said: "whenever reason lacks reliable reasoning ideas, analogy can often guide us forward."
5. Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis: it is a dialectical thinking method to understand and analyze problems by determining the qualitative and quantitative relations of things. Everything or any problem is the unity of quality and quantity, and it is the quality of things. It shows a certain quantity and a certain quality.
Therefore, in learning, only by understanding the qualitative and quantitative aspects can we find out the regular problems. In research, qualitative analysis is to draw a clear line between things and materials based on factual reasoning. Quantitative analysis is the accurate statistics, calculation, analysis and comparison of the scale, scope, quantity and other quantitative relations of the problem, which is to find out the quantitative relations in the development of things.
6. Observation method: Observation method refers to a method in which researchers use their own senses and auxiliary tools to directly observe the research object according to a certain research purpose, research outline or observation table, so as to obtain information. Scientific observation is purposeful, planned, systematic and repeatable.
7. Literature research method: Literature research method is a method to obtain information by investigating documents according to certain research purposes or topics, so as to fully and correctly understand and master the problems to be studied. Literature research methods are widely used in various disciplines.
Extended data:
Any research is inseparable from the support of methods. There is no scientific research without research methods. Without research methods, its research will become passive water, trees without roots, and not real research.
1, bacon first discovered the essence of thermal motion by experimental methods;
2. Descartes founded analytic geometry with his intuition-deduction method;
3. Galileo discovered the law of free fall by experimental-mathematical method, and the law of inertia appeared in the ideal experiment, which pioneered the study of dynamics;
4. Newton completed the classical mechanical system through axiomatic method, induction and deduction;
5. Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, etc. Through modeling method, the structure of microscopic particles of matter is revealed and various atomic structure models are established.
6. Einstein established the theory of relativity by using ideal experimental method, deduction method and various irrational intuition and epiphany methods;
7. Kant and Laplace put forward the theory of celestial evolution by using speculative methods and hypothetical methods;
8. lavoisier founded the oxidation theory by quantitative method and theoretical thinking method;
9. Kekule discovered the cyclic structural formula of benzene with basic inspiration and imagination;
10, Mendeleev discovered the periodic table of elements through classification and comparison;
1 1, Hai and London introduced the theory of quantum mechanics into chemical research and founded quantum chemistry.
Darwin put forward the theory of evolution through observation, experiment, classification and comparison. It is not difficult to find that these research results in the fields of physics, chemistry, astronomy and other natural sciences are obtained through various methods. The latest research results of mathematics in Wu Wenjun and hybrid rice in Yuan Longping are also obtained by new methods. Therefore, in order to do a good job in research and achieve certain research results, certain research methods must be used.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Research Methods